unit two colonial settlement -...

116

COLONIAL SETTLEMENT1587–1775

CHAPTER5

The 13 English Colonies1607–1733

CHAPTER6

Life in the 13 Colonies1620–1763

CHAPTER7

The Road to Revolution1754–1775

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

U N I T T W OU N I T T W OU N I T T W O

Mayflower and Speedwell in Dartmouth Harborby Leslie A. Wilcox, c. 1971

The Puritans’ voyage in search of religious free-dom began in Dartmouth Harbor and ended offthe coast of present-day Massachusetts.

History

A R TAND

MORTAR AND PESTLE�

Why It’s ImportantBetween 1607 and 1733, the British set up thirteencolonies along the east coast of North America. Despitetheir diverse backgrounds, English colonists placed ahigh value on the rights and freedoms they enjoyedunder British law. When the king and Parliamentthreatened these rights, the colonists rebelled againstBritish rule. In doing so, they secured many of therights and freedoms that Americans enjoy today.

Themes★ Ideas, Beliefs, and Institutions★ Conflict and Cooperation★ Civil Rights and Liberties

Key Events★ English settlement of Jamestown, Virginia★ Founding of the New England, Middle, and

Southern Colonies★ British win French and Indian War★ Boston Tea Party★ Fighting between British and Americans

at Lexington and Concord

SETTING THE SCENE

� THE BOSTON

MASSACRE

� CEREMONIAL BOW

Portfolio ProjectUse library resourcesto learn about daily lifeand customs in the NewEngland, Middle, orSouthern Colonies. Usethe information to helpyou write a story about ayoung person who mighthave lived in the colonies.Illustrate your story withdrawings based on yourresearch.

� NEW ENGLAND HOME

To learn more about the colonists’struggle against Britain, view the

Historic America: Electronic Field TripsSide 1, Chapter 6 video lesson:

• Lexington and Concord

PRIMARYRIMARY SOURCESOURCESPPRIMARYRIMARY SSOURCESOURCES

LibraryLibrary

See pages 752–753for the primarysource readings to accompany Unit 2.

There’s No Place Like Home

LAB ACTIVITYHANDS ON HISTORYHANDS-ON HISTORY

BackgroundJamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was not an

easy place in which to carve out a living. Colonists had to work veryhard just to stay alive. Almost every minute of the day was spentbuilding houses, hunting or growing food, making tools, sewing cloth-ing, or nursing the sick. In this activity you will create a model of theJamestown fort and the surrounding colony.

Did you know that the Pilgrims arenot responsible for our official celebration of Thanks-giving? Thanks go to Sara Josepha Hale, a nineteenth-century magazine editor. She enlisted hundreds ofpeople to write letters to politicians and ministers ask-ing them to make the last Thursday in November aday of thanksgiving. President Abraham Lincoln pro-claimed it a national holiday in 1863.

� JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT

Believe It

N O T !OR

Materials■ cardboard boxes: enough to make one large piece

of cardboard at least 2 feet by 3 feet and 20–30smaller pieces in a variety of sizes

■ assorted colored markers ■ colored construction paper■ popped popcorn ■ 3–4 cups

of soil■ tea bags■ scissors■ glue■ tape■ string■ ruler

UNIT 2 Colonial Settlement: 1587–1775118

119UNIT 2 Colonial Settlement: 1587–1775

What To DoA. Make a flat cardboard base for your model of Jamestown. Cut one large piece

of cardboard to make the base at least 2 feet by 3 feet.B. On your base mark in pencil where the bay, river, fort, houses, and farms will be

placed. Use the illustration on the previous page as a guide.C. Create the bay and the river that surrounded Jamestown using markers or con-

struction paper.D. Cut small pieces of cardboard to create the fort, houses, outbuildings, and

fences for your model. Build each structure by connecting the cardboard pieceswith tape.

E Attach the buildings and fences to the base with glue. F. Use string to outline several plots of farmland behind the homes that surround

the fort. Glue tea leaves (from tea bags) on some plots to represent tobaccocrops. Glue popcorn on some plots to represent corn crops.

G. Apply a layer of glue and sprinkle it with dirt to create a road system.H. Use the remaining cardboard and construc-

tion paper to make models of boats, docks,a church, a school, or other communitybuildings. Use markers and constructionpaper to add forests, bushes, and otherdetails to the landscape.

Lab ActivityReport

1. What reasons did colonists have

for building where they did?

2. Based on the number of buildings

in your model, what would you

estimate as the population of

your colony?

3. Drawing Conclusions What

equipment and supplies would you

tell colonists to bring with them

to America to help them build a

colony like Jamestown?GO A STEP FURTHERACTIVITY

Some British companies ran advertise-ments to encourage people to settle inAmerica. Write an advertisement to attractsettlers to your colony of Jamestown.

1600–1624 1625–1649 1650–1674

120 UNIT 2 Colonial Settlement: 1587–1775

The 13 English Colonies 1607–1733

CHAPTER 5★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

SETTING THE SCENE

Americas

World

1607 English foundJamestown

1620 MayflowerCompact signed

1608 Samuel deChamplain foundsQuebec

1647 Massachusetts estab-lishes elementary schools

1660 England passesNavigation Acts

� EARLY COLONIAL

TEXTBOOK

HISTORY

FocusIn the 1600s and early 1700s, the

English established thirteen coloniesalong the Atlantic coast of North America.People came to the American colonies for variousreasons—including the pursuit of wealth, land, or religiousfreedom. Settlers brought their values and beliefs with them, includ-ing the idea of self-government. Some colonies welcomed people of different backgrounds, making America a land of diversity from itsearliest beginnings.

Concepts to Understand★ What ideas, beliefs, and institutions the colonists brought to America★ How different ways of life created cultural diversity in the colonies

Read to Discover . . .★ the reasons people migrated

to the American colonies.★ the ways that each of the thirteen

colonies grew and developed.Chapter OverviewVisit the American History: The Early Years to1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click onChapter 5—Chapter Overviews to previewchapter information.

Journal NotesWhat were the

reasons for estab-

lishing each of the

American colonies?

Why did different

colonies attract

different groups of

settlers? Keep a record

of these as you read

the chapter.

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/ahey2001/chapter5/overview.html

1675–1699 1700–1724 1725–1749

121CHAPTER 5 The 13 English Colonies: 1607–1733

Signing of the Compact on the Mayflower by Edward Percy Moran, c. 1900

The leaders of the Mayflower composed and signed theMayflower Compact, establishing a government for thenew colony. The Puritans elected John Carver to serveas their governor.

History

A R TAND

1690 New England Primer,first elementary textbook, is published

1689 William and Marysign English Bill ofRights

1701 French establish Fort Detroit

1700s Age of Enlighten-ment begins

1733 Georgia, last of the 13colonies, is founded

1725 English Quakersspeak out against slavery

� ENGLISH AD TO

ENTICE PLANTERS

★ Lost Colony at RoanokeRaleigh tried again in 1587, sending an

expedition of 91 men, 17 women, and 2children under the leadership of JohnWhite. Raleigh hoped this group wouldform the nucleus of a farming community.Shortly after arriving, one of the womengave birth to Virginia Dare, the firstAmerican-born child of English parents.Virginia was White’s grandchild.

White left his daughter, granddaughter,and the rest of the colonists after severalweeks to return to England for suppliesand more settlers. He hoped to return in a

English Settlers in Virginia★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★


SECTION 1

GUIDE TO READING

� ENGLISH TOBACCO AD

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about English set-tlements in Virginia, use an outline form likethe one shown here to highlight significantevents in the growth of Jamestown. I. Problems in Jamestown

A.B.

