unit 9 ~ learning guide name:bclearningnetwork.com/lor/media/bi12/learning... · which type of...

BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014

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Unit 9 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________ INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test. U9L1 NOTES: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (web notes and video) Types of Blood Vessels Arteries: Function: ________________ ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Structure: __________________ _____________________________________________

• Location: Usually found deep along bones

Veins: Function: __________________ _______________________________

• Structure: __________________ ___________________________.

• Location: Often on the surface surrounded by skeletal muscle.

Capillaries: Function: ___________________________________________________. • Structure: Very thin walls (____________________). • Location: ______________________; within a few cells of each other. • Capillaries have __________________________ that can ______________ and

___________________ the vessel. If all capillary beds were open at one time, it


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would ___________________ the blood pressure. If all the capillary beds were __________________, it would increase blood pressure.

Arterioles and Venules: All the features of arteries and veins apply to ______________________________________, but on a __________________ scale.

• Arterioles leading into a particular organ or region, are often equipped with sphincter muscles. When triggered, they can dilate or constrict to regulate _____________________________________, increasing or decreasing blood flow to that particular ____________________________.

• The term afferent arteriole means the ___________________ arteriole

where efferent arteriole is the ______________________ arteriole

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!

Major Blood Vessels of the Body

1. Aorta: This is the major blood vessel carrying ____________________ blood _________ of the heart. It leaves the ______________________, loops over top of the heart creating the structure known as the _______________ and descends along the inside of the backbone. • Function: Branches from this blood vessel

___________________________________.

2. Coronary Arteries and Veins: The very first branches off the Aorta are the Coronary arteries. These relatively small blood vessels can be seen on the surface of the heart.

• Function: Feeds the _________________ ___________________. (The heart does not receive its nutrients from the blood that travels through it. The muscle is too dense and thick and the blood is traveling through it too hard and fast.)

• Coronary Vein takes the "_____________ _____________" back to the ______________.

• **Note that "spent blood" is the terminology used to describe blood that has delivered


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oxygen to the cells and picked up carbon dioxide. Therefore "spent blood" is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide**

3. Carotid Arteries: These branches off the

aortic arch and take the blood to the __________ including the ___________.

• Function: They are highly specialized in that they contain a number of different types of ___________________________: Chemoreceptors that __________ _________________________________________, and Pressure Receptors that ______________________________________________. These chemoreceptors help to maintain homeostasis.

4. Jugular Veins: The match for the Carotid

Artery. They do not contain valves. Blood flow is through gravity. • Function: They conduct blood out of

the ___________________________ _____________________________.

5. Subclavian Arteries and Veins: Also

branch from the ______________. Travels under the __________________________. • Function: Branch to feed the _____________ (brachial artery). Veins

collect blood from the arms.

6. Mesenteric Arteries: These arteries branch off from the aorta as it travels ______________________. They go to the intestines where they branch into capillaries that can be identified as villi. For the purpose of this course there is no corresponding ______________________ _________. • Function: Feeding the organs of the

_____________________________ and picks up newly digested nutrients in the body.


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7. Hepatic Portal Vein: Instead of a ______________________, it is called a _______________________________. Hepatic means liver; portal indicates that there is a capillary bed on both ends of it. • Function: Brings ______________________________________________

_____________________.

8. Hepatic Vein: Once the liver has done its thing to the blood, the blood must ________________________________________________________________. • Function: Carries blood from the liver to the

________________________________________.

9. Renal Arteries and Veins: The ______________________ branch off the dorsal aorta as it passes through the lumbar region of the body. • Function: the ____________

take blood to the __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Vena Cava.

10. Iliac Arteries and Veins: When the __________________________ gets to the

pelvic area. It branches into two Iliac Arteries, one goes down each leg. Off the ______________________ is another branch that feeds the upper leg. This is called the ___________________________. • Function: To supply the legs with ______________________ and return

_____________________________ to the ____________________ _____________________________.

11. Anterior (Superior) and Posterior (Inferior) Vena Cava: _______________ _________________________________________________. • Function: Large vein that collects all the "____________" ____________

from smaller veins and carries it to the heart (right atrium). The __________________________________ collects blood from the __________________________, while the Posterior Vena Cava collects blood from the lower body.

