unit 3 study guide spring 2010

8/9/2019 Unit 3 Study Guide Spring 2010

1/78

Unit 3

Study Guide Part 1 Spr 2010

Microevolution and Speciation


2/78

Microevolution

Learn the terms in the glossary.Questions 1- 26


3/78

Learn the Terms

Learn the terms from the glossary,Microevolution.


4/78

Question 1

1. ____?____ is genetic change in a lineof descent through successive generations


5/78

A nswer 1

1. Evolution is genetic change in a line of descent through successive generations.


6/78

Question 2

2. _______ _______ practices yieldevidence that heritable changes do occur.


7/78

A nswer 2

2. Se lec tiv e breed ing practices yieldevidence that heritable changes do occur.


8/78

Q - 3

3. Results of artificial selection show thatextremes in _____ and _____ are

universally attainable in a relatively shorttime period.


9/78

A nswer 3

3. Results of artificial selection show thatextremes in s ize and f o rm are universally

attainable in a relatively short time period.


10/78

Question 4

4. The selective breeding of dogs beganabout ______ years ago.


11/78

A nswer 4

4. The domestication of dogs began about14,000 years ago.


12/78

Question 5

5. Which Greek philosopher developed theconcept, the g rea t cha in o f be ing?


13/78

A nswer 5

5. Which Greek philosopher developed theconcept, the great chain of being?

Ar is totl e


14/78

Question 6

6. The notion that all aspects of naturecan be traced to their underlying causes

is attributed to _______

?


15/78

A nswer 6

6. The notion that all aspects of naturecan be traced to their underlying causesis attributed to Hippo cra te s ?


16/78

Question 7

7. Cite two types of confounding evidence that the great chain of beingdoes not explain.


17/78

A nswer 7

7. Cite two types of confounding evidence that the great chain of being does not explain.

Biog e og ra p hy

Co m p ara tiv e a n a to my

Ge ologi c d is c ov er ie s


18/78

Question 8

8. _________ is the study of thegeographical patterns of plant and animalspecies.


19/78

A nswer 8

8. Biogeography is the study of thegeographical patterns of plant and animalspecies.


20/78

Question 9

9. Name two biorealms and state wherethey are located.


21/78

A nswer 99. Name two biorealms and state where they arelocated.Palaeartic Europe - Siberia

Nearctic North A

mericaNeotropical Central and South A mericaA frotropical . A fricaIndomalayan S.E. A siaOceanian .. Pacific oceanic islands

A ustralian .. A ustraliaA ntarctic .. A ntarctica


22/78

Question10

10. Cite a puzzling problem fromcomparative anatomy.


23/78

A nswer 10

10. Cite a puzzling problem fromcomparative anatomy.

Ani ma ls a s d iffere nt a s wha le s a n d ba ts ha ve s im ilar b on e s in f o re limb s

o r

S o me p ar ts s eem to ha ve no f un c tion


24/78

Question 11

11. Why is the Grand Canyon an excellentlaboratory for geologic studies?


25/78

A nswer 11

11. Why is the Grand Canyon an excellentlaboratory for geologic studies?

The m ile dee p ca n yon p r ovi de s acce ss to ma n y layer s o f r o ck re p re s e nting ab out a b illion year s o f ear th h is to ry.


26/78

Question 12

12. ______ (shallow/deeper) layerscontain _______(simpler/more complex)fossils than shallow layers.


27/78

A nswer 12

12. Dee p er layers contain s im pl er fossilsthan shallow layers.


28/78

Question 13

13. Some fossils seem to be related toknown ________.


29/78

A nswer 13

13. Some fossils seem to be related toknown s p ec ie s .


30/78

Question 14

14. Georges Cuvier posited the idea of ________ ________ to explain multipleextinction events (such as the Flood).


31/78

A nswer 14

14. Georges Cuvier posited the idea of ________ ________ to explain multipleextinction events (such as the Flood).

Georges Cuvier - multiple catastrophes


32/78

Question 15

15. Lamarck was responsible for theconcept of the ______ of _______ characteristics.


33/78

A nswer 15

15. Lamarck was responsible for theconcept of the in her ita n ce of acq ui redcharacteristics.


34/78

Question 16

16. The English geologist,______, positedthe theory of Uniformity.


35/78

A nswer 16

16. The English geologist, Lye ll, positedthe theory of Uniformity.


36/78

Question 17

17. What was the name of the ship on whichDarwin sailed? (On a recent Georgia State

wide test, this was the only questionconcerning Darwin!!!).


37/78

A nswer 17

17. What was the name of the ship on whichDarwin sailed? (On a recent Georgia State

wide test, this was the only questionconcerning Darwin!!!).

HMS Beagle


38/78

Question 18

18. What group of organisms mostinfluenced Darwins shaping of his theoryof natural selection? Why?


39/78

A nswer 18

18. What group of organisms most influencedDarwins shaping of his theory of naturalselection? Why?

Galapagos finches

They were well isolated from the mainland and

seemed to be related through a line of commondescent.


