unit 4.3 review pbs. what is cholesterol? what roles does cholesterol play in our cells and in the...
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Unit 4.3 Review PBS
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What is cholesterol? What roles does cholesterol play in our cells and in the body
• Cholesterol is an important lipid that is made in the liver
• It acts as a stabilizer for cell membranes and used for cell to cell communication.
• It is a precursor to steroid hormones and Vitamin D
• It helps for bile acids, which are important in fat digestion.
• It also makes up the myelin sheath around nerve cells to improve the speed of nerve impulses
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What are LDL and HDL?• HDL – High Density Lipoprotein (made of mostly protein). – Job is to carry cholesterol from the arteries to the liver to be
digested• LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein (made of mostly lipids).
– Job is to carry cholesterol to the cells
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How are LDL, HDL, and cholesterol related to heart disease? How do doctors interpret the
results of a cholesterol test?
• High LDL levels carry too much cholesterol to the cells, which then builds up in the arteries.
• Low HDL levels means not enough HDL to clear the arteries of the excess LDL.
• Build of LDL causes Atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow and can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks
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What is familial hypercholesterolemia and how is it inherited?
• Mutation of the LDL receptors on the cell membrane, which leads to a build of LDL in the blood stream.
• It is an autosomal dominant trait so heterozygotes will still be affected
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How can techniques of molecular biology be used to analyze DNA for the presence of the FH mutation?
• PCR – is used to make many copies of the FH gene
• Restriction Enzymes are used to cut the FH Gene. Depending on the bases the enzyme will cut at different places, making different sized fragments, called RFLPs
• Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments by size. The negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive end and shorter fragments move farther.
• The bands from each person can be compared to controls to identify the genotype that person has.
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What lifestyle changes may help a patient
obtain healthy cholesterol levels?
• Limit Trans and Saturated Fat as they increase LDL
• Eat unsaturated fats to increase HDL
• Exercise daily• Maintain healthy weight• Manage stress and do
not smoke• Take medications, like
statins if needed
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What are the pros and cons of using cholesterol lowering medications?
• Common cholesterol medication, statins, will decrease LDL, triglycerides, and even CRP (involved in strokes), while slightly elevating HDL
• However it can lead to side effects, such as muscle weakness and pain, even in the heart (since it is a muscle)
• They can also cause amnesia for minutes to hours, headaches, dizziness, and liver dysfunction
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How does the heart work as a pump ?
• As the heart contracts it pushes on the blood, causing enough pressure to push it through the arteries.
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What is atherosclerosis? How can cholesterol plaques affect the overall function of the heart?
• Atherosclerosis is the build up of plaque, which can be due to excess LDL along the arterial walls, reducing blood flow
• Atherosclerosis of the coronary artery can cause lack of oxygen to fuel the heart
• It can cause lack of blood flow to the extremities, including the brain, causing strokes