12. Pulmonary Veins and Arteries: The Pulmonary Circuit is comprised of the

_______________________________ and arteries that deal strictly with _______________________________. It is the only artery in the body that __________________________________ and the only vein in the body that carries _____________________________ blood. (remember: the function of


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arteries is to carry blood away from the heart and the function of veins is to carry blood to the heart) • Function: The arteries bring _________________________ blood from the

right side of the heart to the lungs to get oxygen for the body, while the veins return ______________________ blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Pulmonary Circuit:

• Path that goes _____________________________. • From right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->lung

capillaries-->pulmonary veins-->left atrium. • Carries ___________________________ filled blood to lungs for cleaning. • Returns ________________________________________________.

Systemic Circuit: • Path from ________________________________________________________

of heart. • Carries _______________________ blood to the body tissues. • Returns

___________________________________________________________.

Summary of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

• Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/journey/circulation.swf

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/journey/circulation.swf


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Cross Sectional Area Cross sectional area of the blood vessels (sum of the cross sectional area of all blood vessels of one type) has a major effect on blood flow. ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Velocity of the blood decreases from aorta to arteries to capillaries and increases in venules and veins. ______________________________ _____________________________________________. Once the blood pressure is lost in the capillaries it cannot be regained even though CSA of venules and veins increases. Please use the graphs above to answer the following questions:

1. Which type of blood vessel has the highest blood pressure? ________________ 2. Which type of blood vessels has the lowest blood pressure? ________________ 3. Which type of blood vessel has the highest blood velocity? ________________ 4. Which type of blood vessels has the lowest blood velocity? ________________ 5. Which type of blood vessel has the highest CSA? ________________ 6. Which type of blood vessels has the lowest CSA? ________________


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U9L1 PRACTICE: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

1. Label the vessels on the following diagram. (8 marks, 0.5 marks each)

2. The _____________________________ circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back whereas the ____________________________ circuit caries blood from the heart to the body and back. (2 marks)

3. Arteries carry blood _____________________________ the heart whereas veins

carry blood __________________________ the heart. (2 marks)


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4. Complete the following table. (19 marks)

Blood Vessel Carries blood from… Carries blood to… Blood is…

aorta heart body oxygenated

superior vena cava head/upper body heart deoxygenated

inferior vena cava

jugular veins

subclavian arteries

subclavian veins

coronary arteries

coronary veins

pulmonary arteries

pulmonary veins

hepatic artery

hepatic vein

renal arteries

renal veins

hepatic portal vein

mesenteric arteries

iliac arteries

iliac veins

brachial arteries

femoral arteries

femoral veins


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U9L2 NOTES: FETAL CIRCULATION (web notes and video) Fetal Circulation: Fetal systems have FOUR features not present in adult systems: 1. OVAL OPENING

• an opening between the _______________. • it is covered by a ____________

____________________ that acts like a valve. • blood flows directly from the right atrium to the

______________________. • _____________________________________

____________________, which do not work yet.

2. ARTERIAL DUCT

• a ______________________ between the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta. • Blood flows from the

____________________________ ___________________, again allowing blood to bypassing the lungs.

3. UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN • Umbilical ____________________________

(Carbon Dioxide and Urea) to the Placenta from the fetus.

• Umbilical Vein takes nutrients (Oxygen and Glucose and Amino Acids) to the ______________ from the ____________.

4. VENOUS DUCT

• a connection between the Umbilical Vein and the Vena Cava.

• blood coming from the __________________ _____________________________________________________ through the venosus duct allowing _________________________________________________________.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE FETAL CIRCULATION VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!


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U9L2 PRACTICE: FETAL CIRCULATION

1. The umbilical vein carries nutrient-rich and ____________________ blood from the maternal system/placenta to the fetal heart. (1 mark)

2. The umbilical artery caries waste and _______________________ blood from the fetal system to the placenta/maternal system. (1 mark)

3. What features allows:

a. fetal blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium? (1

mark)

b. fetal blood to bypass the lung? (1 mark)

c. fetal blood to bypass the liver? (1 mark)

4. What causes a "blue" baby? (1 mark)

5. Maternal and fetal blood do not mix, yet waste, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, drugs and alcohol can all be exchanged between maternal blood and fetal blood. Please identify the structure that facilitates this exchange. (1 mark)


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U9L3 NOTES: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (web notes and video)

1. Plasma: ______________________________ Summary Table of Components of Plasma

2. Formed Elements: 45% of blood volume that includes: a. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) b. ___________________________ (White Blood Cells) c. ___________________________ (Platelets) Summary Table of Formed Elements

FEATURE RED BLOOD CELLS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATLETS

SHAPE

Variable, Amoeboid

FUNCTION

Blood Clotting

ORIGIN

Bone Marrow and Lymphoid Tissue

ALSO CALLED

Thrombocytes

NAME FUNCTION

Water (90%) maintains blood volume, allows for transport of cells and materials

Plasma Proteins: Albumen, Fibrinogen, Globulins

helps maintain osmotic pressure in blood, transports, blood clotting, infection fighting

Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

for respiration, waste

Nutrients: A.A. Glucose, Fatty Acids, Glycerol

energy source - raw materials for the body

Salts regulates osmotic Pressure, helps in metabolism

Wastes wastes are produced as byproducts of cellular reactions


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A Closer Look at Blood

Shape, Function and Origin of Blood Cells

1. Red Blood Cells (RBC) – Erythrocytes • Live about _____________ days. • Produced in _______________ Bone Marrow (In skull, ribs, vertebrae,

and long bones.) • Myeloid stem cells form RBC. These stem cells are called Erythroblasts.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Produces about _____________________________________________ • RBC contains a protein called _________________________________. • Hemoglobin contains iron (gives blood its

______________________________). • Picks up _______________________ in the lungs (cooler blood) • It combines with oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the

_______________________ tissues. • Approximately __________________________ hemoglobin molecules in

one RBC. • If hemoglobin was not packaged up in RBC, ___________________would

leak out of circulatory system. • RBC allow the blood to remain liquid so the heart does not have to work

as hard. • Destroyed in the _____________________________________________.


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LUNGS BODY

Cooler less acidic Warmer more acidic

Causes Hemoglobin Causes Hemoglobin

(HG) to pick up oxygen (HG) to drop off oxygen

2. White Blood Cells - Leukocytes • Larger than ___________ • They have ______________________ (RBC do not) • less numerous than RBC (700:1) • Do not have a definite shape. • Function: Fights against ______________________

o __________________________________ o __________________________________

3. Platelets - (Thrombocytes)

• Produce _______________________________________. • Broken fragments of larger cells. • Very important role in ________________________.

o Blood Clotting - Need three things in blood i. __________________________

ii. __________________________ iii. __________________________

• Platelets clump at the site of the "____________________" and __________________________.

• The platelets and the injured tissue together release an ___________________ called _____________________.

• Thrombolplastin converts a blood protein (prothrombin) (produced by the liver) to a new substance called _________________. Calcium is needed for this to occur. Prothrombin (activator protein) is made up of Potassium. If potassium is missing from the diet, it can cause _________________________ to occur.

• Thrombin acts as an ___________ and breaks the ends off another blood protein called _____________. (also produced by the liver)

• Fibrinogen is then converted into __________________. • Fibrin has sticky ends and forms a _________ or network over the leak.

Blood cells get _____________________________________. • Fibrin clot is only _____________________. As soon as the blood vessel

repair is initiated, and enzyme called _____________________________________________.


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Blood Types

Blood Group Proteins on RBC Surface (Antigen)

Clumping Chemicals in

Plasma (Antibody)

Can Accept Transfusions

From Group(s)

A A

B B

AB A AND B

O NONE

Identifying Blood Types

Find a "bed-side blood type test" (SeraFoil™ or similar). If you or someone you know happens to work in a medical setting, see if you can get your hands on one of these tests. (This is not a required activity)

1. Dispense one drop of your blood to each field on the test card. Use a sterilized needle. The fields contain antibodies, which will provoke a reaction with antigens on your red blood cells.

2. Use a new toothpick for each field to mix the blood with the impregnation,

creating about a dime-sized smear. o If you have blood type A, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-A o If you have blood type B, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-B o If you have blood type AB, clumping will appear in fields anti-A, anti-B o If you have blood type O, no clumping will appear.


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Rhesus Factor

Red Blood cells may have another antigen called antigen D. This antigen is known as the ___________________. This distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. Therefore there are 8 possible blood types. If mother is RH- and father is RH+ then baby has a chance of being RH+. This could be a concern.

RH factor plays a role in childbirth. If _________ mother is carrying a RH+ baby then the situation has to be monitored. If the baby's blood comes in contact with mom's the antigen D in the baby's blood would be perceived as foreign and mother's immune system would try and destroy the baby's Red blood cell by producing antibody D. This is known as __________________________________________________.

Mother and child would be fine, but there may be a problem with the next birth. If second baby is RH+ then _____________________________ (clumping of the blood) would occur and the baby will be in trouble. This is why doctors would strongly suggest mothers not to have more children after the first RH+ baby.