II. Growth of JamestownA.B.

Read to Learn . . .★ what role the House of Burgesses

played in Virginia.★ how investors raised money to start

colonies in North America.★ what problems the colonists at

Jamestown faced.

Terms to Know★ joint-stock company★ charter★ plantation★ indentured

servant★ burgesses★ royal

colony

Main IdeaA group of English colonists landedon the shores of what is today Vir-ginia and established England’s firstpermanent colony in North America.

The English established their first per-manent settlement in the Americas in1607. However, English merchants andadventurers had been engaged in failedefforts since the late 1500s.

With the permission of Queen Eliza-beth, Sir Walter Raleigh raised money toestablish a colony, and in 1585 a smallgroup of men sailed for the Americas.They landed on Roanoke Island near thecoast of present-day North Carolina. Inless than a year, they had run short offood, and when an English ship unexpect-edly arrived, all the colonists boarded andreturned to England.


few months, but hostilities between Eng-land and Spain prevented his return.

When he did return in 1590, he foundthe island completely deserted with notrace of the settlers. The only clue was theword CROATOAN—the name of a NativeAmerican group on a nearby island—carved on a post.

★ Staking a Claim in the Americas

The possibility of riches in Americacommanded the attention of the English.By 1600 Spain had gained a fortune fromthe gold and silver in its Americancolonies in western North America, pre-sent-day Florida, South America, and theCaribbean. The English king, James I,could not afford to send ships and sup-plies to America, and English nobles wereunwilling to risk their private wealth.

English merchants, however, wereeager for a share in the rich new continent.In 1606 merchants in the cities of Londonand Plymouth came up with a new way toshare the costs of starting a colony.

The Virginia CompaniesThe merchants formed two companies,

the Virginia Company of Plymouth andthe Virginia Company of London. Eachwas a joint-stock company that soldshares to investors. Each investor contrib-uted only a small part of the cost. If thecompany’s project succeeded, investorsshared the profits. If it failed, they lostonly as much money as they had put in.

Upon receiving permission from KingJames I, each company received a charter—a document that let them settle andtrade in a certain area in the Americas. TheLondon group’s charter permitted it to set-tle between present-day North Carolina andthe Potomac River. The land was namedVirginia. The charter granted Virginia col-onists the same rights as English citizens.

★ The Settlement ofJamestown

In December 1606 the London Compa-ny sent three ships—the Discovery, theSusan Constant, and the Godspeed—to starta colony in North America. The 144men—no women were sent—faced arough, stormy voyage. More than 40 diedat sea. Finally, in April 1607 the shipsreached Virginia.

They sailed into Chesapeake Bay andup a wide river that the colonists namedthe James River after their king. Theylanded on a peninsula 60 miles (96 km) upthe river, and established their settlement,named Jamestown.

Jamestown Faces ProblemsJamestown’s location was a good spot

to keep a lookout for Spanish ships. It wasalso a good spot to trade with nearbyNative Americans. It had serious draw-backs, however. The swampy land wasfilled with mosquitoes and lacked gooddrinking water. As a result, many colonistsdied of malaria or typhoid fever.

Jamestown faced another serious prob-lem. Its colonists knew nothing about liv-ing in a wilderness. Many of them were

� RECONSTRUCTION OF JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT


gentlemen from wealthy English families.They had come to America for gold andadventure, not to cut wood, build homes,or plant crops. By September 1607 abouthalf the colonists had died from the hardlife, and by the next January only 38 werestill alive.

John Smith Takes ChargeGoverning Jamestown was perhaps the

biggest problem colonists faced. The Lon-don Company had originally set up aboard of 13 to rule the settlers. The boardmembers quarreled and some quit. Manyof the colonists refused to plant crops andonly searched for gold.

Captain John Smith, a brave adventur-er, stepped forward to take charge. Smith

had no patience with the colonists’ com-plaints. He promptly ordered the people—including the idle gentlemen—to buildhouses and fortifications, dig wells, clearfields, and plant crops. He made it clearthat “he that will not work shall not eat.“

Smith also bargained for supplies withthe local Native Americans, members ofthe Powhatan confederacy. Smith claimedto have been captured by the Powhatansbut was later released. He said that Poca-hontas—daughter of the chief calledPowhatan—had begged for his life. LaterPocahontas married colonist John Rolfe.

The “Starving Time”Corn and freshwater from the Native

Americans helped the colony survive.Under John Smith’s leadership, condi-tions in Jamestown improved. About 500new settlers—this time includingwomen—came from England to join thecolony in 1609. Unfortunately, Smith washurt in a gunpowder explosion and had toreturn to England for medical treatment.

Once again, the colony faced hardship.That winter the food supply ran low andpeople fought one another for roots,acorns, and even insects. Only 60 settlerssurvived the “starving time,“ the winterof 1609–1610.

★ The Growth of Jamestown

Even with its painful beginnings,Jamestown became more stable and newsettlers continued to arrive. Investors andthe English government, however, stilldemanded a profit.

A Plantation Economy The colony’s economy did not flourish

until the settlers began growing a newcrop—tobacco. John Rolfe began plantingtobacco in 1612. He had seen the NativeAmericans smoking it in pipes. Because

� LANDING AT JAMESTOWN In 1607 the VirginiaCompany of London established Jamestown,the second attempt at establishing an Englishcolony in America. What was the name ofEngland’s first colony in America?

istoryPicturingH

Student Web ActivityVisit the American History: The Early Years to 1877Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 5—Student Web Activities for an activity about Jamestown.

HISTORY

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/ahey2001/chapter5/webact.html


the native tobacco was bitter and harsh,Rolfe experimented with seeds from amilder plant from the West Indies.

Within a few years, colonists shippedthousands of pounds of Virginia tobaccoto England and earned huge profits. Thehabit of smoking rapidly spread through-out Europe. King James I, however, con-demned it as “a custom loathsome to theeye, hateful to the nose, harmful to thebrain, dangerous to the lungs.”

Tobacco growing changed farming inVirginia. Planters set up large farms, orplantations, along the coastal rivers.Growing tobacco was hard, backbreakingwork. Planters in Virginia hired inden-tured servants, people who agreed towork a certain number of years—usuallyfrom 3 to 7—in exchange for their passageto America. When the agreed upon timewas up, indentured servants were free cit-izens. Between 100,000 and 150,000 menand women came to America as inden-tured servants in the 1600s.

Newcomers From AfricaIn 1619 a Dutch ship from the West

Indies brought the first Africans—20 ofthem—to Jamestown. The first child ofAfrican descent born in the Englishcolonies was a boy named William, bornin 1624.

These colonial African workers wereprobably treated as indentured servantsby the tobacco planters. Some of these ser-vants later became free citizens.

Encouraging Family LifeThe hardships of the early years dis-

couraged many people, especiallywomen, from coming to Virginia. A fewwomen came voluntarily or as indenturedservants. London Company officialsknew, however, that families were neededto make the colony stable.

In 1620 about 100 women sailed intoJamestown following promises they would

have a place to live and freedom to choosetheir own husbands. The company chargedeach man who married one of these women150 pounds (68 kg) of tobacco. Jamestowneventually became a community with fam-ilies and a growing population.

Native American NeighborsAt first, mainly through the efforts of

John Smith, English settlers and NativeAmericans were on good terms. Pocahon-tas married planter John Rolfe in 1614 andwent with him to England where she wasintroduced to London society. In 1617, onher way home to America, Pocahontascaught smallpox and died.

