unit 6 vitamins. learning objectives 2 define vitamins classify vitamins according to their...

UNIT 6VITAMIN

S

Learning Objectives2

Define vitamins

Classify vitamins according to their solubility

Explain the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

State the function of fat soluble vitamins

Learning Objectives3

State the function of water soluble vitamins

Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of fat soluble vitamins

Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of water soluble vitamins

What are Vitamins?4

Organic compoundFound in natural foodRequired in minute quantities for normal growth, maintenance & reproduction.

Vitamins: Supplied in the dietHormones: produced by the glands in the body

What are Vitamins?5

Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity

Some vitamins are co-enzymes or prosthetic groups of enzymes in both plants and animals

What are Vitamins?6

Differ from organic foodstuffs in the ff. aspects:

Vitamins do not enter tissue cultures unlike proteins

Unlike CHO, CHON, COOH, vitamins do not undergo degradation for providing energy.

Classification of Vitamins7

A, D, E, K

B complex,

C

Fat Soluble

Vitamins

Water Soluble

Vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE vs. WATER SOLUBLE

8

Sr.#

FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

1 Do not form coenzymes

Precursors for coenzymes

2 Are not excreted in the urine; toxic in excessive quantities

Are nontoxic; excess amounts are excreted in the urine

3 Are stored extensively

Not stored extensively except Vitamin B12

Fat Soluble Vitamins

9Name Sources Recommended

Daily AllowanceFunctions Deficiency

diseases

Vitamin A Fish liver oils, butter, milk, kidneys and muscle meat

Adult: 750ugChildren: 300ugLactating/pregnant mother: 1200ug

Helps vision, keeps skin healthy

XerophthalmiaNyctalopia

Vitamin DCholecalciferol “sunshine” vitamin

Eggs, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oils

Adult: 5ugChildren: 10ugPregnant / Lactation: 10ug

Needed for strong teeth and bones

RicketsOsteomalaciaOsteoporosis

Vitamin ETocopherol

Green leafy veg-spinach, cabbage, alfalfa, fish meal, liver, eggs and cheese

Male- 15IUFemale- 12IU

Keeps skin and RBC healthy; antioxidant prevents oxidation of Vit A and unsaturated fatty acids

Muscular weaknessCreatinuriaFragile RBCs

10

A child with Rickets & Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis

11

Xerophthalmia


12

Vitamin E Deficiency


Fat Soluble Vitamins13

Name Sources Recommended Daily

Allowance

Functions Deficiency diseases

Vitamin KCoagulation vitamin

Green leafy veg- spinach, cabbage, fish meal, fish liver oils, liver, eggs and cheese

Adult: 50-100ugChildren: 1 ug/kg

Nedded for blood clotting.Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin by liver

Retarded / delayed blood clotting

Fat Soluble Vitamins14

Vitamin K Deficiency

Water Soluble Vitamins15


Allowance


B COMPLEX VITAMINS

Thiamine (B1)

Lean meat, legumes and whole grains

1-1.5 mg per day

Needed for healthy nerves

Beriberi- a disorder of the NS with dependent edema involving trunk and extremities.

Riboflavin (B2)

Liver, dried yeast, egg, whole milk, milk powder, fish, whole cereals, legumes and green leafy veg

Adult: 1.5mgPregnancy / Lactation: 1.72 mg

Yellow crystalline compound helps cells use energy in foods.FMN and FAD are coenzymes (oxidation reaction in metabolism)

Inflammation and break down of tissue around the mouth, tongue and nose, wound healing is impaired.



Allowance


Niacin (B3) formerly known as Nicotinic acid

Liver, kidney, heart, yeasts, peanuts and wheat germ.Amino acid tryptophan can supply niacin (60 mg of T= 1 gm niacin)

Adult: 20mgPregnancy: 22 mgLactation: 25mg

Helps cells use energy in foods.

Pellagra (N.S with skin rashes and glossitis)

Folic Acid Liver, kidney and fresh leafy vegetables, cauliflower

Male: 200ugFemale: 180ug

Transfer of methyl groups as in the synthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids and methionine.

Megaloblastic anemiaGIT disturbances


Niacin: Vitamin B3 Deficiency (Pellagra)



Allowance


Biotin Liver, egg yolk, kidney, yeast and milk

200-300 ug As coenzyme for carboxylation reactions in the formation of fatty acids

Delay dermatitis Muscle painNauseaDepression

Pyridoxine

Yeast, liver, egg yolk and the germs of grains and seeds, less in milk and leafy vegetables

Male: 2 mgFemale: 1.6 mg

Pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine (coenzymes for decarboxylation of amino acids)

It is involved in the absorption of zinc by the intestine.

Epileptic seizures


Deficiency in Biotin

Dermatitis, Muscle pain, hair loss


Deficiency in Pyridoxine



Allowance


Pantothenic acid

Egg yolk, yeast, kidney, lean meats, skimmed milk, sweet potatoes and molasses

4-7 mg Constituents of CoA which is involved in CHO, COOH, CHON metabolism and in the synthesis of cholesterol

No deficiency – can be met in ordinary diet

Cobalamin (B12)Antipernicious anemia factor

Liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk, oyster and clams.It contains the element cobalt (4.35%)

2 ug Transfer of methyl groups, maintenance of myelin sheath, synthesis of nucleic acids and hemoglobin (metabolism of CHO, COOH)

Pernicious anemia, similar to folic acid deficiency


Sample of RBCs of Patient who hasPernicious Anemia



Allowance


Vitamin CAscorbic acid

Amla, guava, orange, lemons, lime, papaya, tomatoes, green chillies, green leafy vegetables

50g per day Tissue healing increased, resistance to infection, antioxidant

Scurvy, poor healing wound, bleeding gums, mucous membranes loose teeh.


Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)

unit 6 vitamins. learning objectives 2 define vitamins classify vitamins according to their...

Documents

classification of vitamins

deficiency slide

fat solublewater soluble

vitamin b12 slide

body slide

delayed blood clotting

ug children

fish liver oils adult