unit 7b world history mrs. bell. french revolution french society all french people belonged to...

Unit 7BUnit 7B

World History World History

Mrs. BellMrs. Bell

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

French SocietyFrench Society

All French people belonged to one of All French people belonged to one of three three estates estates or orders of society. or orders of society.


First estateFirst estate – This group was made up of the – This group was made up of the Roman Catholic Clergy (1% of the population; Roman Catholic Clergy (1% of the population; included two groups: included two groups:

higher clergy {bishops, archbishops, and higher clergy {bishops, archbishops, and cardinals - noblemen by birth; they controlled the cardinals - noblemen by birth; they controlled the money, much of which came from a10% tithe or money, much of which came from a10% tithe or tax on income from each church member; tax on income from each church member; controlled 5-10% of the land};controlled 5-10% of the land};

and lower clergy {priests; often living in poverty; and lower clergy {priests; often living in poverty; recorded births and deaths; were educated; fit in recorded births and deaths; were educated; fit in more with the third estate}).more with the third estate}).


Second EstateSecond Estate – The Nobility (2% of the – The Nobility (2% of the population;population;

owned 25% of the land in France) made up the owned 25% of the land in France) made up the second group. second group.

Like the first group, they enjoyed privileges and Like the first group, they enjoyed privileges and high standards of living. They held high posts in high standards of living. They held high posts in government and the military. government and the military.

Their main income came from the peasants. Their main income came from the peasants. Nobles were free from major taxes.Nobles were free from major taxes.


Third EstateThird Estate- This was the largest group during the late - This was the largest group during the late 1700’s (97% of the population:1700’s (97% of the population:

the the Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie the middle class which was made up the middle class which was made up of doctors, lawyers, merchants, and business managers; of doctors, lawyers, merchants, and business managers; many lived in town; and they had few rights or privilegesmany lived in town; and they had few rights or privileges

san culottessan culottes {lower workers, shop keepers {lower workers, shop keepers artisans who artisans who lived in the slums of the city; endured low lived in the slums of the city; endured low

wages and poor working conditions; wages and poor working conditions; peasantspeasants lived in rural areas, were taxed so much they lived in rural areas, were taxed so much they

remained poor}). remained poor}).


They paid a tithe to the clergy, feudal dues They paid a tithe to the clergy, feudal dues to the nobles, land taxes to the king, and to the nobles, land taxes to the king, and had no voice in the government. had no voice in the government.

The Bourgeoisie and peasants hated The Bourgeoisie and peasants hated each other. each other.

As the cost of living increased, the anger As the cost of living increased, the anger of the peasants rose. Artisans faced of the peasants rose. Artisans faced higher prices while wages stayed the higher prices while wages stayed the same. same.


The government’s financial crisis because of The government’s financial crisis because of debts from war added to the country’s problems. debts from war added to the country’s problems.

In 1774, Louis XVI was on the throne with his In 1774, Louis XVI was on the throne with his wife Marie Antoinette. wife Marie Antoinette.

Supporting the American Revolution also Supporting the American Revolution also increased France’s debt; and the King increased France’s debt; and the King consequently decided everyone should pay consequently decided everyone should pay taxes. The nobility and clergy refused. taxes. The nobility and clergy refused.


Louis called the Estates-General to meet in May, Louis called the Estates-General to meet in May, 1789, in Versailles so he could get additional 1789, in Versailles so he could get additional taxes. The Estates-General had not met since taxes. The Estates-General had not met since 1614. 1614.

Members of the First and Second Estates Members of the First and Second Estates hoped to take over the government, keep their hoped to take over the government, keep their privileges, and weaken royal power. privileges, and weaken royal power.

The Third Estate only had one vote. The Third The Third Estate only had one vote. The Third estate said they should have more votes since estate said they should have more votes since they represented the majority of the people. they represented the majority of the people.


The Third Estate was kicked out and they met The Third Estate was kicked out and they met on their own at a nearby tennis court (The on their own at a nearby tennis court (The Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath bound the members to bound the members to remain until they had written a new constitution). remain until they had written a new constitution).

They called themselves the They called themselves the National AssemblyNational Assembly. . Soon, members of the other two estates joined Soon, members of the other two estates joined them. them.

The king recognized the danger of this and The king recognized the danger of this and called for troops. called for troops.