Pocahontas’s father, Powhatan, died thenext year and relations between settlers

� AD FOR SERVANTS AND WORKERS

� BRIDE SHIP ARRIVING IN JAMESTOWN Severalyears after the founding of Jamestown, brideships from England arrived to help balancethe population of men and women. What didit cost to marry one of these women?

istoryPicturingH

INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY


and Native Americans declined. TheNative Americans resented the amount ofland the colonists were taking, and thechief who succeeded Powhatan mistrustedthe English.

Mistrust led to violence. In 1622 someNative Americans made surprise attackson colonists. The attackers killed nearly350 people, including John Rolfe. Thecolonists in turn attacked the local NativeAmerican villages and burned their crops.After many battles, the English gainedcontrol of the area.

★ The Beginning of Self-Government

Under Jamestown’s charter, the Lon-don Company controlled the colony andnamed a council to run it. Settlers workedfor the company, which owned the land.In 1619 the company sent a governor torule Jamestown and began granting landto individuals. It also gave colonists avoice in running the colony’s government.Thus, the first form of representative gov-ernment began in the English colonies.

Adult freemen could elect representa-tives, or burgesses, to a lawmaking body,the House of Burgesses. This assemblycould make laws to govern the colony,although the governor of the LondonCompany could refuse to approve them.The House of Burgesses met for the firsttime in a Jamestown church in July 1619.

Although by 1624 Jamestown was be-ginning to prosper, King James I wasunhappy with the way officials were run-ning the Virginia colony. Problems withcolonists and the lack of profits caused theking to take back the charter. He then madeVirginia a royal colony, a colony under thecontrol of the king. He appointed a royalgovernor but did not abolish the House ofBurgesses.

Checking for Understanding1. Define joint-stock company, charter,

plantation, indentured servant, burgesses,royal colony.

2. What was important about Virginia’s Houseof Burgesses?

Critical Thinking3. Determining Relevance Why did the

English want a colony in North America?How successful was Jamestown in meetingEngland’s needs?

4. Analyzing Information Re-create a graphiclike the one shown here, and use it to showhow a joint-stock company worked.

� THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES In July 1619, theHouse of Burgesses became the first electedlawmaking body in the colonies. Who had theauthority to refuse laws passed by the Houseof Burgesses?

istoryPicturingH

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ ★★★★★★★★★★★Section 1 ★ Assessment★ SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT ★

5. The Arts Imagine that you are a share-holder in the London Company in 1619,trying to attract new settlers. Create aposter to persuade people in England tomove to Jamestown.

127

When European explorers landed in easternNorth America they did not find a system ofroads into the interior of the continent. Theyfaced an almost unbroken thick, dark wall oftrees. The sparkling waters of the broad east-ern rivers were the only roads to be found.

Explorers, settlers, fur traders, and mis-sionaries all traveled America’s great rivers.Nearly all the earliest colonial cities, fromBoston and New York south to Savannah,were built on good harbors at the mouths ofrivers. Farmers in the Middle and SouthernColonies built their farms along the banks ofthe Delaware, James, and the Ashley Rivers.They loaded barrels of wheat or tobacco attheir own docks to be taken downriver to

seaport cities. These settlers also built theirhomes with the front doors facing the river,ready to welcome travelers.

M A T H T H E A R T S E C O N O M I C S S C I E N C E

HistoryAND

G E O G R A P H Y

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ATLANTICOCEAN

Gulf ofMexico

LakeMichigan

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70° W

40° N

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50° N 80° W90° W100° W110° W120° W130° W

Mississippi River

Missouri River

HudsonR.

Delaware R.

Potomac R.

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James R.Ohio Rive

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Major United States River Systems

Making the Geography Connection1. How were America’s rivers used by

early explorers and settlers?

2. Why were early American towns builtalong rivers?

ACTIVITY3. Create a poster that would convince

America’s early eastern settlers to travelwest by flatboat. Use artwork anddescription to tell people the advan-tages of this type of travel.

Rippling Highways

The hope of a new start in life broughtmost people to England’s Americancolonies. A new start, however, had dif-ferent meanings for different people. Thepeople who settled Jamestown hoped tofind gold and make profits. Other groupslooked for a place where they could freelyfollow their religious beliefs.

★ Religious Disagreementin England

England had been a Protestant countrysince 1534, when King Henry VIII brokeaway from the Roman Catholic Churchand formed the Anglican Church. Not

everyone in England was happy with thenew church, however. Many wanted toreturn to the Roman Catholic belief andrituals.

Puritans and SeparatistsOther critics of the Anglican Church

wanted to “purify” the church by gettingrid of all Roman Catholic influences.Known as Puritans, most of these peoplestayed in the Anglican Church and triedto change it from within.

A small group of Puritans, however,disapproved so strongly of the AnglicanChurch that they would not worshipthere. They left the church and as Sepa-ratists, worshiped by themselves. This

Pilgrims Found Plymouth Colony★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★


SECTION 2

GUIDE TO READING

� WILLIAM BRADFORD’S SILVER CUP

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you read aboutthe founding of Plymouth, use a diagram likethe one shown here to list the ways in whichthe Native Americans helped the English settlers.

Read to Learn . . .★ why the Pilgrims wanted to leave England.★ why the Pilgrims

signed the Mayflower Compact.

★ how Native Americans helped the colonists at Plymouth.

Terms to Know★ Puritans★ Separatists★ Pilgrims★ Mayflower Compact★ Thanksgiving

Main IdeaPersecuted for their religious beliefsin England, a small group of worship-ers established a colony along thecoast of what is today Massachusetts.

HelpFrom NativeAmericans


practice enraged the English govern-ment. These Separatists were attackedoften for their beliefs and shut out oftheir communities.

Life in England became so difficult forSeparatists that in 1608 one group movedto the city of Leyden in the Netherlands, acountry known for its religious tolerance.They called themselves Pilgrims, a termfor travelers with a religious goal.

After a few years, the Pilgrims still feltout of place in the Netherlands. It wasmore difficult to earn a living there. Theyalso worried about their children beinginfluenced too much by the Dutch.Despite the hazards of crossing theAtlantic, some of the Leyden Pilgrimsdecided to move to America. There theyhoped to establish a community based onreligious freedom.

★ Starting the Plymouth Colony

Organizing the voyage was difficultbecause most of the Pilgrims had little

money. Eventually they joined with otherEnglish Separatists who also wanted toleave England, and gained a charter fromthe London Company to set up a colonyin Virginia. One prosperous businessman,John Carver, arranged financial backingand found the group a small but seawor-thy ship, the Mayflower.

Journey to AmericaIn September 1620, after several delays

the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, Eng-land. It carried about 100 men, women,and children including Separatists fromLeyden and England.

The Atlantic crossing was stormy, andwinds blew the ship off course. Finally, onNovember 9, 1620, the Mayflower came torest at the tip of Cape Cod, off the coast ofpresent-day Massachusetts.

The Mayflower Compact The Pilgrims had not reached Virginia,

but rather the New England regionnamed and mapped by John Smith in

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

Cream to ButterColonists could take noth-

ing for granted. Almosteverything they neededhad to be made.

ThenA Job for Everyone

With no supermar-kets, running water,or refrigeration, thepeople of PlymouthColony had to growor make everything

they needed. The men grew thecrops and hunted for game.Food products were cooked orpreserved mostly by women.Bringing in firewood and churn-ing the butter were commonchores for children. All taskswere time-consuming and doneby hand.

