unit 3 ib history of europe - mcquaid 1 unit 3 napoleon bonaparte i
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Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid
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UNIT 3
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE I
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3.2
Nationalism
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La Marseillaise (1792)
Let us go, children of the fatherlandOur day of Glory has arrived.Against us stands tyranny,The bloody flag is raised,The bloody flag is raised.Do you hear in the countrysideThe roar of these savage soldiers They come right into our armsTo cut the throats of your sons,your country.
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La Marseillaise
To arms, citizens!Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march!That their impure bloodShould water our fields
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La Marseillaise
Sacred love of the fatherlandGuide and support our vengeful arms.Liberty, beloved liberty,Fight with your defenders;Fight with your defenders.Under our flags, so that victoryWill rush to your manly strains;That your dying enemiesShould see your triumph and glory
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La Marseillaise
To arms, citizens!Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march!That their impure bloodShould water our fields
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3:3
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon’s Early Career
November, 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in a coup d’etat.
He was supported by the Bourgeoisie, the Commercial Classes, peasants, the Catholic Church and the Royalists.
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Middle Class or Bourgeoisie
They wanted equality of opportunity and abolition of the Three Estates system.
They were given the Civil Code of 1804.
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Commercial Classes
French Merchants were not happy since there was no place for their new concerns.
Napoleon promised them The Bank of France.
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Peasants
This was the largest group but had the least political voice.
They gained both land and status under Napoleon.
Peasants also gained equality under the law.
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The Catholic Church and Royalists
The Concordat gave the Church protection.
Napoleon’s Civil Code granted freedom of religion.
Napoleon granted amnesty to 100 000 émigrés who had left France under the Convention.
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3.4
Napoleon the Military General
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Napoleon’s Military Strategy
Swift marches. No reliance on fortresses. Wait for a time when the
enemy divides to engage in combat.
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Napoleon’s Military Strategy
Confront the line too far from reinforcements.
Use mountains and rivers. Seize elevations for artillery.
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3.7
Napoleon’s Foreign Policies
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Major Foreign Policy Achievements
Napoleon wanted a Continental System with Paris as the “capital of the world.”
The Italian Campaign (1796-97). The Egyptian Campaign (1798-
1801). 1801, Napoleon defeated Austria
and acquired Italian and German territories.
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Major Foreign Policy Achievements
1805, Austria and Prussia were defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz.
1806, Napoleon established control of western Germany
1807, Napoleon redrew the map of Europe in the Treaties of Tilsit.
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3.8
Napoleonic Code
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Key Concepts
Freedom of speech, worship and enterprise.
Equality of all before the law. No recognition of privileges of
birth. Right of all to public trial by jury. Separation of church and state.
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Strengths and Weaknesses
It preserved the social aims of the Revolution.
It protected the interests of the rising middle class.
It guaranteed civil liberties. Women could not vote.
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Strengths and Weaknesses
In disputes over wages, the word of the employer wins.
Slavery was restored in the French colonies.
Working men’s associations remained banned.
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3.10
Domestic Policies
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Structural Changes
France was divided into prefectures.
Each prefect was appointed by Napoleon and had a complete delegation of power.
Prefects received instructions directly from Paris.
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Politics in Napoleonic France
Law of Hostages was repealed. Revolutionaries were recalled to
France. Every institution was
subservient to the army. In foreign lands he ended
feudalism and brought his Code.
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Economics in Napoleonic France
In 1800 The Bank of France was created.
Agriculture received protective tariffs, reliable financing and well-maintained transport.
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Economics in Napoleonic France
Public Works: Inland navigation, bridges, roads and museums.
Sidewalks, house numbers, water supply, sewers, a fire department, new markets and slaugher houses were established.
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Religion Under Napoleon
Christian Churches were reopened for worship.
In 1810 the Concordat with the Catholic Church was signed.
There was better treatment of Jews.
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Social Changes Under Napoleon
Penal Code of 1810. Primary school in every
commune. Lycees (high schools) were
established in every important town.
University of France.
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Social Changes
Education under Napoleon became the business of the state.
The Conscription Law of 1798. Secret Police. Public welfare was more
centralized. Health Care was greatly improved.
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Industry in Napoleonic France
Protective tariffs. The Continental Blockade. Loans on easy terms. New markets were opened as
Napoleon’s empire expanded.
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The Arts Napoleon brought art from Egypt. Paris became the cultural centre of
Europe. Looting made the Louvre a world art
centre. Built the Arc de Triomphe, the
façade of the Chamber of Deputies, the courtyard and Rivoili wing of the Louvre.
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Impact of Napoleon
Liberalism and Nationalism were stimulated throughout Europe.
Empire helps German and Italian unification.
Feudalism and serfdom were ended in the countries he conquered.
Napoleonic Code entered other nations.
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3.11
The Congress of Vienna
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Major Players at Vienna
Talleyrand slowed down proceedings and won France international acceptance.
Hardenburg looked for a Prussian dominated peace.
Castlereagh hoped each power, having obtained what was ‘essential to its own security’ would settle into peace.
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Major Players
Castlereagh became the arbiter of disputes over land and other issues.
Alexander I believed Russia had destroyed Napoleon.
Metternich believed in stability and the common interests of Europe.
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Main Concerns
Balance of power, containment of France and maintenance of peace.
Great Powers also attempted to satisfy their own national interests.
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Key Components of the Settlement
Louis XVIII is returned to the throne.
The Allies did not impose damaging reparations on France.
France was forced back to her 1792 borders.
Legitimate rulers were restored to power.
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Key Components of the Settlement
Germanic Federation was created. Nations which contributed to
Napoleon’s defeat gained territory. The Balance of Power. The Quadruple Alliance was formed. The Congress did not address the
issue of nationalism.
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Pros and Cons of Vienna
Peacemakers refrained from punishing France.
The African slave was liberated. The balance of power made it
difficult for one nation to dominate.
Peace existed in Europe until the Crimean War in 1853.
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Pros and Cons of Vienna
There was no League of Nations type structure.
Nothing was done regarding disarmament.
Nationalism was disregarded. The interests of kings took
precedence over the people.