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The Neuroscience of Music in Therapy
Course Objectives
Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information
Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works
Unit III. Considerations for Populations
a. Rehabilitation
b. Habilitation
Basic Divisions
• Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Subcortical structures
• Brainstem
• Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous Sys.
• Two Divisions:
• Somatic
• Autonomic
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• Sensory Receptors
Somatic NS
• Functions under voluntary control
• Motor Actions (Efferent or Descending)
• Cortex
• Brainstem
• Motor Nuclei (of Cranial Nerves)
• Periphery
Autonomic NS
• Parasympathetic NS
• cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular tissue
• Sympathetic NS
• Body’s response to stress (fight-flight-freeze)
• Maintain homeostasis
Message Transmission
• Neurons
• Process and transmit cellular signals
• Electrochemical signals
• Afferent and Efferent Signals
• Communicate with other neurons
Parts of Neuron
• Dendrite (transmits info. toward soma)
• Soma (cell body)
• Axon (transmits info. away from soma)
• Axon Terminal (transmits info to receiving unit)
Neuron Function
• Excitation
• Increases activity
• Creates action potentials
• Inhibition
• Reduces Activity
• Stops action potentialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neuron-no_labels.png
Dendrite
Soma Myelin Sheath
Axon Terminal
Nodes of Ranvier
Matter
• Grey Matter
• Neuron cell bodies
• White Mater
• Tracts
Motor Tracts
HendelmanPages 120 -
146
Related Disabilities
• Fragile X syndrome
• Undeveloped dendritic spines
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Degeneration of motor neurons
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Demyelination of axons
Lobes
• Frontal - Conscious Thought, impulse control, socialization, motor function, language production, etc...
• Parietal - integrating sensory information, some visio-spacial processing
• Occipital - Visual Processing
• Temporal - Auditory and olfactory, face processing, memory function
Lateral View: Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Coloring Image 1
Prominent Areas You should Be Familiar With
• Primary Motor Area
• Basal Ganglia
• Cerebellum
• Broca’s Area & Wernicke's Area
• Brainstem
• Auditory Cortex
• Limbic Areas
Motor Production
• Primary motor area
• Somatotopically mapped
• Supplementary motor area
• Anterior to primary motor area
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_homunculus
Motor Pathway (pyramidal)
HendelmanPages 120 -
146
Related Disabilities
• Upper motor neuron disabilities
• Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Damage to motor area/tracts
Basal Ganglia
• Large collection of gray matter within the hemispheres
• Corpus striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens)
• Globus Pallidus
• Subthalamic Nucleus
• Substantia Nigra Basal GangliaHendelman
Pages 66-84
Basal Ganglia “Loop”
Cortex
!Striatum
!GP/Subst Nigra
!Thalamus
!Cortex
Cortex
Basal Ganglia Thalamus
Cerebellum
HendelmanPages 146 - 154
Cerebellum
• Involved in:
• Coordination and timing of movement
• Balance and equilibrium of muscle tone
• Thought to have other functions, but not clearly understood
Cerebellar Loop
Cortex!pons!cerebellum!dentate nucleus!thalamus!cortex
Cortex
Brain Stem
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Thalamus
• Process and relays sensory information
• Has divisions for different functions (i.e, area for speech)
• Involved in circuit with Basal Ganglia
Location of Thalamus
HendelmanPg 170 -
171
Related Motor Disabilities
• Basal Ganglia Disorders
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Huntington’s Disease
• Cerebellar Disorders
• Ataxic Dysarthria
• Autism
Broca’s Area
• Broca’s Area
• Inferior Frontal Gyrus
• Typically left side specific
• Pars opercularis
• Pars triangularis
• Propositional speech
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Wernicke’s Area
• Wernicke’s Area
• Posterior superior temporal gyrus
• Typically Left Hemisphere
• Language Comprehension and production
• Arcuate fasciculus
• Thought to connects Broca’s and Wernicke's
• Extreme Capsule
• Debated to connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule
Disorders related to Speech Areas
• Fluent Aphasia
• Non-fluent Aphasia
• Global Aphasia
Coloring Page #2
Brainstem
• Descending and ascending tracts pass through the brainstem
• Plays a role in regulating life functions (cardiac & respiratory)
• Location of cranial nerves III - XII
• Pages 171 - 197Location of BrainStem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cranial Nerves• III Oculomotor (motor)
• IV Trochlear (motor)
• V Trigeminal (Sensory and motor)
• VI Abducens (motor)
• VII Facial (sensory and motor)
• VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
• IX Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor)
• X Vagus (sensory and motor)
• XI Accessory (motor)
• XII Hypoglossal (motor)
Related Disabilities
• Brainstem Motor Nuclei Damage
• Paralysis
A.K.A. Auditory Cortex
Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Pathway
Pg 100 - 106,Animation on
Disk
Basic Path
• Cochlea
• Spiral Ganglion
• Cochlear Nuclei
• Superior Olivary Complex (bilateral)
• Inferior Colliculus
• Thalamus
• Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe)
Coloring Page #2
We’ve come this far...