NowMachines Do the Work

Today milk products areprocessed in modern dairiesthat have clean, refrigerated

equipment. Continuously churn-ing, stainless steel machinescan make cream into butter inthree minutes or less.

Linking Past and Present

� COLONIAL BUTTER CHURN

� MODERN-DAY BUTTER CHURN


1614. They were outside the area of theircharter and its laws. To establish somekind of law and discipline, Pilgrim lead-ers decided that they must make an agree-ment before they went ashore.

The 41 men aboard signed a documentsetting up a form of self-government andagreeing to obey laws passed by themajority. This pact became known as theMayflower Compact. John Carver waschosen governor of the new colony.

Landing at PlymouthThe Pilgrims searched for nearly a

month before they found Plymouth har-bor. In late December they stepped ashoreand settled on cleared land that had oncebeen a Native American village.

In the bleak, cold winter, the Pilgrims,like the Virginia colonists, had their“starving time.” By spring almost half ofthem had died. Those that survived man-

aged to keep the colony alive. WilliamBradford, the second governor of Ply-mouth, later wrote in his history:

. . . [I]n two or three months’ time half of theircompany died, especially inJanuary and February, beingthe depth of winter, andwanting houses and othercomforts; being infectedwith the scurvy and otherdiseases which this longvoyage . . . had brought upon them.

★ Native Americans and the Pilgrims

The colonists who survived the winterwere surprised one March day when a

”

“

� THE FIRST THANKSGIVING by Jennie A. Brownscombe, c. 1914 This traditionaldepiction of the first Thanksgiving shows Pilgrims sharing their bountiful harvest with Native Americans. What Native American group helped the Pilgrims survive at Plymouth?

History

A R TAND


tall Native American named Samosetappeared and greeted them in English.Samoset introduced them to Massasoit(MAS•uh•soit), chief of the Wampanoags(wahm•puh•NOH•AGS), the group thatcontrolled present-day southeasternMassachusetts.

One of the Wampanoags, Squanto,taught the Pilgrims how to survive intheir new home. He taught them how tohunt in the forests, how to plant corn, andwhere to catch fish. Squanto also acted astheir interpreter, helping to maintainpeace between the colonists and NativeAmericans. The Pilgrims, grateful forSquanto’s help, called him “a specialinstrument sent of God.”

Plymouth SurvivesThanks to the help of the nearby

Wampanoags, the Pilgrims had an abun-dant harvest in 1621. They shared theirbounty with the Native Americans in afestival usually thought to be the firstThanksgiving in the English colonies.The meal probably included corn bread,wild game birds, greens, venison, andshellfish.

In 1621 the Council for New Englandofficially granted the Pilgrims a charterfor their settlement at Plymouth. A few

new settlers arrived, but PlymouthColony grew slowly. It had only 300 set-tlers by 1630 and 3,000 by 1660.

The Pilgrims were always a poor com-munity. As late as the 1640s, they had onlyone plow among them. However, theyclung to their belief that God had putthem in America to live as a truly Christ-ian community. On the whole, the Pil-grims were content to live their lives inwhat they considered godly ways.

At times the Pilgrims spoke of servingas a model for other Christians. GovernorBradford wrote:

As one small candle maylight a thousand, so thelight here kindled hathshone to many, yea in some sort to our whole nation. ”

“

Checking for Understanding1. Define Puritans, Separatists, Pilgrims,

Mayflower Compact, Thanksgiving.

2. Why did the Pilgrims leave England?

3. How did Native Americans help the Pilgrimsat Plymouth survive?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing Re-create a diagram similar to

the one shown here, and list the similarities

and differences between the settlements atJamestown and Plymouth.

Flag of England Eng-lish settlers in James-town and the Pilgrimsin Massachusetts car-ried the flag of the

British Union. It waved over the coloniesuntil the Revolution.★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

AMERICA’S FLAGS★★★ ★★★



5. The Arts Working alone or with a partner, create a cartoon strip that tells the story of the Pilgrims’ journey from England to the Plymouth Colony.

Jamestown Plymouth

Interest in the American colonies con-tinued to grow in England. Political issuesand church conflicts made many groupsseriously consider crossing the Atlantic insearch of new opportunities. The NewEngland described by John Smith attract-ed many who wanted personal or eco-nomic freedom. They settled the NewEngland Colonies.

★ Puritans in Massachusetts

The Separatists who founded Plymouthin America were a tiny group compared

with the number of Puritans in England.These Puritans were under continuousattack and punishment for criticizing theAnglican Church. This pressure forcedmany Puritans to seek religious freedomin the American colonies. There theyhoped to freely follow their beliefs. Newsof possible wealth and success in the newlands also drew the Puritans.

The year 1630 marked the beginning ofwhat is called the Great Migration. Ten

Settling the New England Colonies★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★


SECTION 3

GUIDE TO READING

� PURITAN BIBLE BOX

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you read aboutthe settlement of the New England Colonies,use a chart like the one shown here to high-light the events that led to the founding ofRhode Island and Connecticut.

Read to Learn . . .★ why the Puritans founded the

Massachusetts Bay Colony.★ why settlers moved from Massachusetts

Bay to Rhode Island and Connecticut.★ why conflicts arose between the Native

Americans and the colonists.

Terms to Know★ Great Migration★ Massachusetts Bay Company★ commonwealth★ toleration★ Fundamental Orders of Connecticut★ constitution

Main IdeaA number of English colonists fol-lowed the Pilgrims to North Americaand established what became knownas the New England Colonies.

Rhode Island Connecticut


years after Plymouth Colony was found-ed, 1,000 people crossed the stormyAtlantic to New England. In the next 10years, some 16,000 people would journeyto this part of America.

The Massachusetts Bay Company In 1625 Charles I succeeded his father,

James I, as king of England. The new kingdespised the Puritans and put more pres-sure on them to follow the AnglicanChurch. Represented by John Winthrop, awell-to-do lawyer and landowner, thePuritans requested a colonial charter fromthe king. In 1629 the Puritans receivedtheir charter and formed the Massachu-setts Bay Company.

Settling the ColonyIn 1630, 17 ships with more than 1,000

Puritan settlers left England to establishthe Massachusetts Bay Colony just northof Plymouth. It was the largest singlemigration of this type in the seventeenthcentury. The expedition was better orga-nized than the Jamestown or Plymouthtrips. Settlers brought large stores of food,clothing, tools, and livestock with them.

“A City Upon a Hill”In Massachusetts Bay, the Puritans

hoped to build a Christian society thatwould be a model for the rest of theworld. As John Winthrop, who becamethe colony’s first governor, wrote: “Forwe must consider that we shall be like aCity upon a Hill; the eyes of all people areon us.”

The new colony overcame harsh weath-er and disease, and prospered. By theearly 1640s some 16,000 colonists were liv-ing in Boston, the capital, and in smallerneighboring towns such as Watertownand Charlestown. Good access to riversand other waterways made Boston a suc-cessful trading center.

Using the Bible as their guide, the Puri-tans practiced the kind of religion theyhad wanted in England. Instead of beingruled by a bishop or other distant leader,each church was run by its congregation.This meant that church members chosetheir own minister. They also transformedthe Massachusetts Bay Company from atrading company into a commonwealth, aself-governing political unit. It was thefirst of its kind in America.

The General CourtThe General Court, which made the

laws, at first included only the Puritanswho were investors in the MassachusettsBay Company. Later all adult freemenbecame members of the company, provid-ed they were church members. They elect-ed the governor and members of theGeneral Court.