It still has to be monitored today, but ____________________ (an enzyme) can be injected into Mom, which eliminates antibody D.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE BLOOD TYPING ACTIVITY VIDEO AND COMPLETE THE ACTIVTY BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!

REFER TO THE UNIT 9 DROP-DOWN MENU

TO ACCESS THE ACTIVITY AND WORKSHEET.


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U9L3 PRACTICE: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (6 marks)

2. Describe the 6 key components of plasma. (6 marks)

3. Red blood cells are truly amazing structures:

a. Approximately how many RBC are in 1 mm3 of blood? (1 mark)


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b. Approximately how long does a RBC live for? (1 mark)

c. Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found within a single RBC? (1 mark)

d. What is the function of hemoglobin molecules? (1 mark)

4. Briefly describe the process of clotting. (3 marks)

5. A person who is blood Type A will have Antigen ____ on his/her RBCs' and make antibodies against Antigen _______. (2 marks)

6. People who are Blood Type O are considered "universal

___________________" as they _____________ any antigens on their RBCs and thus, their blood does not cause another person's immune system to respond. (2 marks)

7. People who are blood Type AB is considered "universal

_____________________" as they have both _____ and ____ antigens on their RBCs and thus, their immune systems will not attack any other blood that contains these antigens. (3 marks)

8. If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus (may only occur if father is Rh+) then the

mother may produce antibodies against the fetal blood and this could cause _____________________________ (clumping) of the blood which is potential dangerous to the fetus. (1 mark)


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U9L4 NOTES: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (web notes and video)

1. Takes excess tissue fluid and sends it to the _________________________________. The Lymphatic System joins the _____________________ at the subclavian veins.

2. Products of fat digestion are ___________________________________, which lead to the Lymph Vessels and ________________.

3. Lymph Nodes produce ______________________

(a type of White Blood Cell).

4. Lymph Nodes act as ________________ __________________________________________(helps to purify the body fluids).

Key Lymph Organs

1. Spleen: • Largest lump of Lymphatic Tissue. • Produces _________________________________________________. • If your blood pressure is high, it stores blood so that _________________

__________________________________ • If your blood pressure is low, it ____________________________

___________________________________, so that blood pressure rises.

2. Thymus Gland: • Bi-lobed structure which is important in the maturing of some

Lymphocytes. • Becomes smaller with age.

3. Tonsils and Appendix:

• Also contain Lymphoid Tissue. • Thought to help remove _______________________________________.

Lymph Structures

1. Lymphatic Tissue: • Produce ___________________________________________________.


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2. Lymph Vessels: • Similar to veins, but fluids only travel in one direction. Contain lymph veins

and capillaries, but NO lymph arteries.

3. Lymph Nodes: • Small oval or round tissues which ____________________________ and

___________________________.

4. Lacteals: • Blind sacs in villi of Digestive System which ________________

____________________________________. Infection Fighting - Inflammatory Response

1. Attacks foreign substance (_______________________________). Monocytes and Neutrophils engulf the bacteria or viruses in ______________________ fashion (Phagocytosis). These WBC are able to __________________ to the site of the infection through the capillary network. Dead tissue, cells, bacteria, dead and living neutrophils all together make up _________________.

2. Lymphocytes produce _________________________. Each antibody fights a specific antigen (foreign protein).

Antigen + Antibody --> Inactive complex.

Antigens are proteins found in the ___________________________________ and it is the type of protein found that determines the type of blood.

Antibodies are proteins that ___________________ unwanted proteins which results in agglutination.


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U9L4 PRACTICE: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. Describe four main functions of the lymphatic system. (4 marks)

2. Give a function for each part of the lymphatic system listed below. (5 marks)

a. lymph capillaries

b. lymph veins

c. lacteals

d. lymph nodes

e. valves


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U9L5 NOTES: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE (web notes and video) _____________ is oxygenated as it passes through ____________ __________. Oxygen (higher in concentration in the inhaled air) ___________ through the thin walled tissues of the lung to capillaries and into the blood where it ________________ ____________________ (the iron containing protein that is part of the RBC). A single hemoglobin molecule has _________________ _____________ for oxygen and is called ______________________ when transporting oxygen. The blood reaches _____________ ______________________________________________ where blood pressure _____________. Nutrients (products of digestion) and oxygen ____________________________ __________________. The larger particles in blood stay where they are because they are too big to get out. Because of these large molecules, the blood is said to be ___________________ to the tissues. As a result, the water from the tissues is drawn back into the ____________________ of the capillary bed. When the fluid returns it carries __________________________________________________________ with it. Blood pressure on arteriole side of the capillary bed is ____________________ ________________________________ and will try and push substances such as _________________________________________________________________ out of blood into the tissues of the body. Blood pressure on the venule side of capillary is ______________________________ __________________________________________ and therefore wastes such as ______________________________________________________ are forced from the tissues of the body into the blood.


