unit 3 consonants contents i. lead-in ii. what are consonants iii. classification of consonants iv....
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 3 Consonants
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Contents
I. Lead-inII. What Are ConsonantsIII. Classification of ConsonantsIV. Pronunciation of Consonants
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I. Lead-in
44 phonemes :
20 vowels, 24 consonants II. What Are Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced with a complete or partial obstruction which prevents the air from going freely through the mouth. They are either voiced or voiceless.
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III. Classification of Consonants three principles of classification:1. Vibration of the Vocal Folds ( 声带的振动) ① voiceless consonants — aspirated, strong and long ② voiced consonants — unaspirated, weak and short
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voiceless: /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ ︱ ︱ ︱ ︱ ︱ voiced: /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ voiceless: /s/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/ ︱ ︱ ︱ voiced: /z/ /Ʒ/ /ʤ/ voiceless: /h/ voiced: /r, m, n, ŋ, l, j, w/
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2. Place of Articulation (发音部位) ① bilabials 双唇音 /p, b, m, w/ ② labio-dentals 唇齿音 /f, v/ ③ dentals 齿音 /θ, ð/
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④ alveolars 齿龈音 /t, d, s, z, n, l/ ⑤ post-alveolar 后齿龈音 /r/ ⑥ palato-alveolars 硬腭龈音 /ʃ, Ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/
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⑦ palatal 硬腭音 /j/ ⑧ velars 软腭音 /k, g, ŋ/ ⑨ glottal 声门音 / 喉音 /h/
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3. Manner of Articulation (发音方式)
① Plosives/Stops 爆破音 / 塞音 /p, b, t, d, k, g/② Fricatives 摩擦音 /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, Ʒ, h/ ③ Affricates 破 / 塞擦音 /ʧ, ʤ/
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④ Nasals 鼻音 /m, n, ŋ/ ⑤ Lateral 舌边音 /l/⑥ Glides/Semi-vowels 滑音 / 半元音 /j, w/ ⑦ frictionless continuant 无摩擦延续音 /r/
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IV. Pronunciation of Consonants
(continued)