Debates raged as the third estate wanted Debates raged as the third estate wanted equal rights and the others wanted to keep equal rights and the others wanted to keep their privileges. their privileges.

In response, the king called in more In response, the king called in more troops. The third estate, fearing he would troops. The third estate, fearing he would dissolve the Assembly, attacked the dissolve the Assembly, attacked the Bastille, a Paris Prison, in an attempt to Bastille, a Paris Prison, in an attempt to steal weapons. steal weapons.


July 14 (1789) became a French national July 14 (1789) became a French national holiday known as Bastille Day. holiday known as Bastille Day.

This incident caused a great wave of This incident caused a great wave of violence known as the violence known as the Great FearGreat Fear, , primarily rural uprisings of peasants primarily rural uprisings of peasants motivated by hunger and fear. motivated by hunger and fear.

Bread was their main food and it was both Bread was their main food and it was both scarce and expensive. The attack on the scarce and expensive. The attack on the Bastille began the French Revolution. Bastille began the French Revolution.

Constitutional GovernmentConstitutional Government

The National Assembly struggled to form a new The National Assembly struggled to form a new government from royalists, moderates, and government from royalists, moderates, and radicals. radicals.

Royalists still favored an absolute monarchy. Royalists still favored an absolute monarchy. The moderates were led by Lafayette, the The moderates were led by Lafayette, the

general who helped the colonists during the general who helped the colonists during the American Revolution. American Revolution.

A radical group called the Paris Commune won A radical group called the Paris Commune won control of Paris’s city government and pushed control of Paris’s city government and pushed for an end to the monarchy.for an end to the monarchy.


On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly voted to end the privileges of nobles. voted to end the privileges of nobles. They also composed the Declaration of They also composed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which is in the French Constitution today. which is in the French Constitution today.

It incorporated the ideas of Montesquieu, It incorporated the ideas of Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Locke.Rousseau, and Locke.


The people wanted Louis to move from the The people wanted Louis to move from the palace in Versailles to Paris to show his palace in Versailles to Paris to show his support for the National Assembly. support for the National Assembly.

In October, 1789, thousands of women In October, 1789, thousands of women (6000) demanding bread because they (6000) demanding bread because they were starving marched on the King and he were starving marched on the King and he moved to Paris. moved to Paris.

The king and the National Assembly The king and the National Assembly were now both in Paris. were now both in Paris.


The government faced financing problems. The government faced financing problems. With the help of the bishop, Talleyrand, With the help of the bishop, Talleyrand, the National Assembly took over Church the National Assembly took over Church lands. lands.

They then decided to sell church lands to They then decided to sell church lands to pay off the debt (angers the clergy). pay off the debt (angers the clergy).

The image of the revolution was The image of the revolution was somewhat atheist. somewhat atheist.

Constitutional GovernmentConstitutional Government The National Assembly also passed a Civil The National Assembly also passed a Civil

Constitution of the Clergy in 1790,Constitution of the Clergy in 1790, which placed the French Church under which placed the French Church under

government control and turned the clergy into government control and turned the clergy into elected, salaried officials.elected, salaried officials.

Most of the clergy refused to swear an oath to Most of the clergy refused to swear an oath to the constitution, lost their jobs and were placed the constitution, lost their jobs and were placed in jail. in jail.

Pope Pius VI was against it and many Pope Pius VI was against it and many conservative peasants disliked government conservative peasants disliked government control of the Church. control of the Church.


In the Constitution of 1791, the National In the Constitution of 1791, the National Assembly presented a new constitution to the Assembly presented a new constitution to the people. people.

It kept the monarchy, but limited its powers.It kept the monarchy, but limited its powers. Set up a unicameral legislature, a one-house Set up a unicameral legislature, a one-house

assembly whose members were to be chosen by assembly whose members were to be chosen by voters. voters.

Equal rights were declared for all, but the right Equal rights were declared for all, but the right to vote was limited to male citizens who paid a to vote was limited to male citizens who paid a minimum tax. minimum tax.


The moderates were happy with the The moderates were happy with the constitution because it guaranteed basic constitution because it guaranteed basic rights, limited the monarchy, and freed rights, limited the monarchy, and freed them from the power of the Church. them from the power of the Church.

The Legislative Assembly eventually met The Legislative Assembly eventually met and members were seated in the following and members were seated in the following manner: royalists on the right; moderates manner: royalists on the right; moderates in the center; and radicals on the left. in the center; and radicals on the left.


Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette In June of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette In June of 1791, attempted to flee to Austria.1791, attempted to flee to Austria.

They were recognized, however, arrested They were recognized, however, arrested and brought back to Paris where they and brought back to Paris where they were basically placed on house arrest. were basically placed on house arrest.

Louis was forced to accept the limited Louis was forced to accept the limited monarchy. monarchy.

Constitutional GovernmentConstitutional Government Monarchs in surrounding countries began to Monarchs in surrounding countries began to

worry about the stability of their own worry about the stability of their own governments, particularly in the German States governments, particularly in the German States and Austrian Empire. and Austrian Empire.

French French émigrés,émigrés, nobles who had fled France, nobles who had fled France, wanted to restore Louis XVI to full power. wanted to restore Louis XVI to full power.

Because of a fear of Austria trying to restore Because of a fear of Austria trying to restore Louis to the throne, France declared war on Louis to the throne, France declared war on Austria in 1792. Austria in 1792.

Austria was supported by other monarchies in Austria was supported by other monarchies in Prussia and Sardinia. Prussia and Sardinia.


In September, 1792, the September In September, 1792, the September Massacres, bloody uprisings led by Massacres, bloody uprisings led by revolutionary leaders who stormed prisons revolutionary leaders who stormed prisons in Paris killing nobles and priests, in Paris killing nobles and priests, occurred. occurred.

At that time, the guillotine (p. 659) is set At that time, the guillotine (p. 659) is set up for political criminals. This new up for political criminals. This new technology is named after a doctor and not technology is named after a doctor and not so personal. so personal.


Radicals, backed by Paris crowds, took Radicals, backed by Paris crowds, took over the Assembly. over the Assembly.

They set aside the Constitution of They set aside the Constitution of 1791and created a new legislative body 1791and created a new legislative body called the called the National ConventionNational Convention. .

All men could now vote and hold public All men could now vote and hold public office.office.

National CovenantNational Covenant

In December, 1792, Louis XVI was tried In December, 1792, Louis XVI was tried and in January, 1793, he was beheaded and in January, 1793, he was beheaded on the guillotine. on the guillotine.

The Jacobins were supporters of the san The Jacobins were supporters of the san culottes and the radicals (Robespierre, culottes and the radicals (Robespierre, Danton, Marat). Danton, Marat).

Girondists were moderates who wanted to Girondists were moderates who wanted to protect the middle class from radical protect the middle class from radical attacks. attacks.


The National Convention formed the The National Convention formed the Committee Committee of Public Safetyof Public Safety (led by Robespierre) to direct (led by Robespierre) to direct the entire war effort. the entire war effort.

In 1793, the Committee adopted conscription In 1793, the Committee adopted conscription (or the draft) of men ages 18-45. (or the draft) of men ages 18-45.

Charlotte Corday killed Marat in his bathtub. He Charlotte Corday killed Marat in his bathtub. He was a Jacobin leader. was a Jacobin leader.

During the Reign of Terror (July 1793-July During the Reign of Terror (July 1793-July 1794), the Jacobins wanted to squash any 1794), the Jacobins wanted to squash any opposition in France. opposition in France.


The Committee set up a Republic of Virtue. The Committee set up a Republic of Virtue. Established universal elementary education, Established universal elementary education,

abolished slavery in France, created price abolished slavery in France, created price controls, encouraged religious toleration, and controls, encouraged religious toleration, and taught farmers agriculture skills. taught farmers agriculture skills.

40,000 people were killed, including Marie 40,000 people were killed, including Marie Antoinette. Antoinette.

Robespierre had Danton executed and Robespierre had Danton executed and eventually Robespierre was executed as well. eventually Robespierre was executed as well.


The Convention then set up the Directory, The Convention then set up the Directory, an executive council with five men and a an executive council with five men and a two-house (bicameral) legislature. two-house (bicameral) legislature.

Napoleon in 1795 ousted an uprising Napoleon in 1795 ousted an uprising against the directory known as the Whiff of against the directory known as the Whiff of Grapeshot. Grapeshot.

He also fought the British in Egypt, but He also fought the British in Egypt, but British Horatio Nelson defeated the French British Horatio Nelson defeated the French fleet. fleet.


Napoleon used propaganda to make Napoleon used propaganda to make himself sound better than he was. himself sound better than he was.