• A few other “inner” structures
• Corpus Callosum
• Lateral Ventricle
• Amygdala
• Nucleus Accumbens
• Hippocampus Not pictured:Amygdala
Nucleus Accumbens
http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_que/i_03_cr_que_1a.jpg
Fun with Brains
• MIT Free Courses:• http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-
sciences/
• An Interactive Brain:• http://www.healthline.com/human-body-
maps/brain• PBS Brain:
• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/
Course Objectives
Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information
Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works
Unit III. Considerations for Populations
a. Rehabilitation
b. Habilitation Music & the Brain
Historically
• It was thought that music was a function of the right hemisphere
• Language was a left-hemisphere function
• Now known to be an oversimplification
• Musical processing involves numerous areas of the cortex
Right-Brained?
“It is now known that music listening, performing, and composing engage regions throughout the brain, bilaterally, and in the cortex, neocortex, paleo-, and neocerebellum”
(Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009, p. 214)
Music Engages The
• Bilateral cortex
• Subcortex
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
Cortex
CerebellumBrainstem
Music Engages The
• Bilateral cortex
• Subcortex
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
Subcortex
Seung et al. 2005Inner Structures:
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal GangliaNucleus Accumbens, Corpus Callosum
Hemispheric Differences
• Most processes are distributed across both hemispheres
• Research has shown that there is hemispheric dominance for some functions
Right Hemisphere Dominance
• Recognition of pitch and timbre
• Representation of melodies (error detection)
• Music Performance
• Emotional response to music
• Music memory (Peretz 2009)
Left HemisphereDominance
• Rhythmic skills
• Sight-reading
• Naming notes, intervals and chords
• Learning music
• Lyric memorization
Perception of Rhythm: Well-Cited Areas
• Basal Ganglia (Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)
• Premotor Cortex (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993)
• Supplementary Motor Area (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)
• Cerebellum (Chen et al. 2008; Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)
During Tempo Tasks
Grahn, J.A. and McAuley, J.D. 2009. Grahn & Brett, 2007
Integrated Processing
• Pitch, rhythm, and loudness are thought to be processed separately and then come together
• Give the impression of a complete musical product (Levitin 2009).
• Studies with persons who have had neurologic insult support this theory (see Peretz 2005)
Stay At Home #1
• Music processing and production is distributed throughout the brain
Left Right
X
Stay At Home #2
• Extended Cortical Networks
Evidence of Plasticity
• Can change response in left anterior hippocampus (Herdener 2010)
• Sensorimotor connectivity (Pasual-Leone 2001)
• Perception-Action Mediation (Bengtsson et al. 2009)
• Auditory cortex with sensorimotor-auditory training (Pantev 2009)
• Differences in auditory cortex (Trainer et al. 2012) Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule
Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule
Stay At Home #3
• Cortical plasticity
Malcolm et al., 2008 Stay At Home #4
• Entrainment
Auditory System
• Deals with temporal information
• Is primed for time-based information
• Is highly effective and efficient in processing temporal information
Conway, 2009
Auditory Scaffolding Theory
• Proposes that the brain assigns temporal information predominantly to the auditory system
• Auditory system is specialized and highly sensitive for perceiving time information.
• Auditory tone sequences are better tracked and remembered than other stimuli
Conway 2009
Auditory Scaffolding Theory
• Since many cognitive abilities require complex temporal organization, experiences in sound may provide a kind of “scaffolding”
• Used in re-training general cognitive abilities that involve temporal patterns or structure.
• Music may provide a superior auditory ‘scaffold’
Auditory Scaffolding Cont.
• Music is highly temporal and predictable
• May provide enhanced auditory scaffolding experience
• Aid in more efficient/optimized rehabilitation and learning
Stay At Home #5
• Auditory Scaffolding
Supporting Music Neuroscience
• Music is cortically distributed
• Music perception/production shares cortical networks with similar nonmusical tasks
• Musical processes can be maintained despite loss of similar nonmusical process
• Music can drive functions despite cortical damage (i.e., rhythmic entrainment and motor movement)
• The brain that engages in music is changed by engaging in music