unit i-facts

7/28/2019 Unit I-FACTS

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CONTROL MECHANISMS


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CONVENTIONAL CONTROL MECHANISMS

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

Excitation Control

Transformer Tap-Changer Control

Phase-Shifting Transformers

Passive Compensation


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Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

-Real Power Controller


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Excitation Control

-Reactive Power Controller


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Transformer Tap-Changer Control

On load Tap Changer

Off - load Tap Changer

-Voltage Controller-Q


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Phase-Shifting Transformers

Fig. Schematic diagram Fig. Phasor diagram

-Real Power Controller


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Series Compensation

Shunt Compensation

Passive Compensation


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Shunt Compensation

Shunt devices may be connected permanently or through a switch.

Shunt reactors compensate for the line capacitance, and because

they control over voltages at no loads and light loads, they are often

connected permanently to the line, not to the bus.

Shunt Capacitor may be connected in the bus.

Fig. Shunt reactors compensation


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Series Compensation

Series capacitors are used to partially offset the effects of the series

inductances of lines.

1. The voltage magnitude across the capacitor banks (insulation);

2. The fault currents at the terminals of a capacitor bank;

3. The placement of shunt reactors in relation to the series capacitors

(resonant overvoltages); and

4. The number of capacitor banks and their location on a long line

(voltage profile).


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Flexible AC Transmission

Systems


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What is FACTS?

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS):

Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power

electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance

controllability and increase power transfer capability.

FACTS Controller:

A power electronic-based system and other static equipment

that provide control of one or more AC transmission system

parameters.

General symbol of FACTS controller


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Basic types of FACTS Controllers

Based on the connection, generally FACTS controller can be classifiedas follows:

Series controllers

Shunt controllers

Combined series-series controllers

Combined series-shunt controllers


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Basic types of FACTS Controllers

Series controllers

The series controller could be a variable impedance or avariable source, both are power electronics based devices to serve

the desired needs. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in

series with the line.

General symbol of Series controller


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Shunt controllers

The shunt controllers may be variable impedance, variable

sources or combination of these. In principle, all shunt Controllers inject

current into the system at the point of connection.As long as the injected

current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controller only

supplies or consumes variable reactive power.

General symbol of Shunt controller


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Combined series-series controllers:

The combination could be separate series controllers or unified

series-series controller. Series Controllers provide independent series

reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among

the lines via the power link- Interline Power Flow Controller.

Symbol of Series- Series controller


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Combined series-shunt controllers:

The combination could be separated series and shunt

controllers or a unified power flow controller. In principle, combined

shunt and series Controllers inject current into the system with the

shunt part of the Controller and voltage in series in the line with the

series part of the Controller.

Symbol of Series- Shunt controller


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Brief Description and Definitions of FACTS

controllers

Shunt connected controllers

Series connected controllers

Combined shunt - series connected controllers


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Shunt connected controllers

Static Synchronous Generator (SSG)

Stat ic Syn ch rono us Compensator (STATCOM)

Battery EnergyStorage System (BESS)

Superconducting Magnetic EnergyStorage (SMES)

Static Var Compensator (SVC)

Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

Thyrlstor Swltched Reactor (TSR)

Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

Static Var Generator or Absorber (SVG)

Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)

Static Voltage Ang le Regulator (TCVAR)

Types of shunt connected controllers available in the market


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Series connected controllers

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)

Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)

Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor (TSSR)

Types of series connected controllers available in the market


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Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Interphase Power Controller (IPC):

Combined shunt-series connected controllers

Types of shunt series connected controllers available in the market


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Control of power flow as ordered.

Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,

including short term and seasonal.

Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit,

limiting short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading

blackouts and damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems

and machines. Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring utilities and regions

thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.

Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.

Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry moreactive power.

Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

BENEFITS FROM FACTS TECHNOLOGY


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In-phase Voltage injection

V 0V

V+ 0V

V- 0V

V

V

Here, reactive power control

through voltage adjustment

Quadrature Voltage injection

V 90V

V- 90V V+ 90V

Here, real power control through

phase angle adjustment

VV 0V

V

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