Unit 6Unit 6

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

CausesCauses

• Social and political unrestSocial and political unrest– New faith seen as a way of remaining New faith seen as a way of remaining

Independent of outside control (HRE)Independent of outside control (HRE)• Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired

of Church authority over themof Church authority over them

– Tax money (Tithe)leaving their regions Tax money (Tithe)leaving their regions and winding up in Romeand winding up in Rome

– Clerical immunity to temporal lawClerical immunity to temporal law

CatalystsCatalysts• Wycliffe and Huss had begun the Wycliffe and Huss had begun the

movement by laying out the movement by laying out the themesthemes– Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a more Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a more

egalitarian Church, vernacular bibleegalitarian Church, vernacular bible

• Numerous abusesNumerous abuses (Indulgences, clerical (Indulgences, clerical ignorance and immorality, too much ignorance and immorality, too much spending)spending)

• The Printing PressThe Printing Press helped spread the helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles)ideas (and vernacular Bibles)– Johann GuttenbergJohann Guttenberg

Martin Luther (1483-Martin Luther (1483-1546)1546)

• His father, Hans, was a minerHis father, Hans, was a miner– Extremely strict Middle class parentsExtremely strict Middle class parents

• Studied liberal arts at the University of ErfurtStudied liberal arts at the University of Erfurt– Earned his masters, begins law schoolEarned his masters, begins law school

• Conversion experienceConversion experience– Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is

ordained in 1507ordained in 1507• 1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology and 1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology and

joined the theology department at University joined the theology department at University of Wittenbergof Wittenberg

Luther’s main beliefsLuther’s main beliefs• Justification by faith aloneJustification by faith alone (not faith (not faith

and good works and ceremonies)and good works and ceremonies)– You could never earn it through works and You could never earn it through works and

ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus ChristChrist

– Requires the Requires the Bible to be in the VernacularBible to be in the Vernacular• He only believed in only He only believed in only 2 sacraments2 sacraments: :

Baptism and Eucharist and that lay Baptism and Eucharist and that lay authority more important than the Churchauthority more important than the Church– He attacked He attacked Papal infallibilityPapal infallibility and stressed and stressed

the “the “priesthood of all believerspriesthood of all believers” lowering ” lowering the importance of the clergy (more the importance of the clergy (more egalitarianegalitarian))

The Indulgence ProblemThe Indulgence Problem• Begun in 1343 when the Pope Begun in 1343 when the Pope

claimed to possess a “treasury of claimed to possess a “treasury of merit”merit”

• In 1517In 1517 AugustinianAugustinian John TetzelJohn Tetzel was selling a special “Jubilee was selling a special “Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther to indulgence which prompts Luther to post his post his 95 thesis95 thesis on October 31 on October 31stst 15171517

• ReactionsReactions– Luther condemned as a Heretic and Luther condemned as a Heretic and

excommunicated by excommunicated by Pope Leo XPope Leo X

Diet of WormsDiet of Worms• 1821 The new Emperor 1821 The new Emperor Charles V Charles V

convenes the convenes the Diet of Worms Diet of Worms to allow to allow Luther an opportunity to recant his beliefsLuther an opportunity to recant his beliefs– He refused, was placed under Imperial ban He refused, was placed under Imperial ban

((Edict of WormsEdict of Worms) and hidden by Frederick of ) and hidden by Frederick of Saxony translates New Testament (dies in Saxony translates New Testament (dies in 1546)1546)

• Charles V Charles V distracted by wars (with distracted by wars (with France and Turks) needed the help of the France and Turks) needed the help of the German Princes German Princes – Eventually offers the Eventually offers the Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

(1555) which allowed German Princes to (1555) which allowed German Princes to decide the religion of their landdecide the religion of their land

John Calvin (1509-1564)John Calvin (1509-1564)• French lawyer trained at the University of Paris French lawyer trained at the University of Paris

(Jean Cauvin) upper class background(Jean Cauvin) upper class background• Converted to Protestantism in 1534Converted to Protestantism in 1534• Author of Author of The Institutes of the Christian The Institutes of the Christian

ReligionReligion– Inspired massive political resistance in France Inspired massive political resistance in France

where Protestants were called where Protestants were called HuegonotsHuegonots– He moves to He moves to GenevaGeneva in July of 1536 to escape in July of 1536 to escape

and became a part of their governing bodyand became a part of their governing body– Eventually exiled and would not return until Eventually exiled and would not return until

15401540

Calvinism in PracticeCalvinism in Practice

• PredestinationPredestination (However: the elect (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing should live in a manifestly pleasing way)way)

• Everyone should try to re-order society Everyone should try to re-order society according to God’s planaccording to God’s plan

• He ran Geneva Switzerland as a He ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge for protestants)theocracy (refuge for protestants)– Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith)Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith)– No dance, drink etc….No dance, drink etc….

The English ReformationThe English Reformation• Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed

“Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X)“Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X)• Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

– Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)•Problems? (widow of Henry’s brother)Problems? (widow of Henry’s brother)•Henry wants Anne BoyleynHenry wants Anne Boyleyn•The annulment controversy They had The annulment controversy They had

been married 18 years, no male heir, been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”)just “Bloody Mary”)

•Henry breaks with RC Church and Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of Englandcreates the Church of England

The New ChurchThe New Church

• Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and grants the annulmentof Canterbury and grants the annulment

• The Act of SupremacyThe Act of Supremacy is passed by is passed by Parliament and the English King is Parliament and the English King is recognized as the leader of the English recognized as the leader of the English ChurchChurch– Sir Thomas More executed for failing Sir Thomas More executed for failing

to recognize the new Churchto recognize the new Church– No more tax money to RomeNo more tax money to Rome

The other wives of Henry The other wives of Henry VIIIVIII

• Anne BoyleynAnne Boyleyn– Mother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treasonMother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treason

• Jane SeymourJane Seymour– Mother of Edward VIMother of Edward VI

• Anne of CleavesAnne of Cleaves– Political marriage, eventually annuledPolitical marriage, eventually annuled

• Catherine Howard (beheaded for Catherine Howard (beheaded for adultery)adultery)

• Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)

Henry’s ChurchHenry’s Church

• How Protestant was he?How Protestant was he?– Kept the RC ban on clerical marriageKept the RC ban on clerical marriage– Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laityAlso denied Eucharistic cup to the laity– Kept Confession as a sacramentKept Confession as a sacrament

• Full Protestantism Full Protestantism Edward VI Edward VI (1547-1553)(1547-1553)– Only 10 years old when he became KingOnly 10 years old when he became King– His regents brought England to “Full His regents brought England to “Full

Protestantism”Protestantism”– The Book of Common PrayerThe Book of Common Prayer

The Counter ReformationThe Counter Reformation

• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)The Council of Trent (1545-1563)– 3 sessions over 18 years3 sessions over 18 years– Reaffirmed many beliefsReaffirmed many beliefs

• Pope infallible, faith and good works = Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no doctrinal changes)doctrinal changes)

– ChangesChanges• The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to

train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops supervision more activeBishops supervision more active