Many of the colony’s laws enforcedPuritan ways of thinking. Everyone, evennonmembers, had to attend long Sundaychurch services. The rest of the day was tobe spent praying and reading the Bible.Dancing and sports or games were strictlyforbidden.

★ A New Colony in Rhode Island

Although the Puritans came to Massa-chusetts to find freedom for their ownbeliefs, they did not believe in religioustoleration—the acceptance of differentbeliefs. The Puritans treated those whodisagreed with them harshly. Some weredriven from the colony; others left to starttheir own new settlements.

Roger Williams Speaks OutIn Salem, a town north of Boston, the

young minister Roger Williams preachedideas that angered Puritan leaders.


Williams believed the church had toomuch power in governing the colony.Civil officials, he said, should not punishpeople for following their consciences.Nor should people have to belong to thechurch to vote. Williams said the churchand the government should be separate.This idea shocked the Puritans. This sepa-ration of church and state would laterbecome a basic principle of Americangovernment.

Williams also questioned the Massa-chusetts Bay charter. He said thatcolonists could not legally settle on theland unless they bought it from the NativeAmericans.

Angered by Williams’s ideas, in 1635the General Court banished him from thecolony. In the dead of winter, he and a fewfriends fled south to Narragansett Bay.There they spent the winter with theNative Americans, the Narragansetts,who trusted Williams as a friend.

A Place for Religious ToleranceTrue to his principles, Williams bar-

gained with the Narragansetts for a pieceof land to start a community. He named itProvidence. People who were unhappywith the strict laws of Massachusetts BayColony were welcome in Providence.Williams also accepted people who heldbeliefs other than his own even if he dis-agreed with the beliefs. Quakers and Jewseventually found a home in his newcolony.

Providence prospered because it hadbetter farmland than much of Massachu-setts. Puritan laws drove many people tothis neighboring island of religious toler-ance, and three other towns were started.Eventually these towns joined together asthe colony of Rhode Island under a char-ter that Williams obtained from the Eng-lish Parliament in 1644. The smallest ofthe English colonies, Rhode Island heldon to the ideas that set it apart from itsneighbors.

Biography ★★★★

Hutchinson Challenges Church Leaders

One Puritan whofound refuge in RhodeIsland was Anne Hut-chinson, a gentle butbrilliant and outspokenwoman. Born AnneMarbury, in Englandin 1591, she marriedWilliam Hutchinson, amerchant, in 1612. Evenin England, Hutchinsonhad firm ideas abouther religious faith andher church.

In 1634 the Hutchinsons, a strong Puri-tan family, moved to Boston. Hutchinsonbecame the center of a group of womenwho met to discuss the Bible as well asother somewhat new ideas. At these gath-erings, Hutchinson announced her beliefthat people should speak to God them-selves, not through ministers or the church.She did not believe that church leadersshould be so powerful. Her claims that sheherself had communicated directly to Godthreatened the control ministers had overchurch members. Hutchinson spoke boldlythat a more powerful place in societyshould be given to women. These ideasoutraged Puritan leaders. They could notlet her statements go unchallenged.

The arguments over Hutchinson splitthe colony. In 1637 she was put on trial forher beliefs. Hutchinson defended herselfby quoting the Bible and law, but the Gen-eral Court found her “a woman unfit forour society” and banished her.

Along with her family and friends, shefounded the town of Portsmouth south ofProvidence. When her husband died in1642, she moved to the Dutch colony ofNew Netherland. Hutchinson was killedthe next year during a war between theDutch and Native Americans. ★★★

� ANNE HUTCHINSON


★ West to ConnecticutSome faithful Puritans left Massachu-

setts by their own choice. By the middle ofthe 1630s, many colonists believed thatMassachusetts was becoming too crowd-ed. Looking for better farmland, severalgroups traveled west along trails cutthrough the wilderness by Native Ameri-cans. In the valley of the ConnecticutRiver they started the towns of Windsorand Wethersfield.

In 1636 the minister Thomas Hookerled his congregation from Massachusettsto Connecticut, where they built a townthey called Hartford. Hooker had his ownideas about running a colony and limitingthe powers of government. Massachusettslaws that allowed only church membersto vote, for example, disturbed him.

With leaders from the other towns,Hooker worked out a plan of governmentknown as the Fundamental Orders of

Connecticut. This document was the firstAmerican constitution, or plan of govern-ment, to be written. It provided for anassembly and an elected governor. Underthese orders, all men who were propertyowners could vote. In 1662 Connecticutbecame a separate colony when it wasgranted a separate charter by the king.

★ New Hampshire and Maine

No one knows for sure who were thefirst European settlers in New Hampshire.But in 1622 John Mason and Sir Ferdinan-do Gorges received a grant in the area thatis today New Hampshire and Maine.Massachusetts claimed the settled areas inboth Maine and New Hampshire. NewHampshire became a royal colony in 1680,while Maine remained part of Massachu-setts until 1820.

� HOOKER AND COMPANY JOURNEY THROUGH THE WILDERNESS FROM PLYMOUTH TO

HARTFORD IN 1636 by Frederic Edwin Church, 1846 A Congregationalist minister,Thomas Hooker led his followers to Connecticut to form a less restrictive gov-ernment. What is the name of the first American constitution?

History

A R TAND


★ Colonists and NativeAmericans Clash

As more settlers arrived in New Eng-land, they took over Native Americanlands. They cleared forests for farming,thus driving away much of the wild gamethe Native Americans depended on forfood. The settlers often let their livestockrun wild, and the animals frequentlydestroyed the Indians’ crops. The NativeAmerican population in the area had beendeclining for years as a result of epidemicdiseases. Now land and food shortagesworsened their plight.

The Puritans also tried to convert theNative Americans to Christianity andchange their way of life. Hoping to stopthe English invasion and save their her-itage, Native Americans fought back.

The Pequot WarsAs the Connecticut colonists moved

westward and built more towns, theypushed the Pequot Indians from theirlands. Clashes broke out and colonistswere killed in Indian raids. Puritan lead-ers took revenge, destroying NativeAmerican crops and villages.

In 1637 English settlers and their NativeAmerican allies surprised the Pequotswith an attack on their main fort. Some500 Pequot men, women, and childrenwere killed. This nearly wiped out thePequot nation and allowed the English totake over their land.

King Philip’s WarDistrust and tension between settlers

and Native Americans again erupted intowar in 1675. The Wampanoag chief Meta-comet, whom the English called KingPhilip, brought together his alliesthroughout southern New England.Native Americans continued to protestthe English moving onto their lands. Theyalso resented the colonial governmentthat tried to make them obey Englishlaws. For three years the Native Ameri-cans burned towns and farms and killedor kidnapped settlers.

In turn, the English struck back,destroying villages and killing or wound-ing thousands of Native Americans. Some,including Metacomet’s wife and son, werecaptured and sold into slavery in the WestIndies. In 1676, Metacomet was killed, andKing Philip’s War came to an end.

Checking for Understanding1. Define Great Migration, Massachusetts Bay

Colony, commonwealth, toleration, Funda-mental Orders of Connecticut, constitution.

2. What were the reasons for the founding of Rhode Island and Connecticut?

Critical Thinking3. Recognizing Ideas How important was

religious freedom to the Puritans at Massachusetts Bay Colony? What was theirattitude toward other religions?

4. Identifying Cause and Effect Create a chartlike the one shown here to identify what

caused the friction between the Native Amer-icans and colonists and what the effects were.



