Unit 6 Ch.18 Old Immigrants From northern and western Europe Protestant, English-speaking, highly skilled New Immigrants From eastern and southern Europe Catholic or Jewish, non-English speaking, poor, illiterate, no skills Restricting Immigration Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act Gentlemen's Agreement Quota Acts Streetcar cities People lived miles from jobs and commuted on horse drawn streetcars or cable cars Skyscrapers Made possible because of steel girders, Otis elevators, central heating, and plate glass Ethnic Neighborhoods Developed in major cities and provided a support structure for new immigrants Residential suburbs As cities grew crowded, the upper and middle-class moved out Landscape architect Frederick law Olmstead began designing parks to bring beauty back to cities Private city vs. Public city Waste, pollution, disease, crime, and other dangers City govs. responded with building codes, regular trash pick up, sewage systems, water purification The Political Machine An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for financial support and votes Worked like a pyramid: bottom level- precinct captain, mid level- ward boss, top level-party boss Role of Political Boss Controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses; influenced courts William Boss Tweed was Boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic party machine solving urban problems won voter loyalty Books of Social Criticism Henry George Progress and Poverty Edward Bellamy- Looking Backward, Settlement Houses Community centers in slum neighborhoods to provide assistance to those who lived in the area Provided educational, cultural, and social services Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago was the most famous Social Gospel Movement Stressed application of Christian principles in helping the poor Walter Rauschenbusch Religion and society Roman Catholic Cardinal James Gibbons-supported organized labor Protestant minister Dwight Moody established the Moody Bible Institute to help people adapt Christianity to city life Salvation Army-provided basic necessities for the homeless and poor Families and women Divorce rates increase Reduction in family size National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Temperance and morality Womans Christian Temperance Union Anti-Saloon League Comstock Law Public Schools Compulsory education laws created a 90% literacy rate by 1900 Kindergarten, not compulsory, but popular Tax-supported public high schools Vocational and citizenship education Higher Education Number of colleges increased Curriculum now included languages and sciences New emphasis on research and free inquiry Social activities, fraternities, and sports dominated the social life at many colleges Social Sciences and the professions Behavioral psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science Richard T. Ely-attacked laissez-faire economics Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.- believed that laws should evolve to fit the times W.E.B. Du Bois-used statistics to study crime in urban neighborhoods Realism Bret Harte- life in mining camps Mark Twain- greed, violence, racism William Dean Howells- problems of industrialization and unequal wealth Naturalism Stephen Crane- brutal urban environment, fear, human nature Jack London- portrayal of life between nature and civilization Painting Winslow Homer- seascapes and watercolors Thomas Eakins- portrayed working-class men and women James McNeill Whistler- his paintings influenced the development of modern art Ashcan School- type of paintings that focused on painting scenes of everyday life of the urban poor Architecture Chicago School of architecture-Louis Sullivan Frank Lloyd Wright- organic style Music Jazz- started in New Orleans Jelly Roll Morton Buddy Bolden Ragtime Scott Joplin Blues James McNeill Whistler Popular Press William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer Yellow journalism- used sensationalism and scandal to sell papers Amusements Vaudeville Circus- Barnum and Bailey Wild West Show- Buffalo Bill Cody Spectator sports Boxing- John L. Sullivan Baseball Basketball Intercollegiate football Amateur sports Croquet Bicycling Tennis Polo and yachting for the rich