united states military space systems – the road ahead matthew hoey, research associate the...
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United States Military SpaceSystems – The Road Ahead
Matthew Hoey, Research AssociateThe Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies
MILITARY SPACE SYSTEMS
Current and Future Industry and Government Drivers
THE PLAYERS BEHIND THE PROJECTS
The Industry and the Paradigm ShiftThe Industry and the Paradigm ShiftThe Industry and the Paradigm ShiftThe Industry and the Paradigm Shift
Missile defense and space systems contracts have long been Missile defense and space systems contracts have long been monopolized by the “Big 6” in the space systems Industry…monopolized by the “Big 6” in the space systems Industry…
This is This is no longerno longer the case and the case and affordabilityaffordability is is the catalyst driving industry realignment – the catalyst driving industry realignment –
while allowing the US government to pursue while allowing the US government to pursue more military space projects than ever beforemore military space projects than ever before
The “Emerging” Industry LeadersThe “Emerging” Industry LeadersThe “Emerging” Industry LeadersThe “Emerging” Industry Leaders
The monopoly of the present is slipping into the The monopoly of the present is slipping into the past – in the world of space systems new past – in the world of space systems new
leaders are emerging.leaders are emerging.
Launch Services Space Asset Protection Small Satellites Asset MaintenanceLaunch Services Space Asset Protection Small Satellites Asset Maintenance
Government Side DevelopersGovernment Side DevelopersThe government development of military space The government development of military space systems are being accelerated thanks in part to systems are being accelerated thanks in part to
partnerships that effectively blur the line between partnerships that effectively blur the line between weapons research and commercial applicationsweapons research and commercial applications
NOT TO MENTION UNIVERSITY-BASED RESEARCH TEAMS
FORCE TRANSFORMATION & FORCE TRANSFORMATION & OPERATIONALLY RESPONSIVE OPERATIONALLY RESPONSIVE
SPACE (ORS)SPACE (ORS)
A PUSH TOWARDS SPACE SUPERIORITYA PUSH TOWARDS SPACE SUPERIORITYAND THE FIRST STEPS TO WEAPONIZATION AND THE FIRST STEPS TO WEAPONIZATION
- ACCELERATED- ACCELERATED
Office of Force Transformation ObjectivesOffice of Force Transformation ObjectivesDevelopment: Time required to design, build, and test spacecraft
hardwareCurrently 2 to 10+ yearsTo counter adversary’s changing tactics warfighting capabilities must be developed within 6-9 months
Deployment: Time required to integrate, launch, and deliver space systems
Currently 3 to 12+ monthsSpace-based assets must be in place and ready for operation within hours of a request for support
Operate: Time required to deliver a systems products or effectsCurrent timelines depend on system and mission it is typically hours to daysUnder ORS space system operations must respond in timelines consistent with battlefield operations (continuous/seconds)
Next generation expendable launch vehicles Next generation expendable launch vehicles
Funding provided primarily by the Air Force, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), NASA, and Microcosm internal R&D.
Reduce launch to orbit cost by 5 to 10X
810lbs into LEO for $4.2 million
On 8 HOURS notice
Microcosm will be offering this service in 24 months
What are the implications?
Affordable launch services + Small Sats
The ESPA RingThe ESPA Ring
The ESPA is a structure developed by the Air Force Research Labs (AFRL) and the Space Test Program (STP) as a means to deploy small satellites.
ESPA is currently only compatible with the Atlas V or the Delta IV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle or EELV and in time the ESPA ring may be incorporated into more affordable next generation EELV launch options – further reducing the cost of space weaponization and commercial space systems development.
ESPA COMPATABILITYWILL BE THE STANDARDDEPLOYMENT PLATFORMFOR THE SMALL SATELLITEINDUSTRY
How fast is small satellite technology moving?How fast is small satellite technology moving?
Surrey UK AeroAstro SpaceDev
Minisatellites 100kg and up
Microsatellites
40 - 450 kg
Small satellites 150 - 250 kg
Microsatellites 10 - 100kg
Nanosatellites
10-40 kg
Microsatellites 10 to 150 kg
Nanosatellites 5 - 10kg
Picosatellites
5 kg
Nanosatellites 1 to 10 kg
Picosatellites 1 - 5kg
Cubesatellites
1 kg
Picosatellites .1 to 1 kg
- NOTE THE FLUCTUATION IN WEIGHT and DEFINITIONS
SMALL SATELLITECOMPANIES AND SYSTEMS
ESCORT INSPECTION MICROSATELLITE
ESCORT APPLICATIONS
Monitor space around a largesatellite to detect attacks.
Stealthily inspect and monitora large satellite to determineits capabilities.
Stealthily attack to permanentlyor temporarily disable a large satellite.
Actively defend a large satelliteagainst attacks by microsatellites.
Company ProfileCompany Profile
Company ProfileCompany Profile
Maneuvering and orbital Transfer Vehicle (MoTV) SpaceDev MoTV ClassesThere are three size classes of MoTV, designated as -1, -2, -3: "-1" is up to 50 kg (MoTV-1) "-2" is up to 100 kg (MoTV-2) "-3" is up to 200 kg (MoTV-3)
KEY USES
Proximity Operations RendezvousInspection Surveillance Protection
Key Technologies
Cosmic Hot Insterstellar Plasma Spectrometer Satellite (CHIPSat)100% TCP-IP
What does that mean?
This is command and control
REDOCKING CUBESATSREDOCKING CUBESATS
Imagine, a host docking satellite with multiple cubesats no larger than 10 inches on any given side able to place for instance, a black swath of adhesive material over a satellite lens or solar array – then removed once the objective has been met.