40/78

Question 19

19. What is the Malthusian catastrophe?


41/78

Question 15

15. Lamarck was responsible for theconcept of the ______ of _______ characteristics.


42/78

A nswer 19

19. what is the Malthusian catastrophe?

This occurs when a population exceeds itsavailable resources.


43/78

Question 20

20. Of the following which is an inference?

Potential exponential increase in populations(s up erfec un d ity)

Heritability of much of the individual variation

Differential survival and reproduction i.e. natural selection


44/78

A nswer 20

20. Of the following which is an inference?

Potential exponential increase in populations

(s up erfec un d ity)

Heritability of much of the individual variation

Differential survival and reproduction i.e. natural selection


45/78

Question 21

21. Biological evolution does not changeindividuals/populations.

It changes individuals/ populations.


46/78

A nswer 21

21. Biological evolution does not changein d ivid u a ls /populations.

It changes individuals/ popul a tion s .


47/78

Question 22

22. Genetic resource that is shared (intheory) by all members of population is the

______ _____.


48/78

A nswer 22

22. Genetic resource that is shared (intheory) by all members of population is theg e n e pool .


49/78

Question 23

23. What determines alleles in newindividual? (state three)


50/78

A nswer 23

23. What determines alleles in new individual?(state three)MutationCrossing over at meiosis IIndependent assortment

Fertilization

Change in chromosome number or structure


51/78

Question 24

24. When is a population not evolving?


52/78

A nswer 24

24. When is a population not evolving?Whe n it is in g e n e tic eq uili br iu m (tha t is

the g e n e freq u e n c ie s are c on s ta nt , not cha nging ).


53/78

Question 25

25. What is the mathematical model thatmeasures genetic equilibrium?


54/78

A nswer 2525. What is the mathematical model that measuresgenetic equilibrium?

Hardy- We in b u r g Rul e

p 2 AA + 2 pq Aa + q 2 aa = 1

F req u e n cy o f a lle le A = p

F req u e n cy o f a lle le a = q p + q = 1


55/78

Question 26

26. What are two types of natural selectionmodels? (there are three).


56/78

A nswer 26

26. What are two types of naturalselection models? (there are three).

S tab ilizingDirec tion a lDis r uptiv e


57/78

Speciation

Learn the termsQuestions 1 - 17


58/78

Terms

Learn the terms found in the glossary,Speciation.


59/78

Q -1

1. The process by which species areformed is known as _______ .


60/78

A - 1

1. The process by which species areformed is known as

__ s p ec ia tion _______ .


61/78

Q 2 and 3

__________ is an accumulation of differences in separated pools of alleles.The evolution of reproductive _______

__________ pave the way for geneticdivergence and speciation.


62/78

A 2 and 3

Ge n e tic d iver g e n ce ______ __________ is an accumulation of differences inseparated pools of alleles. The evolutionof reproductive ___ is ol a ting mecha ni s m s_______ __________ pavethe way for genetic divergence and

speciation.


63/78

Q 4

Be ab le to br ief ly def in e the maj o r ca te go r ie s o f p re zygoti c a n dpo s tz ygoti c is ol a ting mecha ni s m s .


64/78

A 4Be ab le to br ief ly def in e the maj o r ca te go r ie s o f p re zygoti c a n d po s tz ygoti c is ol a ting mecha ni s m s .Prezygotic mechanisms take effect before or during fertilization.

a. Behavioral Isolation: p a tt er n s o f c ou r ts h ip maybe a ltered to the ex te nt tha t s ex u a l union is not ach ie ved (f o r exam pl e: a lba tr o ss c ou r ts h ip r itu a ls ).

b. T emporal Isolation: d iffere nt g r oup s may not be re p r o d u c tiv e ly ma tu re a t the s ame s ea s on , o r m ont h , o r year (f o r exam pl e: p er io d ica l c icada s ).

c. M echanical Isolation: two popul a tion s aremecha ni ca lly is ol a ted whe n d iffere n ce s in re p r o d u c tiv e o r g a n s p re ve nt s u cce ss f ul int erbreed ing (f o r exam pl e: f lo ra l arra ng eme nt s in s a g e pl a nt s d is cr im in a te be twee n d iffere nt bee pollin a to r s ).

d. E cological Isolation: pot e nti a l ma te s may be in the s ame g e n era l area by not in the s ame hab ita t where they are like ly to mee t (f o r exam pl e: d iffere nt s p ec ie s o f ma nz a nit a s hr u b s live a t d iffere nt a ltitu de s a n d hab ita ts ).

e. G ametic M ortality: in c o m p a tib iliti e s be twee n e gg a n d s p erm p re ve nt fer tiliz a tion (f o r exam pl e: s ign a ls to poll e n g ra in s to be gin g r o w ing to ward thee gg ).

P o s tz ygoti c mecha ni s m s take effec t af ter fer tiliz a tion .a. S o me time s fer tiliz a tion d o e s o cc u r be twee n

d iffere nt s p ec ie s, b ut the hybr id embry o is weak a n d d ie s .b. In s o me in s ta n ce s the hybr id s are vigo r ou s b ut

s ter ile (exam pl e: m ul e p r o d u ced by a ma le d on key a n d a fema le h o r s e).


