UNIT 6 FOSSILS, EVOLUTION

• Fossil record • Theories about the formation of early

life • Natural selection

• Evidence for evolution • Hominid evolution

• Mechanisms of evolution

•cast fossils (formed when a mold is filled in)

•trace fossils = ichnofossils (fossilized nests,

gastroliths, burrows, footprints,

•mold fossils (a fossilized impression made of

the organism)

•true form fossils (fossils of the actual animal

or animal part).

Dating of Fossils 540

•RELATIVE DATING

•RADIOMETERIC DATING

538Blue-Types of FOSSILS and Formation of FOSSILS 539

Stratification

380-What are the theories of the origin of life on earth?

• 1.Spontaneous Generation was disproved …2. Biogenesis. Pp380-381 • 3.No O2 on earth but CO2, water vapor and other compounds.These

cpds combine amino acids and proteins and other organic molecules

• 4.First cell was protocell as in prokaryotic which had to be anaerobic as there was no O2.These used the organic molecules and were therefore -heterotrophs.

• 5.Then autotrophs developed. • 6.Endosymbiotic theory-tells us how eukayokotic developed.where a

pro and eu live together and both supplied each other with energy and nutrients

• 7.Then came the development of concept of sexual reproduction

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION 460-465

*Darwin’s theory of evolution –Says that through natural selection (NS)

–(environment selects organism)- organisms survive because they

have an advantage afforded by individual variations in population =

adaptations. Modern organisms have a common ancestor.

( Adaptations- occur in appearance+behavior... Help organism to

survive and time and change+ reproduction

Evolution is associated with the concept of common ancestors/ancestry

*As adapted organisms survive the natural environment they

reproduce and positive traits .

*Over a period of time these changes and passing on of the

adaptations NEW SPECIES yet organism can be traced to a common

ancestor….LOOK AT PIX ABOVE_CAMOUFLAGE

Evidence of Evolution-Anatomical Stuctures or DNA Evidence 468-469-470 Anatomical1.Homologous 2.Analogous 3. Vestigal Structures 4.Embryology.

5. Biochemistry-DNA Evidenceproteins

#1.*HOMOLOGOUS structures-

-found in two(or more) different species, but derived from a common ancestor.

*The function –same/different

*Same structure common ancestor

#2.*ANALOGOUS -In contrast, a structure *that serves the same function in two species, But not similar in structure = NOT derived from a common ancestor. Examples of Analogous structures: wings of bat, bird #3. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Structures that loose their function as they evolve They reduce in size. Structure remain intactcommon ancestors #5. BIOCHEMISTRY-DNA+proteins

#4 EMBRYOLOGYY- Similarities=common ancestor

• CLADOGRAMS

Evolution Concept Map

#2.Convergent Evolution- because of similar environment

#3.COEVOLUTION-where organisms evolve together- they depend on each other like pollinators and plants, predators and prey.

#1.Divergent Adaptive Radiation as in finches of Galapagos island observed by Charles Darwin

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION pp550-551

SPECIATION- Page 494

What are the factors that can result in a new species?

ISOLATION

SPECIATION= Formation of a New Species

**GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION

**BEHAVIORAL

**TEMPORAL ISOLATION

CHANGES IN

**THE GENE POOL pp483

CHANGES IN **THE ALLELE FREQUENCY pp483

**REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION pp494

**GeneticDrift 490 **Migration **Emigration **Mutation

RATE OF EVOLUTION pp549 1.Gradualism-Evolution occurs at a slow steady pace; structures+ variation change slowly and steadily. 2.Equilibrium-Structures hardly change over a very long period…unlikely 3.Punctuated Equilibrium- No change occurs after a long time— then an event occurs to cause new species +variation to occur – equilibrium is interrupted. $. Rapid Evolution after equilibrium.

HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPLE states

In order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that

no evolution is occurring) then the following 5 conditions

must be met:

1.No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the

population.

2.No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of,

the population).

2.Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)

4The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance)

can cause the allele frequencies to change.

5No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for, or

against.

