unit 3.4 animal behaviour and plant responses
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Unit 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses. AS 90716 External 4 Credits. Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses. Environment – abiotic and biotic factors Plant Responses orientation ( tropisms, nastic responses, taxes) Plant hormones Plant timing Animal behaviour - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Unit 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses
AS 90716External4 Credits
Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses1. Environment – abiotic and biotic factors
2. Plant Responses
1. orientation (tropisms, nastic responses, taxes)
2. Plant hormones
3. Plant timing
3. Animal behaviour
1. Orientation (homing, migration)
2. timing (annual, daily, lunar, tidal)
4. interspecific relationships (predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition for resources)
5. intraspecific relationships (territoriality, cooperative interactions, reproductive behaviours, hierarchical behaviour, competition for resources).
Abiotic Factors
Physical factors of the environment
Light
Intensity colour direction duration
Photo-
Gravity
allows organisms to tell “up” from “down” and their orientation in space
Geo-
?
Temperature
average range
Thermo-
Water
humidity soil moisture speed of current salinity turbidity depth average rainfall
Hydro-
Current
many aquatic animals align themselves with the direction of the current
Rheo-
Chemicals
inorganic nutrients carbon dioxide & oxygen saltiness and pH poisons macronutrients micronutrients pheromones
Chemo-
Touch
response to a solid object
Thigmo-
Sound
pitch loudness range
Pressure
important in the ocean high in the air formation of weather patterns
Wind
velocity gustiness direction
Substrate
rock sand mud soil
Fire
can affect germination recycling of minerals
Some definitions
Ecosystem – all living and physical factors in a specified area
Habitat – place / environment in which an organism lives
Limiting factor – any variable that limits the activity of an organism or population
Anthropomorphism – assigning human attributes to animals
Niche
Organisms way of life or role in ecosystemo opportunities of habitato adaptations of organism• structural• behavioural• physiological• life history
Gauses Principle
“ No two species with identical niches can co-exist for long in the same place “
tolerance
Optimum Range - preferred environmental conditions
Zone of Physiological Stress – organism feels stressed and uncomfortable
Upper and Lower limits of Tolerance – organism dies - unable to tolerate conditions
Zone of physiological
stress
Zone of physiological
stress
Zone of intolerance
Zone of intolerance
Species absent
Species absent
Tolerance
Lower limit of tolerance Upper limit
Popu
latio
n
Low Factor High
The Environment
Abiotic factors
Biotic factors
Response of organisms to environment
Response of organisms to abiotic factors
Response of organisms to biotic environment
Biotic Environment
living factors of the environment
Intraspecific relationships – within a species
Interspecific relationships – between species
Intraspecific Interrelationships
competition (for resources)
reproduction
aggresive (territories, hierarchies)
co-operative (group defense / hunting)
SymbiosesRelationship Sp. A Sp. B
mutualism + +
commensalism + 0
neutrality 0 0
antibiosis (amensalism) 0 -
exploitation (predation, parasitism, herbivory) + -
competition - -
Interspecific Interrelationships competition (for resources)
predator/prey
plant/animal (grazers, browsers etc)
succession (replacement of species over time)
stratification (vertical eg forest layers)
zonation (horizontal eg shore zones)
animal/animal and plant/plant