65/78

Q 5, 6, 7, and 8_ _____ speciation occurs when daughter species formgradually by divergence in the absence of gene flowbetween geographically separate populations.In _______ speciation, daughter species arise,

sometimes rapidly, from a small proportion of individuals within an existing population.There is evidence that polyploid animals are rarebecause of a failed ________ compensation.When daughter species form from a small proportionof individuals along a common border between twopopulations, it is called _________ speciation


66/78

A 5, 6, 7, and 8____ Allop a tr ic _ _____ speciation occurs when

daughter species form gradually by divergence in theabsence of gene flow between geographicallyseparate populations.In ___ s ym p a tr ic _______ speciation, daughter speciesarise, sometimes rapidly, from a small proportion of individuals within an existing population.There is evidence that polyploid animals are rarebecause of a failed _ _d o s a g e ________ compensation.

When daughter species form from a small proportionof individuals along a common border between twopopulations, it is called _ p ara p a tr ic _________speciation


67/78

Q 9

Expl a in why s ym p a tr ic s p ec ia tion bypol yploi dy is a ra pi d me th o d o f s p ec ia tion .


68/78

A 9

Expl a in why s ym p a tr ic s p ec ia tion bypol yploi dy is a ra pi d me th o d o f s p ec ia tion .

P ol yploi dy is the

in her ita n ce o f three o r m o re o f each typ e o f chr o m o s o me d u e to im p r op er s e p ara tion o f chr o m o s o me s d u r ing me io s is o r m ito s is .

S p ec ia tion is in s ta nt a n e ou s f o r pl a nt s tha t are pol yploi dybeca u s e they ca n onl y p a ir up the ir chr o m o s o me s w ith ot her ide nti ca l pol yploi d s (p r op ha s e I).


69/78

Q 10, 11, 12, and 13

1. In some cases of parapatric speciation, geneexchange between two species is confined to a

_________ zone.

Explain why branches on an evolutionary tree thathave slight angles indicate the ________ model of speciation.Branches on an evolutionary tree that turn abruptlywith 90-degree turns are consistent with the _ _______ model of speciation.A n adaptive radiation is a burst of ________ from asingle lineage that give rise to many new species,each adapted to an unoccupied or a new habitat or tousing a novel resource.


70/78

A 10, 11, 12, and 131. In some cases of parapatric speciation, gene

exchange between two species is confined to a _ hybr id _________ zone.

Explain why branches on an evolutionary tree thathave slight angles indicate the __ g rad u a l ________model of speciation.Branches on an evolutionary tree that turn abruptlywith 90-degree turns are consistent with the

__ pun c tu a ted _ _______ model of speciation.A n adaptive radiation is a burst of

__ d iver g e n ce s________ from a single lineage thatgive rise to many new species, each adapted to anunoccupied or a new habitat or to using a novelresource.


71/78

Q 14

Dis tingui s h c lad og e n e s is fr o ma n a g e n e s is .


72/78

A 14

Dis tingui s h c lad og e n e s is fr o ma n a g e n e s is .

C ladogenesis a ppli e s to popul a tion s tha t bec o me is ol a tedfr o m on e a not her a n d s u b s eq u e ntl yd iver g e in d iffere nt d irec tion s .

Anagenesis is ap a tt er n o f de s ce nt in wh ich s p ec ie s f o rm w ith in a s ingl e , un bra n ched lin e.


73/78

Q 15

Be ab le to ex pl a in the u s e o f e volution ary tree d ia g ram s a n d thes ymb oli s m u s ed.


74/78

A 15Be ab le to ex pl a in the u s e o f e volution ary treed ia g ram s a n d the s ymb oli s m u s ed.

E volutionary trees s u mmar izein f o rma tion ab out the c ontinuit y o f re la tion s h ip am ong s p ec ie s .

The gradual model o f s p ec ia tion is re p re s e nt ed by tree d ia g ram s w ithbra n che s a t s lig h t a ngl e s to each ot her to s h o w s lo wcha ng e ov er time.

The punctuation model o f

s p ec ia tion is draw n w ith s h o r t, h o r izont a l bra n che s tha t re p re s e nt abr upt p er io d s o f s p ec ia tion f ollo wedby s tab le p er io d s .


75/78

Q16

C ite exam pl e s o f ada ptiv e zon e s .


76/78

A 16

C ite exam pl e s o f ada ptiv e zon e s .An ada ptiv e zon e is a s e t o f ec ologi ca l ni che s tha t may be o cc upi ed by ag r oup o f s p ec ie s tha t ex ploit s the s amere s ou rce s in a s im ilar ma nn er.Exam pl e s : The s a n dy beach , the br oo k

b otto m , e tc


77/78


78/78

A 17

The fossil record shows twenty or more __ ma ss ________ extinctions.

unit 3 study guide spring 2010

Documents