5. The Arts Choose one event from this chapter and use a small box to create a scene illustrating that event. Use small objects and paint to represent buildings, trees, and other scene details.

Native American/Colonial Friction

EffectCause

Settling the Middle Colonies★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★


SECTION 4

GUIDE TO READING

A land of wide river valleys, thickforests, and excellent harbors lay betweenNew England and Virginia. By the early1600s, the Dutch and the Swedes alreadyhad settlements here. Eventually the Eng-lish would acquire all of this region,which became known as the MiddleColonies.

★ New NetherlandBecomes New York

The Dutch showed an early interest indeveloping trade routes with Asia. In 1609on a voyage for the Dutch government,

Henry Hudson sailed up a beautiful,wide river, which is now named for him.Like other explorers in North America,Hudson was looking for a Northwest Pas-sage—a sea route to Asia. The HudsonRiver was not the hoped-for route, butHudson’s voyage gave the Dutch a claimto the lands along it.

The Beginning of New NetherlandAlthough the Netherlands was a small

country, its large fleet of trading shipssailed all over the world. In 1621 the DutchWest India Company set up a tradingcolony—New Netherland—in the area

� COLONIAL GRINDSTONE

Reading StrategySequencing Information As you read aboutthe settling of the Middle Colonies, make atime line of key events to show how NewNetherland became New York. Use the datesprovided as a guide.

Read to Learn . . .★ who the first settlers were in New York,

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.★ how the English gained control of the

Middle Colonies.

Terms to Know★ patroon★ proprietor★ proprietary colony★ Quakers

Main IdeaWhile the Dutch were the first to set-tle the middle part of the Atlanticcoast, the English soon drove themout and took control of the region.

1621 1660

1655 1664


Hudson had explored. In 1624 the com-pany sent 30 families to settle the area.

The center of the new colony was NewAmsterdam, located on the tip of Manhat-tan Island where the Hudson River entersNew York Harbor. In 1626 Peter Minuit(MIHN•yuh•wuht), the governor of thecolony, paid the Native Americans 60Dutch guilders—about $24—in beads,knives, and other trading goods inexchange for the island.

Compared with the New EnglandColonies, New Netherland grew veryslowly. Most Dutch people had no real rea-son to migrate to a frontier colony. Theircountry was prosperous and tolerant ofdifferent religions. To encourage more set-tlers, the Dutch West India Company let itbe known that the colony welcomed allpeople, including those who had fled NewEngland for religious reasons.

The company also gave huge tracts ofHudson riverfront land to anyone whowould bring 50 new settlers to New Ams-terdam. These landowners, or patroons,ran their large estates as they wished,enforcing their own laws. The people whoworked on a patroon’s estate had littlevoice in their government.

New Sweden EstablishedThe fur trade brought settlers from

Sweden. In 1638 the Swedes built FortChristina in the Delaware River valley atpresent-day Wilmington, Delaware. Thepopulation of New Sweden—as it wascalled—remained small.

The Dutch, however, saw New Swedenas a rival for trade. In 1655 Peter Stuyvesant(STY•vuh•suhnt), the Dutch governor of

New Netherland, seized the colony andmade it part of New Netherland.

The Swedish colonists who stayed onunder Dutch rule brought the Americancolonies an important new skill. As theyhad done in Sweden’s thick forests, thepeople cut trees and notched the logs tobuild log cabins. Quick and easy to buildusing only an ax, the log cabin became themost common kind of frontier home.

A New English King Takes OverWhile English colonies in North Amer-

ica were growing, political events hadexploded in England. In 1642 civil warbroke out between Parliament, whichwas dominated by Puritans, and support-ers of King Charles I. To the shock ofmany people, the king was beheaded fortreason.

For 11 years, Puritan leaders ran Eng-land. Then in 1660, the monarchyreturned to power under the popularKing Charles II. The new king turned hisattention to his American empire. OnlyNew Netherland kept him from holdingall the Atlantic coast. In 1664 Charles senthis younger brother, James, Duke ofYork, to seize the Dutch colony.

In August 1664 the people of NewAmsterdam were surprised to see fourEnglish warships anchored in their har-bor. Governor Stuyvesant tried to get thecolonists to arm themselves and fight, butthey were tired of the bad-tempered gov-ernor and his arbitrary rule. Without afight, New Netherland surrendered to theEnglish. New Amsterdam was renamedNew York in honor of the king’s brother,the Duke of York.

Footnotes to HistoryDelivering the Mail on Horseback The first mounted postal delivery route inAmerica was established in 1673. Connecting Boston and New York City, a horserider took three weeks to deliver the mail from one city to the other.


Colonial GovernmentCharles II made James the proprietor, or

owner, of the colony of New York. Thistype of colony, a proprietary colony, wasawarded to one person or a group of peo-ple by the king. James let the Dutch set-tlers keep their lands, religion, andcustoms. As before, the colony allowedreligious freedom to all. New Yorkcolonists had no say in their government,however. James appointed a governor anda council to rule the colony.

Many English people did not settle inNew York because of its controlled gov-ernment. On the other hand, the colonyattracted settlers seeking religious free-dom from Scotland, France, and otherEuropean countries.

★ New Jersey The Duke of York hoped to make a

profit from his land, but his property wasso large he could not manage it all. He

gave some of his land, between the Hud-son and Delaware Rivers, to two friends,Lord John Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The area was named New Jerseyafter Carteret’s birthplace.

Neither proprietor actively worked todevelop a colony, but they kept up York’spolicy of religious freedom. East and WestJersey developed separately until 1702,when they became a royal colony.

★ William Penn’s ColoniesSoon the Middle Colonies were home

to another group that believed in religioustolerance. South of New Jersey, WilliamPenn founded a colony as home to hisreligious community, the Quakers. Pennwas a strong champion of tolerance for allpeople.

Quakers were persecuted because theirbeliefs angered authorities. For example,Quakers believed that all people—whether wealthy or poor—were equal inthe sight of God. They refused to take

PENN’S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS by Benjamin West, 1771 William Penn’s strongreligious beliefs, such as all people are equal in the sight of God, led him to sign a fair treaty with Native Americans. William Penn belonged to what religious group?

History

A R TAND



oaths, and women were allowed to speakin their meetinghouses. They opposedwar and would not serve in the army.Quakers also refused to pay taxes. Theywere the first religious group in thecolonies to take a stand against slavery.Like other Quakers, Penn went to jail sev-eral times for expressing his beliefs. It wasunusual for someone of Penn’s social classto be a Quaker. His wealth and influence,however, allowed him to create a havenfor other Quakers in America.

The Founding of PennsylvaniaPenn’s father had once loaned King

Charles a large sum of money. To repaythe loan, in 1681 the king made theyounger Penn the proprietor of a largegrant of land in America. Penn named itPennsylvania—Penn’s woods—to honorhis father.

To attract settlers, he distributed pam-phlets that described the colony’s beautyand richness. One pamphlet describedPennsylvania as a land where “the Air issweet and clear, the Heavens serene, likethe South-parts of France, rarely Overcast.”

Penn’s plan of government was basedon religious freedom and popular sup-port of the government. He treated theNative Americans fairly, paying them for

their land. Pennsylvania’s farms quicklybecame prosperous. In addition to Eng-lish Quakers, the colony drew manyother European settlers.

One large group of settlers were Ger-man farmers fleeing religious wars. Theysettled on the rich farmland along theDelaware and Susquehanna Rivers intight-knit communities that kept alivetheir customs. These people becameknown as the Pennsylvania Dutch, fromthe word Deutsch, meaning “German.”