He left his army, went back to France in He left his army, went back to France in 1799 and took over the Directory. 1799 and took over the Directory.

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

A new constitution set up a dictatorship A new constitution set up a dictatorship The executive branch was made up of The executive branch was made up of

three members, but he called himself the three members, but he called himself the First Consul. First Consul.

He appointed government officials. put He appointed government officials. put education under the national government, education under the national government, and created technical schools, and created technical schools, universities, and secondary schools,universities, and secondary schools,

Secondary schools were called lycees. Secondary schools were called lycees.


He also changed the financial system by He also changed the financial system by creating the Bank of France and requiring creating the Bank of France and requiring that every citizen pay taxes to help the that every citizen pay taxes to help the government to make loans to businesses. government to make loans to businesses.

In 1802. Napoleon named himself Consul In 1802. Napoleon named himself Consul for Life.for Life.


Napoleonic Codes Napoleonic Codes His Concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius the VII His Concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius the VII

acknowledged Catholicism as France’s main acknowledged Catholicism as France’s main religion. religion.

Napoleon defeated both Italy and Austria and Napoleon defeated both Italy and Austria and persuaded Russia to withdraw from the war. persuaded Russia to withdraw from the war.

Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens 1802. 1802.

At the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain, At the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain, Nelson defeated Napoleon. Nelson defeated Napoleon.

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code Napoleon then decided to attack them Napoleon then decided to attack them

economically. economically. In 1804, Napoleon declared himself French In 1804, Napoleon declared himself French

Emperor. Emperor. By 1812, Napoleon controlled most of Europe.By 1812, Napoleon controlled most of Europe. Trouble developed when Spain, Britain, and Trouble developed when Spain, Britain, and

Prussia joined against Napoleon with their forces Prussia joined against Napoleon with their forces under the Duke of Wellington. under the Duke of Wellington.

Russia joined and this spelled the end of the Russia joined and this spelled the end of the empire. Czar Alexander I saw Napoleon as a empire. Czar Alexander I saw Napoleon as a threat to Russia. threat to Russia.


Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 with Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 with 600,000 men (400,000 died of wounds, 600,000 men (400,000 died of wounds, starvation, and/or exposure to weather). starvation, and/or exposure to weather).

In March, 1814, Napoleon was In March, 1814, Napoleon was overthrown by Britain, Russia, Prussia, overthrown by Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria; and Austria;

and Louis XVIII was restored to the throne. and Louis XVIII was restored to the throne.


Sent to the Isle of Elba, he came back to Sent to the Isle of Elba, he came back to France for what is known as the Hundred France for what is known as the Hundred Days and was again defeated (at the Days and was again defeated (at the battle of Waterloo). battle of Waterloo).

Napoleon was then exiled to Saint Helena Napoleon was then exiled to Saint Helena where he died in 1821 of a stomach where he died in 1821 of a stomach ailment, possibly cancer. ailment, possibly cancer.

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) - (1814-1815) - A series of meetings, European leaders A series of meetings, European leaders brought the French royal family back to brought the French royal family back to power and met at Vienna to redraw the power and met at Vienna to redraw the map of Europe. map of Europe.

The Great Powers (Britain, Russia, The Great Powers (Britain, Russia, Austria, & Prussia) restored former rulers Austria, & Prussia) restored former rulers and borders. and borders.

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

They also redistricted Western Europe They also redistricted Western Europe somewhat to form a somewhat to form a balance of powerbalance of power between them. between them.

Metternich presided over the Congress to Metternich presided over the Congress to rebuild Europe.rebuild Europe.

Birth of NationalismBirth of Nationalism

Birth of Nationalism Birth of Nationalism -Metternich and the -Metternich and the Congress ignored the spirit of nationalism Congress ignored the spirit of nationalism (the belief that each nation or ethnic group (the belief that each nation or ethnic group should have its own country and should have its own country and government). government).

For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, Europe experienced repeated revolutions Europe experienced repeated revolutions caused by nationalism and economic caused by nationalism and economic unrest.unrest.

Birth of NationalismBirth of Nationalism

1819 – The Carlsbad Decrees imposed 1819 – The Carlsbad Decrees imposed strict censorship on all publications and strict censorship on all publications and suppressed freedom of speech.suppressed freedom of speech.

Greece won independence in 1829 Greece won independence in 1829

unit 7b world history mrs. bell. french revolution french society all french people belonged to...

Documents