unit 6: learning (conditioning)
DESCRIPTION
Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning). John Watson. I. Pavlov. Classical Conditioning. A. Bandura. B.F. Skinner. Observational Learning. Operant Conditioning. dog drool & bell. Baby Albert. pigeon reward & punishment. BoBo Doll learning by watching. Unit 6 Overview. What is Learning? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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UNIT 6: LEARNING (CONDITIONING)
I. PavlovJohn Watson
Classical Conditionin
g
B.F. SkinnerA. Bandura
Operant Conditionin
g
Observational
Learning
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dog drool & bellBaby Albert
pigeon reward &
punishment
BoBo Dolllearning by watching
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UNIT 6 OVERVIEWWhat is Learning?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning by Observation
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HOW DO WE LEARN?
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INTRODUCTION
Learningrelatively permanent behavior
change due to experience
“Learning breeds hope.”something learned
should have staying power
know learning occurred b/c
behavior changed
results from direct or indirect
experience
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OBJECTIVE 1: WHAT ARE SOME BASIC FORMS OF
LEARNING?
Learn by association-learn to anticipate events / predict the immediate future
(associative learning)
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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HABITSHabits form when we repeat
behaviors in a given context.As behavior is associated with the
context, our next experience automatically triggers the behaviorsmoking
animals?
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TWO MAIN FORMS OF LEARNING
Classical conditioninglearn to link 2+ stimuli
& anticipated eventsIvan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John B. Watson (1913)
Operant Conditioninglearn to associate a response
(our behavior ) with its consequence
repeat rewarded behavior
stimulus –
anything that
brings about a
response
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Ivan PavlovBackgroundExperimental
procedure
OBJECTIVE 2: HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING DEMONSTRATE ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
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PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
Parts of Classical ConditioningUnconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned response (UR)Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned response (CR)
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Pavlov’s Experiments
NS
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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OBJECTIVE 3: ACQUISITION, EXTINCTION, SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY, GENERALIZATION & DISCRIMINATION
AcquisitionThe initial stage of
association between NS & US
NS presented ½ -1 sec BEFORE CS
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PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSEXTINCTION AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Extinction The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS
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Spontaneous recovery Only happens after extinction has occurred
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PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSGENERALIZATIONGeneralization stimuli similar to CS
elicit same response happens quite
automatically adaptive
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PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSDISCRIMINATION
Discrimination learned ability to distinguish between CS and other
irrelevant stimuli results from overtraining
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US=
CS= CR=UR=NS=
The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.
Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next
time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.
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US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.
mouth water
mouth water
taste of cookies
smell of cookies
+
smell of cookies
unlearnedunconditionednatural
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
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US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next
time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear
cringe
cringe
Needle stabbingThis won’t
hurt a bit
+
This won’t hurt a bit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
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US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.
nauseous
nauseous
Bad foodsign+
sign
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
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In classical conditioning, the _________ signals the impending occurrence of the ______.
a. US UR b. UR CRc. CS USd. CR URe. NS NR
food / drooldrool / droolbell / fooddrool / droolno NR = eliminate
CSUS
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US=
CS= CR=UR=NS=
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EXTENDING PAVLOV’S UNDERSTANDINGOBJECTIVE 5: (P. 223)DO COGNITION AND BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECT CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive
process requiring thought to occur Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness John Garcia
Biological constraints Biologically prepared to learn certain
responses that help us adapt
color red
taste aversion
secondary disgust
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PAVLOV’S LEGACYAPPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
John Watson and Baby Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE
Little Albert
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PAVLOV’S LEGACYWHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT DOGS DROOLING?
Classical conditioning applies to other organisms
Showed how to study a topic scientifically