PATTERNS OF SELECTION pp489

• UNIT 6-VOCAB.-EVOLUTION • 6.1-Biogenesis, spontaneous-generation, radiometric-dating, fossil,

relative-dating, geologic-time-scale, fossilization, • 6.2- adaptation, extinction, natural-selection, artifiicial-selection,

competition, variation, convergent-evolution, divergent-evolution, coevolution,

• 6.3- pp766-ancestor, descendant, foramen, magnum, opposable thumb, Darwin, Lamark-456, Lyell-455, Australopithecine-768,fossil- phylogenetic- tree, Malthus-457, Wallace theory, bipedalism, hominid, primate embryology, anatomy, biochemistry, biogeography, homologous-structures, vestigial-structures, analogous-structures.

• 6.4- gene-flow, genetic-drift, gene frequency, mutation, isolation, gene-pool, genetic-equilibrium, speciation, allele frequency

Learning Objectives-Students will be able to… 6-1: Compare and contrast different types of fossils and how they are formed. (SC.912.L.15.1,SC.912.L.15.2, SC.912.N.1.6) 6-2: Explain the methods used by scientists to determine the age of fossils and rocks.(SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.N.1.6) 6-3: Identify trends in the evolution of organisms since the origin of life on Earth.(SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.L.15.4) 6-4: Analyze scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth. (SC.912.L.15.8, SC.912.N.1.3,SC.912.N.1.6, SC.912.N.3.1) 6-5: Describe how scientific ideas about the origin of life have changed over time.(SC.912.L.15.8, SC.912.N.2.4, SC.912.N.2.5, SC.912.N.3.2) 6-6: Develop a model to explain a theory of the origins and evolution of life on Earth.(SC.912.L.15.8, SC.912.N.3.5) 6-7: Analyze how explanations of the diversity of life on Earth have changed over time.(SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.N.2.4, SC.912.N.2.5) 6-8: Describe the evidence used by Charles Darwin to develop the theory of natural selection.(SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.L.15.13) 6-9: Summarize Darwin’s theory of natural selection. (SC.912.L.15.13, SC.912.N.3.4) 6-10: What conditions required for NS i-overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, competition, and differential reproductive success. 6-11: Relate natural selection to changes in populations, not individuals. (SC.912.L.15.13) 6-12: Model the process of natural selection by simulating how the frequency of a trait in a population can change over time. (SC.912.L.15.13, 6-13: Analyze the relationship between adaptations and natural selection. (SC.912.L.15.1,SC.912.L.15.13) 6-14: Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution.(SC.912.L.15.13) 6-15: Describe the different types of evidence that can be obtained from fossils. (SC.912.L.15.1,SC.912.N.1.6) 6-16: Interpret the fossil record to determine evolutionary relationships. (SC.912.L.15.1,SC.912.L.15.4, SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.1.6) 6-17: Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record.(SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.N.3.1) 6-18: Describe defining adaptations of fossil hominids. (SC.912.L.15.10, SC.912.L.15.11,SC.912.N.1.6) 6-19: Identify basic trends in hominid evolution, including brain size, jaw size, language, andmanufacture of tools, based on the fossil record. ( 6-20: Compare and contrast fossil evidence of primates to determine evolutionary relationships. (SC.912.L.15.1, SC.912.L.15.4, SC.912.L15.10) 6-26: Describe different forces (i.e., natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift) that can cause genetic changes in a population. 6-27: Describe how genetic drift can affect the diversity within a population. (SC.912.L.15.14) 6-28: Explain how gene flow can affect the genetic make-up of a population. (SC.912.L.15.14) 6-29: Summarize the process of speciation. (SC.912.L.15.3, SC.912.L.15.14) 6-30: Infer how geographic and reproductive isolation can lead to speciation. (SC.912.L.15.9^,SC.912.L.15.14) 6-31: Demonstrate how natural selection causes the frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase or decrease over time. ( 6-32: Provide examples of observed evolutionary change that support the theory of evolution by natural selection. (SC.912.L.15.1,

EOC PRACTICE Unit 6 1 .Scientists discovered fossilized skeletons of an animal with several features. Fossil evidence indicated that

the animal not only had scales, fins, and gills, but also had lungs, a full set of ribs, and limb bones arranged

to support the animal’s weight. The animal, called Tiktaalik was based on the fossil evidence.