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U9L5 PRACTICE: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE 1. The diagram below represents a capillary and surrounding tissue cells:

a. Label the arteriole end of capillary, the capillary, the cells, the tissue fluid, and

the venule end of the capillary on the diagram below. (5 marks)

b. Indicate the side of the capillary bed where blood pressure exceeds osmotic pressure and the side where osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure. (2 marks)

a. Explain how the conditions inside the capillary bed allow for the exchange of

nutrients and wastes between the capillary and the tissue fluid. (5 marks)


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2. At which location in the circulatory system is blood velocity the slowest? You may wish to refer back to Lesson 1 of this unit. Please explain why this situation is beneficial to us. In your opinion, are the capillary beds the most important part of the circulatory system? Explain (5 marks)

PLEASE REMEMBER: YOU MUST PERFORM AND SUBMIT THE BLOOD TYPING ACTIVITY BEFORE THIS UNIT IS COMPLETE! REFER TO THE UNIT 9 DROP-DOWN MENU TO ACCESS THE ACTIVITY AND WORKSHEET IF YOU HAVE NOT DONE SO ALREADY.

~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 9 LEARNING GUIDE ~


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jugular vein

subclavian vein superior vena cava

Coronary vein

inferior vena cava

renal vein

renal vein

iliac vein femoral artery

renal artery

subclavian artery

carotid artery

aorta coronary artery

aorta

renal artery

UNIT 9 ANSWER KEY U9L1 PRACTICE: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

1. Label the vessels on the following diagram. (8 marks, 0.5 marks each)

2. The _____________________________ circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back whereas the ____________________________ circuit caries blood from the heart to the body and back. (2 marks)

3. Arteries carry blood _____________________________ the heart whereas veins carry blood

__________________________ the heart. (2 marks)


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4. Complete the following table. (19 marks)

Blood Vessel Carries blood from… Carries blood to… Blood is…

aorta heart body oxygenated

superior vena cava head/upper body heart deoxygenated

inferior vena cava Lower body Heart/right atrium deoxygenated

jugular veins Heart Head deoxygenated

subclavian arteries Heart/aorta Arms oxygenated

subclavian veins Arms Superior vena cava/heart deoxygenated

coronary arteries Heart chanbers Heart muscle oxygenated

coronary veins Heart muscle Heart chambers deoxygenated

pulmonary arteries Heart/right ventricle lungs deoxygenated

pulmonary veins lungs Heart/left atrium oxygenated

hepatic artery Coeliac artery liver oxygenated

hepatic vein liver Inferior vena cava/heart deoxygenated

renal arteries aorta kidneys oxygenated

renal veins kidneys Inferior vena cava/heart deoxygenated

hepatic portal vein Small intestine liver oxygenated

mesenteric arteries aorta Stomach/intestines oxygenated

iliac arteries aorta Pelvic ragion oxygenated

iliac veins Pelvic region Inferior vena cava/heart deoxygenated

brachial arteries subclavian Lower arm oxygenated

femoral arteries Upper body legs oxygenated

femoral veins legs Upper body/inferior vena cava deoxygenated


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U9L2 PRACTICE: FETAL CIRCULATION

1. The umbilical vein carries nutrient-rich and ____________________ blood from the maternal system/placenta to the fetal heart. (1 mark)

2. The umbilical artery caries waste and _______________________ blood from the fetal system to the placenta/maternal system. (1 mark)

3. What features allows:

a. fetal blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium? (1 mark)

= oval opening (ovale foramen)

b. fetal blood to bypass the lung? (1 mark) = arterial duct 9ductus arteriosus)

c. fetal blood to bypass the liver? (1 mark) = venous duct

4. What causes a "blue" baby? (1 mark) = when oval opening does not close upon birth such that deoxygenated blood from left atrium is mixing with oxygenated blood from right atrium and is subsequently pumped throughout the baby's body giving it a bluish tinge from the poorly oxygenated blood