DelawareOne problem that landlocked Pennsyl-

vania faced was the lack of seaports fromwhich to ship its farm products. Farmersproduced large quantities of wheat, bar-ley, and rye for export. In 1682 Pennreceived a grant from James, Duke ofYork, for three counties along theDelaware River, once part of New Swe-den. This gave the colony access to theAtlantic Ocean and shipping to England.

Trying to unite Pennsylvania with theselower counties, called Delaware, causedtrouble among the settlers. As proprietor,Penn later allowed the area to elect theirown assembly, although he remained itsgovernor. The counties later broke awayto form the separate colony of Delaware.

Checking for Understanding1. Define patroon, proprietor, proprietary

colony, Quakers. 2. Why did the English want the Dutch settle-

ment of New Netherland?

Critical Thinking3. Identifying Alternatives What different rea-

sons did New York and Pennsylvania havefor welcoming people of various religionsand nationalities?

4. Summarizing Create a chart like the one

shown here to explain how each of the fourMiddle Colonies was established.

New York

New Jersey

PennsylvaniaDelaware


5. Citizenship You have been asked to cre-ate a flag for one of the Middle Colonies.Choose one and decide what symbolsand colors you will use to represent it.

Settling the Southern Colonies★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★


SECTION 5

GUIDE TO READING

� LORD BALTIMORE SHILLING

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about the settlingof the Southern Colonies, list each colony andthe reason for its establishment. Use an out-line form like the one shown here.

I. MarylandA.

II. CarolinasA.

III. GeorgiaA.

Read to Learn . . .★ why Maryland was founded.★ why Carolina became two colonies.★ what Georgia’s proprietor hoped to

achieve.

Terms to Know★ Toleration Act★ naval stores★ indigo

Main IdeaEngland colonized the southernregion of the Atlantic coast.

Wealthy English people continuedto see colonial America as a good long-term investment. By 1630 they had givenup the idea of quick riches such as gold orsilver being found. Huge profits werebeing made by Virginia’s tobacco plantersand farmers. Between 1632 and 1732 pro-prietors established four new coloniessouth of the Delaware River. Togetherwith Virginia, this region became theSouthern Colonies.

★ Maryland, a Religious Refuge

After the Church of England was estab-lished, the English who remained RomanCatholic often faced persecution or dis-

crimination. Like other groups, theysought a safe place in America.

Lord Baltimore Starts a ColonyGeorge Calvert, a Catholic whose title

was Lord Baltimore, made several unsuc-cessful tries to start a colony where he andother people could safely practice RomanCatholicism. After being turned awayfrom Jamestown, he returned to England,where he died in 1632 while waiting for anew land grant.

A month later Calvert’s son Cecil, thesecond Lord Baltimore, was granted acharter for the colony of Maryland. Toattract settlers, he announced a generousland plan. Settlers would receive land forthemselves plus extra acres for each child


and each servant with them. A person witha large family could receive a huge estateand pay only a small tax to the proprietor.

In 1633, Lord Baltimore sent two ships,the Ark and the Dove, to Maryland. Theycarried more than 200 settlers, bothProtestants and Roman Catholics. The set-tlers bought land from the Native Ameri-cans, paying with goods such as axes,

hoes, and clothing. They built a fort, achapel, and small cabins in their first set-tlement at a site they called St. Mary’s.

Prosperity and ConflictWith a warm climate and good soil for

farming, Maryland prospered. Its excel-lent waterways, such as the Potomac

Founding the Thirteen Colonies

The 13 colonieswere founded overa span of 125years. What werethe two mostcommon reasonsfor foundingthese colonies?

DateFounded

16201630

Colony

MassachusettsPlymouthMass. BayColony

ReasonsFounded

New EnglandColonies

Religious freedomReligious freedom

1622New Hampshire Profit from trade andfishing

1636Rhode Island Religious freedom

1636Connecticut Profit from fur trade,farming; religious andpolitical freedom

MiddleColonies

1624New York Expand trade

1638Delaware Expand trade

1664New Jersey Profit from selling land

1681Pennsylvania Profit from selling land;religious freedom

SouthernColonies

1607Virginia Expand trade

1632Maryland Profit from selling land;religious freedom

1663North Carolina Profit from trade andselling land

1663South Carolina Profit from trade andselling land

1732Georgia Religious freedom;protection againstSpanish Florida; safehome for debtors

Founders orLeaders

John Carver,William Bradford,John Winthrop

Ferdinando Gorges,John Mason

Roger Williams

Thomas Hooker

Dutch settlers

Swedish settlers

John Berkeley,George Carteret

William Penn

John Smith

George Calvert

Group of eightaristocrats

Group of eightaristocrats

James Oglethorpe � GEORGE CALVERT


River, made it easy to ship goods to andfrom England. Rivers were also a sourceof fish, oysters, and crabs. Maryland farm-ers grew a variety of crops. As in Virginia,tobacco was the most profitable.

At first the colony’s Catholics andProtestants lived in peace, but within afew years the Protestants outnumberedthe Catholics. To protect both groups,Lord Baltimore issued the Toleration Actin 1649. This law guaranteed all Chris-tians the right to worship as they pleased.It did not include tolerance for other reli-gious groups such as Jews, however.

★ The Two CarolinasThe profits made by tobacco planters in

Virginia and Maryland encouraged Eng-lish aristocrats to become proprietors ofsouthern colonies. In 1663 King Charles IIgranted eight English nobles a large tractof land along the Atlantic coast south ofVirginia. In thanks, the new proprietorsnamed the colony Carolina, from theLatin form of Charles.

The Carolina proprietors were eager toattract settlers. They advertised theircolony in pamphlets:

Carolina is a fair and spacious province on thecontinent of America. . . .That which lies near the seais sandy and barren. . . . Thewoods are stored with deerand wild turkeys, of a great magnitude. . . .

Despite this advertising, Carolina grewslowly at first. The climate was humidand, as in Virginia, the swampy coastalland caused fever and malaria. The propri-etors’ plan of offering large amounts ofland to a few titled nobles was anotherproblem affecting Carolina’s growth. Theydid not open the land to less wealthy set-tlers. This prevented the colony fromattracting large groups of settlers.

Northern and Southern RegionsFrom the beginning, Carolina divided

naturally into two regions. The northernpart was settled mostly by people fromVirginia. They moved southward lookingfor new farmland to grow tobacco andcorn. From the thick pine forests, theycould supply the English navy with lum-ber and naval stores. This term includesproducts such as tar, pitch, and turpentinethat are used in shipbuilding.

”

“

SPANISHFLORIDA

Georgia

SouthCarolina

NorthCarolina

Virginia

Pennsylvania

NewYork

Conn.

Mass.

Md.Del.

N.J.

R.I.

N.H.Lake Ontario

Lake Erie

St. L

awrence

R .

Savannah

Charles Town

Jamestown

Philadelphia

New YorkNew Haven

HartfordProvidence

Plymouth

SalemBoston

SouthernColonies

MiddleColonies

NewEngland

80° W

30° N

35° N

40° N

45° N

75° W

70° W

ATLANTICOCEAN

St. Mary’s

FRENCHCANADA

Mass.

Before 1660Between 1660 and 1700Between 1700 and 1760Regional boundaryTown or city

0 200 miles100

200 kilometers1000

Settlement of the British Colonies,1607–1760

Region The British Colonies offered newopportunities and new freedom tosettlers from Europe. Where were mostsettlements before 1660 located?