Which of the following statements best explains why these are an important pieces of evidence for evolution?

A. They include skeletons of both males and females.

B. They are complete skeletons of a carnivorous animal.

C. They allow scientists to estimate the animal’s lifespan.

D. They show a transitional form between fish and land-dwelling vertebrates

2.Until recently, the myrtle warbler and the Audubon’s warbler were thought to be separate species of birds

because the males have very different appearances.

Which of the following observations most likely led to the reclassification of these warblers as one species?

A. The myrtle warbler and the Audubon’s warbler have the same diet.

B. The myrtle warbler and the Audubon’s warbler lay the same number of eggs.

C. The myrtle warbler and the Audubon’s warbler have overlapping geographical ranges.

D. The myrtle warbler and the Audubon’s warbler interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

3.In the deserts of rock made from lava flows are found scattered across the sand. The rock pocket mouse, which has dark fur, lives on the black lava rocks. The Apache pocket mouse, which has light fur, lives on the tan sand. Which of the following statements best explains how these two types of mice could have evolved from a common ancestor?

A. Individual mice changed their fur color to escape their predators.

B. Natural selection favored different fur colors in the different habitats.

C. The emigration of mice changed the gene pools in the original population.

D. The original population of mice spread out geographically to relieve overcrowding.

Pg.2

4.The bones that make up the fore limbs of monkeys, cats, whales, and birds are similar. pp468

Which of the following statements best supports the evolutionary relationship of these animals?

A. The animals have different ancestries but have adapted to similar environments.

B. The animals share a common ancestry but have adapted to different environments.

C. The animals at one time lived in different environments but now share an environment.

D. The animals use their forelimbs for identical activities but live in different environments.

5. A population is separated into two groups by a geographic barrier. Over time, enough differences develop between the two groups that they do not interbreed when reunited.

Which of the following terms best describes the process that has occurred?

A. Extinction B. hybridization C. immigration D. Speciation

6.In a population of herbivorous tortoises, a shift in the frequency of different shell heights is observed over time. A set of graphs representing the change in frequency of the different shell heights is shown below. Which of the following selection pressures most likely produced the shift in frequency?

A. lack of vegetation at ground level B. dry, hot weather conditions for several years

C. habitat changes that forced nesting sites farther inland

D. intense competition with other species of tortoises with high shells

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 6 pp3

7. According to fossil records, the horses that lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker, and slower

than modern horses. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased

size, strength, and speed in horses?

A. Commensalism B. Inbreeding C. migration D. natural selection

8. Which would most likely favor species survival in changing environmental conditions?

A. genetic recombination B. energy involvement in gamete production

C . length of life cycle D. number of offspring produced

9. A paleontologist is comparing the fossilized remains of two primates. Both animals had a prehensile tail.

What can be concluded from this evidence?

A. They were not related. B. They lived on the ground.

C. They evolved from a common ancestor. D. They had bipedal locomotion

10.Variety within a species is most likely to result from which situation?

A. severe weather conditions that might occur, such as hurricanes or blizzards

B. adaptation to local environmental characteristics by isolated populations of the species

C. the extinction of competing species over a broad range of habitats

D. sex-specific coloring differences

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 6 pp4

11. Which could be considered biochemical evidence of an evolutionary relationship?

A. absence of vestigial structures B. presence of embryonic gill slits

C . similar anatomical structures D. presence of identical proteins

12.Which is the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

A. similarity in behavior B. similarity in DNA C. similarity in habitat D. similarity in niche

13. Black snails population increased above light colored snails after a volcanic eruption . Prior to the volcanic eruption, the percentage of black snails was so much lower than the percentage of light brown snails because

A. The black color made them more likely to find food successfully.

B. The allele for black color is lethal in the homozygous condition.

C. The black snails were easier for predators to locate on the light-colored beach.

D. The light brown snails were better than the black snails at using all the available resources.

14.Scientists observe bone structures of the front limbs of four different animals.

What do the similarities of the structures suggest about these organisms?

A They grow at the same rate. B They live in the same environment.

C They live for the same length of time. D They evolved from a common ancestor

15.The willow flycatcher is a bird species with a summer range throughout much of the United States.

Which of the following would directly decrease the size of a willow flycatcher population in a given year?