5. Maternal and fetal blood do not mix, yet waste, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, drugs and

alcohol can all be exchanged between maternal blood and fetal blood. Please identify the structure that facilitates this exchange. (1 mark)

= placenta U9L3 PRACTICE: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (6 marks)

Red blood cells = biconcave disks lacking a nucleus, transports CO2 and O2 bound to hemoglobin White blood cells = variable in shape, contain nuclei, help fight off infections Platelets = cell fragments that assist in blood clotting


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2. Describe the 6 key components of plasma. (6 marks) = ~90 % of plasma = water = proteins such as albumin for transportation, fibrinogen for clotting and globulins for fighting infections = dissolved O2 and Co2 = nutrients such as amino acids, simple sugars, glycerol =salts that help regulate osmotic pressure and metabolism = cell wastes

3. Red blood cells are truly amazing structures:

a. Approximately how many RBC are in 1 mm3 of blood? (1 mark)

= ~ 5 million

b. Approximately how long does a RBC live for? (1 mark) = ~ 120 days

c. Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found within a single RBC? (1 mark) = ~ 200 000 000

d. What is the function of hemoglobin molecules? (1 mark) = to transport O2 and CO2 and to bind excess hydrogen ions so that the pH of blood remains relatively constant

4. Briefly describe the process of clotting. (3 marks) = injury leads to prothrombin being converted to active thrombin via the protein, thrombolplastin = thrombin then converts in active fibrinogen to active fibrin = Fibrin forms a lattice network that traps blood cells such that they form a temporary fibrin clot = once vessel repair occurs, plasmin destroys the fibrin clot

5. A person who is blood Type A will have Antigen ____ on his/her RBCs' and make antibodies against Antigen _______. (2 marks)

6. People who are Blood Type O are considered "universal ___________________" as they

_____________ any antigens on their RBCs and thus, their blood does not cause another person's immune system to respond. (2 marks)

7. People who are blood Type AB is considered "universal _____________________" as they have

both _____ and ____ antigens on their RBCs and thus, their immune systems will not attack any other blood that contains these antigens. (3 marks)


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8. If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus (may only occur if father is Rh+) then the mother may produce antibodies against the fetal blood and this could cause _____________________________ (clumping) of the blood which is potential dangerous to the fetus. (1 mark)

U9L4 PRACTICE: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. Describe four main functions of the lymphatic system. (4 marks) = recover excess fluids from tissues to return to circulatory system

= absorption of the building blocks of lipids from lacteals in villi of the small intestine = produce lymphocytes (B and T cells of the immune system) = filter and trap bacteria

2. Give a function for each part of the lymphatic system listed below. (5 marks) a. lymph capillaries = absorb excess fluids from tissues b. lymph veins = carries fluid from lymph capillaries to circulatory system c. lacteals = absorb products of fat digestion d. lymph nodes = filter pathogens such as bacteria from fluids and produce

lymphocytes e. valves = prevent fluid within lymoh vessels from flowing back towards the feet

U9L5 PRACTICE: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE 3. The diagram below represents a capillary and surrounding tissue cells:

a. Label the arteriole end of capillary, the capillary, the cells, the tissue fluid, and the venule end of the capillary on the diagram below. (5 marks)

b. Indicate the side of the capillary bed where blood pressure exceeds osmotic pressure and the side where osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure. (2 marks)


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b. Explain how the conditions inside the capillary bed allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes

between the capillary and the tissue fluid. (5 marks) = high blood pressure at arteriole end helps force nutrients out while lower blood pressure at venule end enables uptake of waste = vessels being 1-2 cell layers thick enables diffusion across vessel walls = slower blood velocity affords substances time to diffuse across cell walls = high surface area to volume ratio of capillaries enables more efficient diffusion

4. At which location in the circulatory system is blood velocity the slowest? You may wish to refer back to Lesson 1 of this unit. Please explain why this situation is beneficial to us. In your opinion, are the capillary beds the most important part of the circulatory system? Explain (5 marks)

= capillaries = slower blood velocity affords substances time to diffuse across cell walls = arteries and veins essential exist to service capillaries, in other words to bring blood to the capillaries so nutrient and waste exchange can occur with tissue cells, without capillaries our cells would not be able to get nutrients or get rid of waste yet without arteries and veins we would not be able to transport these nutrients to and wastes from capillaries so it is best argued that all are extremely important to the circulatory system and a properly functioning human body

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