Key components of stealth attack is an attack thatduplicates natural phenomenon or is reversible
The Experimental Satellite SeriesThe Experimental Satellite Series
XSS-11Launched April 2005
XSS-10Launched January 2003
RendezvousInterdictionInspection
Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART)
Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART)
The DART will approach the target satellite and perform a series of proximity operations including:
Station keeping Docking axis approach Circumnavigation. Collision avoidance the maneuver then depart the vicinity and transition to its final orbit.
The entire sequence will be accomplished under autonomous
control.
Orbital ExpressOrbital Express
Broad range of uses ranging from US national security applications to commercial space programs.
Orbital Express will extend the life of Satellites by providing:
A refueling capabilityOn-orbit refuelingImprove survivability
“In addition, ORBITAL EXPRESS can support deployment and operations of micro-satellites for missions such as space asset protection and sparse aperture formation flying, or deploy nano-satellites for inspection to provide data to support satellite repair.” DARPA
WHAT NEXT?
With such a capability is there a possibility of an operable ASAT system on the horizon?
With such a capability is there a possibility of an operable ASAT system on the horizon?
Without clearly defined rules and limitations - YES
What are the implications an eventual ASAT system being operational?
What are the implications an eventual ASAT system being operational?
For hundred of years blockades were used to compromise the economies and military capabilities of enemy states.
In Iraq air strikes on critical infrastructure like electrical grids were common place and economic sanctions were the means of limiting a nations economy - this is still the way, for now.
But as we move forward technologically and economies become more reliant on satellites - Stock exchanges, communications, banking…
And militaries rely more on space without rules – space asset protection will be needed and the ability to inflict damage similar to economic sanctions can be done without UN consensus and instead achieved via taking out a single satellite.
Space based sanctions, embargos and blockades – not to mention removing the eyes and ears of a military by taking down their space systems
The marriage of cutting edge technologies
The marriage of cutting edge technologies
• Hypersonic air breathing launch vehicles– Launch on demand at 5x the speed of sound
• Next generation small satellites – capable of direct engagement, asset
protection and stealth attack
• ESPA ring technology– An ability to deploy multiple small satellites
Global PresenceGlobal Presence
OTHER SPACE SYSTEMS
Technologies in DevelopmentTechnologies in DevelopmentDirect Engagement Anti-Satellite (ASAT)Ground-based kinetic energy ASAT (KEASAT)“Killer” Micro and nanosatellitesThe Experimental Satellite Series (XSS)Near field infrared experiment (NFIRE)Air-Launched Miniature Vehicle (ALMV)Air Launched Anti-Satellite MissileManeuvering and Orbital Transfer Vehicle (MoTV) Radio Frequency (ASAT)Counter Satellite Communications SystemSpace-Based Radio Frequency Energy WeaponCounter Communications System (CCS)Space-Based Radio Frequency Energy WeaponSatellite Identification SystemsRapid Attack Identification, Detection and Reporting System (RAIDRS) Counter Surveillance and Reconnaissance System (CSRS)Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs)—LasersMid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL)Ground Based LaserLimited Space-Based Lasers Incorporating Mirror ConstellationsSpace Based Laser Constellations-hydrogen fluoride chemical lasers-deuterium fluoride lasers -chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL)Joint High Power Solid State Laser ProgramEvolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement Airship Relay Mirrors
Space Based Vehicles and InterceptorsOrbital Transfer VehicleSpace Operations Vehicle Hypervelocity Rod Bundles Artificial Meteoroids/Spheres Space Maneuver Vehicle (SMV X-40)Common Aero Vehicle (CAV X-41)Space-Based Interceptor Test Bed (MKV)Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle (HCV) FalconElectromagnetic pulse (EMP) weaponsInformation Operations (IO) and Network Warfare OperationsThe computer driven means for corrupting space-based and terrestrial-based computer systems which manage satellite functions.C4ISR SystemsEarly warning and surveillance systems, satellites, radar, identification systems, communications systems, ground-, air- and space-based sensors to support target assessment efforts and intelligence gather efforts on rival space capabilities.
NOT INCLUDING MISSILE DEFENSETECHNOLOGIES
The BMD – Space Systems connectionThe BMD – Space Systems connection• Effective and affordable solution to the emerging midcourse threat
• Destroys multiple credible objects – both lethal threats and decoys
• Dramatically reduces threat leakage• Integrated with all Ballistic Missile Defense System assets
• Adaptable to multiple basing options
Terrestrial based and integrated into the current ground based systems – up to 7 interceptors - by FY’07
The Common Aero VehicleThe Common Aero Vehicle
Project FALCON
Capabilities enabled by responsive spacelift
– Strike targets anywhere from CONUS in 120 minutes or less.
– Increased warfighting capability against hard and deeply buried targets.
– Minimizes over flight and landing issues and concerns.
– Avoids risk to flight crews
– Relatively invulnerable to anti-access threats.
– Cost competitive with other platforms
Approx. Performance Requirements
– Precision strike
– Variety of conventional payloads
– In-flight target updates
– Worldwide, all weather range
Space Insertion and Extraction Space Insertion and Extraction
“the idea is to move a squad-sized unit of Marines to any place on Earth in less than two hours.”Marine BGen Richard C Zilmer
Evolutionary Improvements to Conventional Assault Support
Space Insertion-Terrestrial Extraction
Stealthy, Survivable
Transport of 13 Troops & Equipment
Launch on Demand
Unrefueled transport
No overflight restrictions
SMARTBus Satellite SystemsSMARTBus Satellite SystemsReferred to as the 6 DAY satellite –
Ultimate objective: To be assembled and deployed in the field for on demand intelligence, communications, imaging…
PLUS – SENSE - PLAY
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