A. the disappearance of a species that preys on willow flycatchers

B. the arrival of migrating willow flycatchers from populations in other areas

C. the emigration of male willow flycatchers that did not secure territories

D. the hatching of a larger percentage of eggs in the willow flycatcher population

Pg. 5

16.Scientists believe that a dinosaur called Hadrosaurus was a plant eater. Which one of the following evidence supports this conclusion A. Hadrosaurus fossils were found with fossils of other plant eating dinosaurs B. The regions where Hadrosaurus fossils were found were heavily forested C. The fossilized teeth of Hadrosaurus were flat like the teeth of other herbiovores D. Fossilized plant were found with remains of Hadrosaurus

17. Over many generations unrelated or distantly related species may come to resemble each other because of pp551 A. competition with each other B. similar genetic mutations C. homologous structural adaptations D. similar environmental factors

18. Which of the following helped convince Darwin in the evolution of species? pp540 A) the fossil record B) patterns of life he observed on the voyage of the Beagle C) biblical writings D) all of the above helped to convince Darwin in the evolution of species. E) only a and b helped to convince Darwin in the evolution of species 19. What was especially profound about the different beak types Darwin observed in his "finches" –pp472 A) they allowed each bird to successfully inhabit several niches on the island. B) each beak type was seen on only one island. C) the beak type changed over the life time of each bird. D) this incredible diversity occurred in a closely related group of birds

20. Shape of Darwin's finches was influenced by the: pp472 A) number of offspring produced in a given year. B) carrying capacity of the environment. C) response to the nature of the food supply. D) effects of artificial selection by the island's inhabitants. E) predators preying on a particular species of bird

Pp6.

21. Clusters of species evolved relatively recently from a common ancestor are an example of –pp551 A) adaptive radiation. B) diverse radiation. C) ecological selection. D) artificial selection 22. The basis of the food chain is/are-: A) the carnivores. B) the sun. C) the algae. D) higher plants. E) the decomposers 23.The variations in Galápagos tortoises Darwin saw could be distinguished based on pp452 Red A) differences in the structures of their shells. B) modifications of their beaks which allowed them to take advantage of different foods. C) distinctive markings on the shells of their eggs. D) the length of time their eggs required for incubation. E) their size. 24. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the first cells? 383 Column 2 Blue A) heterotroph B) single-celled C) genome composed of RNA D) anaerobic E) prokaryotic

25.A(n) scientist who studies fossils is

A. geneticist B. paleontologist C. cytologist D. ecologist 26. The disappearance of a species from all parts of geographical range is pp548 Red A. Fossilization B. Extinction C. Radioactive dating D. Coevolution 27.The method of determining the age of fossils by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock is known pp540 Red

A. relative dating B. Miller-Urey experiment C. radioactive dating D. endosymbiotic theory

Pp 7

28. A distinctive fossil used to compare the relative ages of fossils is known as -540 Red A. index fossil B. geologic time scale C. half life D. period

29. The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is a samples 540 Red

A. era B. index fossil C. geologic time scale D. half life

30.The technique in which scientists calculate the age of a sample based on the amount of meaning radioactive isotopes it contains is called _ pp540

A. fossil record B. relative dating C. Miller-Urey experiment D. radioactive dating

31.The process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms. pp551

A. Coevolution B. Adaptive radiation C. Punctuated equilibrium D. Macroevolution.

32.The theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms.pp556

A. radioactive dating B. endosymbiotic theory C. fossil record D. relative dating.

33.An event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time is known as – pp546 Red: A. punctuated equilibrium B. macroevolution C. convergent evolution D. mass extinction

34.A large-scale evolutionary change that take place over long periods of time is known as -:546 Red A. adaptive radiation B. punctuated equilibrium C. macroevolution D. convergent evolution

35.The process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live

in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms pp551-552

A. Coevolution B. Adaptive radiation C. Punctuated equilibrium D. Macroevolution

pp8

36.The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other is 551 Red

A. macroevolution B. convergent evolution C. coevolution D. adaptive radiation

37. The pattern of evolution where long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change.549Red A. Punctuated equilibrium B. Macroevolution C. Convergent evolution D. Coevolution