South Carolina attracted other groups—settlers from the West Indies, England, andother parts of Europe. English colonistsfrom the island of Barbados founded themajor port city of Charles Town—present-day Charleston.

Some settlers from the West Indiesintroduced the growing of indigo, a plantthat produces a blue dye. Others grewrich by planting rice on large plantations,which demanded many workers. Mostplantation owners in South Carolina usedenslaved Africans, who brought theirknowledge of rice-growing from Africa.They also tended cattle, which wereslaughtered for their meat that wasexported.

★ Georgia, a Colony for the Poor

The last English colony founded inAmerica—Georgia—was also very unique.It was established for completely differentreasons than any other colony. Georgia’sproprietor, General James Oglethorpe,became interested in helping London’spoor while investigating the conditions indebtors’ prisons. Thousands of Englishmen, women, and children were in prison,

most for owing small amounts of money.They could not be released until they hadpaid their debt, yet had no way to earn anymoney. Oglethorpe decided to start acolony to give such people a second chance.

In 1732 Oglethorpe and some friendsreceived a charter from King George IIfor land between the Savannah River andthe border of Spanish Florida. WhileOglethorpe was worried about the poor,the king wanted a buffer between SouthCarolina and Spanish troops in Florida.

A Slow StartThe colony, Georgia, was named in

honor of the king. After setting up a forti-fied town at the mouth of the SavannahRiver in 1733, Georgia grew slowly. To Oglethorpe’s disappointment, manydebtors did not want to come to the colonywhen they heard they might have to risktheir lives fighting the well-trained Span-ish. Oglethorpe’s own rules also discour-aged settlers. He set strict limits on howmuch land they could own, forbade theuse of African slave labor, and outlawedthe sale or use of liquor. Later, a more lib-eral landholding policy and removal of theslaveholding prohibition contributed toGeorgia’s growth and prosperity.

Checking for Understanding1. Define Toleration Act, naval stores, indigo.

2. Why did George Calvert want to start thecolony of Maryland?

Critical Thinking3. Analyzing Primary Sources Read the quota-

tion from the advertisement for Carolina onpage 143. What was the writer’s purpose?

4. Analyzing Issues Re-create a chart like theone shown here, and use it to summarizewhy the Carolinas and Georgia had trouble

attracting settlers at first.


5. Geography Work with a small group to create a bulletin-board display titled “The Southern Colonies.” Include pictures to show the colonies’ origins, climate, land, and products.


Reasons for Unpopularity

Carolinas Georgia

145145

Social Studies SkillsBUILDING SKILLSBUILDING SKILLS

Reading a Bar Graph

Graphs are a way of showing numbersor statistics in a clear, easy-to-read way.One type of graph often used to comparestatistics is a bar graph.

Learning the SkillA bar graph provides information along

two sides or axes. The horizontal axis is theline across the bottom of the graph. The ver-tical axis is the line along the side. Both havelabels to tell you what kind of informationthey are showing. Bars on the graph run hor-izontally or vertically along these axes. Adouble bar graph, such as the one on thispage, shows a comparison of information. Akey tells you what each bar represents.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

VirginiaMarylandPennsylvaniaNew YorkConnecticutMassachusetts

Pop

ulat

ion

(In t

hous

and

s)

Total population African American populationSource: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700

Practicing the Skill1. What two kinds of populations are

shown on this graph?

2. Which two colonies had the largesttotal population in 1700?

3. Which colony had the highest AfricanAmerican population in 1700?

APPLYING THE SKILL4. Gather information about the number of

students in each class in your schooland create a bar graph to representwhat you find.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook, Level 1 provides in-struction and practice in key socialstudies skills.

CHAPTER 5 ★ ASSESSMENT


Using Key VocabularyUse the following vocabulary words to com-

plete the sentences below.

toleration charterproprietor Mayflower Compact

1. To settle in a certain area, people had to begranted a _________ by the ruler of England.

2. A grant of land from King Charles madeWilliam Penn the _________ of the colony ofPennsylvania.

3. Before they landed at Plymouth, the Pilgrimssigned the _________ to establish a form ofself-government.

4. To accept a person who has a different reli-gious faith means to show _________.

Reviewing Facts1. Explain how the Virginia Company of London

raised money to finance the costs of a newcolony.

2. Identify Squanto and explain what he did forthe colonists at Plymouth.

3. Describe the events that led to the founding ofRhode Island.

4. Explain why William Penn wanted to start thecolony of Pennsylvania.

Understanding ConceptsCultural Diversity1. Why did Roger Williams found Rhode Island?

Ideas, Beliefs, and Institutions2. Re-create a diagram like the one shown here,

and use it to list the groups that left England for religious purposes.

3. Why is the House of Burgesses important tothe history of the United States?

SPANISHFLORIDA

Georgia

SouthCarolina

NorthCarolina

Virginia

Pennsylvania

NewYork

Conn.

Mass.

Md.Del.

N.J.

R.I.

N.H.Lake Ontario

Lake ErieSt

. Lawren

ceR .

Savannah

Charles Town

Jamestown

Philadelphia

New YorkNew Haven

HartfordProvidence

Plymouth

SalemBoston

SouthernColonies

MiddleColonies

NewEngland

80° W

30° N

35° N

40° N

45° N

75° W

70° W

ATLANTICOCEAN

St. Mary’s

FRENCHCANADA

Mass.

Before 1660Between 1660 and 1700Between 1700 and 1760Regional boundaryTown or city

0 200 miles100

200 kilometers1000

Settlement of the British Colonies,1607–1760

Self-Check QuizVisit the American History: The Early Years to1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click onChapter 5—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare forthe chapter test.

HISTORY

ReligiousGroups

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/ahey2001/quiz.shtml?BOOK=002&CHAPTER=5&TITLE=The+13+English+Colonies

CHAPTER 5 ★ ASSESSMENT

History and GeographySettlement of the British Colonies

Study the map on page 146. Then answer thequestions below.

1. Location Which colonies had the largestareas of settlement before 1660?

2. Region In which group of colonies did mostof the settlement occur after 1700?

Critical Thinking1. Determining Cause and Effect Explain how

a family’s religion might affect its decision onwhere to settle in the American colonies.

2. Understanding Points of View If you hadlived in Puritan Massachusetts, which groupof settlers who left to start their own coloniesmight you have joined? Why?

Interdisciplinary Activity:The Arts

Work with a group to write a two-act playabout the establishment of one of the coloniesdescribed in this chapter. One act should takeplace in England or Europe, and the other act inAmerica. Some members can design costumesand sets while others write the play.

Practicing SkillsReading a Bar Graph

Study the bar graph. Then answer the ques-tions below.

1. What do the numbers on the vertical axis rep-resent?

2. What was the approximate value of exports toEngland in 1700?

3. In which years were there more exports thanimports?

Technology ActivityUsing a Word ProcessorUse the Internet and otherresources to write a briefbiographical sketch of afounder or leaderof one the originalthirteen colonies.

Cooperative

Learning


Using Your JournalLook back at your notesabout each group of set-tlers and choose onegroup. From a settler’sviewpoint, list the bestthings and the worstthings about living inAmerica. Write a summarystatement describing yourfeelings about your newhome.

History

WritingABOUT

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

175017401730172017101700

(In t

hous

and

s o

f p

oun

ds

ster

ling

)

YearImportsExports

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States:Colonial Times to 1970.

Value of American Exportsand Imports with England,1700–1750

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

unit two colonial settlement -...

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