38.The idea that nature selects from existing variation those species best adapted to their environment A. acquired inheritance B.uniformitarianism C.natural selection D.speciation

39. Natural Selection proceeds A. only when individuals within a population vary B. only every 2 million years C. only in intervals of 100 years D. when the earth stops spinning

40.The absolute age of a rock is the approximate number of years ago that the rock formed. The absolute age of an igneous rock can best be determined by ppp540 Red A. comparing the amounts of decayed and undecayed radioactive isotopes in the rock B. comparing the sizes of the crystals found in the upper and lower parts of the rock C. examining the rock’s relative position in a rock outcrop D. examining the environment in which the rock is found 41.Which radioactive isotope is most useful for determining the age of mastodont bones found in Pleistocene

sediments? pp541 A.uranium-238 B.carbon-14 C.potassium-40 D.rubidium-87 42.The theory that proposes how the first eukaryotic cells evolved is---pp556 A) biogenesis. B) spontaneous generation. C) the endosymbiotic theory. D) the solar nebula theory.

pp9

43. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the hypothesis of spontaneous generation used to explain 380 Blue

(A)how new life started (B)how simple organic compounds formed

(C)how coacervates and microspheres formed (D)how eukaryotes evolved

44.Redi’s experiment was important because it showed that 380 Blue Diagram

(a)maggots give rise to microorganisms (b)flies swarm on rotting meat

c)flies do not form from rotting meat (d)air contains a “vital force”

45. The critical arguments for Darwin's theory include all of these except ______. (p. 460-463)

A.body size B) struggle for existence C) survival of the fittest D) adaptation

46. Scientists found the fossilized remains of a canine’s jaw and leg. What information must first be obtained before the scientists can place the fossils in the ancestral time line of the dog?

A. The continent where the fossils were found B. The age of the fossils

C. The rest of the skeleton D. The population trends for the species

47. The nonpoisonous eastern scarlet snake has colored bands that closely resemble the poisonous coral

snake. This selective adaptation provides the eastern scarlet snake with —(pp398 Blue)

A. a method of avoiding predation B. the ability to attract prey

C. increased breeding opportunities D. increased feeding opportunities

48. The 14 different species of finches in the Galapagos Islands originated from a single ancestral species.

What is it about these islands that is responsible for the diversity of finch species? Pp 472

A. Each island has a different climate. B.Each island has different food sources.

C.The islands are made of volcanic peaks. D.The islands are clustered near each other

49. Primates are adapted to _______. Pp. 765

A) a marine life B) living in trees C) killing others of their own kind D) cold weather

50. Opposable thumbs make grasping possible _______. pp767

A) In all animals B) only in primates C) only in mammals D) in knuckle-walking animals

51. The ability to learn in primates is primarily associated with _______. 765

A) good vision B) a large forebrain C) a keen sense of smell D) walking erect

52. Humans and not apes are in the family _______. Pp. 767

A) Pongidae B) Hominidae C) Hylobatidae

53. This hominid is dated as early as 2 MYA, the name means "handy man," and was found accompanied by tools.

A) Homo habilis B) Homo erectus C) Homo sapiens D) Homo afarensis pp 770-771

54. Homo erectus _______. Pp432 Blue

A) made advanced tools B) had knowledge of fire C) fossils were found in Africa and Europe D) All of above

55. All human races of today are one species because _______.

A) all races can interbreed and bear fertile offspring B) all races look alike C) all races originated in Africa

56. The occurrence of large or small beak sizes among seed crackers in the absence of medium-sized beaks is an example of

A) directional selection B) stabilizing selection C) disruptive selection D) none of the above

57. The random loss of alleles in a population is called

A) mutation B) selection C) genetic drift D) electrophoresis E) gene flow

58. The movement of new genes into a population as a result of migration or hybridization is called

A) founder principle B) selection C) gene flow D) bottleneck effect E) adaptation

59. Organisms that are least likely to experience extinction over the long term are most likely to be found in _______________.

A) areas inhabited by humans B) very stable habitats C) desert D) savanna E.gene pool of the next generation.

60 The lack of allele variation in the northern elephant seal population is an example of:

A) mutations B) founder effect C) artificial selection D) bottleneck effect E) outcrossing