unit 3 - cell structure and function presentation

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Unit 3:Cellular Structure and FunctionMr. HulseBVHS2013-2014

Unit 3: Learning Targets 1-9

History of the Cell Robert Hooke (1665)

1st person to see a “cell” Observed a piece of

cork using a microscope Saw small, empty

boxes…

Unit 3 LT 1: Explain the three (3) main ideas of cell theory

History of the Cell Robert Hooke (1665)

1st person to see a “cell” Observed a piece of

cork using a microscope Saw small, empty

boxes… These boxes reminded

him of the small rooms monks live in called cells

His observations were of “non-living” cells


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Robert Hooke


History of the cell Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1st person to describe “living cells” (1673)

Animalcules – name he gave to the many things he observed


The Cell Theory1. All living organisms are composed of

cells.2. The cell is the basic unit of life3. Cells come from pre-existing cells


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The Cell All cells have structures in them called

organelles The organs of the cell…

These specialized structures allow and provide the cell to complete specific specialized functions

Unit 3 LT 2: Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryote or Eukaryote?Prokaryote

Only bacteria cells NO: nucleus NO: organelles with

membranes DNA is contained

as 1 single circular strand

Eukaryote All other types of cells YES: Nucleus YES: Organelles with

membranes DNA is contained as

many coiled chromosomes

Unit 3 LT 2: Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane The cell is surrounded

by a “water-proof” plasma membrane

This is the outer layer of the cell

Controls what enters and exits the cell

General structure –Phospholipid Bi-layer

Plants have an additional layer known as a cell-wall

Unit 3 LT 4: Describe the structure of cellular membranes.

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Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane

The phosphate group (orange) is polar and hydrophilic

The fatty-acid tails (yellow) are non-polar and hydrophobic


Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane Hydrophilic –

Capable of hydrogen bonding

Water loving Hydrophobic –

Not capable of hydrogen bonding

Water repelling



Unit 3 LT 4: Describe the structure of cellular membranes.Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes

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Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane Membranes are semi-permeable

Not everything can pass through the membrane

Fats and other lipids can move straight through

Other large compounds and macromolecules require membrane proteins


Membrane Proteins

Peripheral Proteins On the outside

edges of the membrane

Integral Proteins Inside/through the

phospholipid bi-layer

These proteins act as “channels” for other molecules to pass through

Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes.

Organelles

Unit 3 LT 9: Describe the structure, function, and location of all organelles.

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The Organelles:1. Cytoplasm2. Nucleus/Nucleolus3. Mitochondrion4. Smooth ER5. Rough ER6. Ribosomes

7. Lysosomes8. Golgi Apparatus9. Cytoskeleton10. Cilia and Flagella11. Chloroplast12. Vacuole


1. Cytoplasm The entire region

from nucleus to plasma membrane composed of cytosol and the many suspended organelles Cytosol - Gel-like

fluid


1. Cytoplasm


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2. Nucleus/Nucleolus Protects and stores

DNA in the cell Has 2 membranes

Why 2? These membranes

have nuclear poresallowing large molecules to pass through

Both plant and animal cells have nuclei


2. Nucleus/Nucleolus In the middle of the

nucleus, we find our nucleolus

Site of protein synthesis

Where ribosomes are made

Does not have a membrane


3. Mitochondrion

Kidney-bean-likestructure serving as energy supplier to the cell

Site of cellular respiration Glucose + O2 = ATP

Has 2 membranes In both plant and

animal cellsUnit 3 LT 9: Describe the structure, function, and location of all organelles.

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Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)


Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)


4. SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER) NO ribosomes

covering surface Synthesis of lipid

molecules For example –

hormones testosterone and estrogen


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5. RoughEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ribosomes cover the

outside surface Package and export

proteins produced by the ribosomes

Salivary glands are rich in rough endoplasmic reticuli and ribosomes


6. Ribosomes Produce proteins Has 0 (zero)

membranes Made of protein

and rRNA Made in the

nucleolus of the cell

Both plant and animal cells contains ribosomes


How fast can this all occur???Unit 3 LT 9: Describe the structure, function, and location of all organelles.

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7. Lysosomes Membrane-bound

sacs Contain digestive

enzymes Break down

macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates)

Immune, nutrition, and repair roles


7. Lysosomes

Does not necessarily have to be “food” (digestion) Could be bacteria or virus infected cell (immune) Could be an old or damaged cell (repair)


8. Golgi Apparatus Modifies, stores,

and routes proteins “FedEx/UPS” of the

cell Processing and

shipping center Arranged as series

of flattened sacs Transports through

use of vesiclesUnit 3 LT 9: Describe the structure, function, and location of all organelles.

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9. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton is a

network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm Microtubules are

larger, hollow tubes that provide rigid shape and organization to a cell

Microfilaments are thinner, solid rods that provide flexibility and enable the cell to change shape

Microtubule

Microfilament


9. Cytoskeleton


10. Cilia and FlagellaCilia

Hair-like structure surrounding cell

Made of short bundles of microtubules

Use a back-and-forth waving motion

Oars on a rowboat

Flagella Long, thin, and whip-

like Made of many

microtubules Wave in an “S” pattern

similar to a snake


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10. Cilia and Flagella


Mucociliary Escalator


11. Chloroplast Found ONLY in plant

cells Makes energy from

sunlight for the plant cell

Site of photosynthesis Has 2 membranes


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11. Chloroplast

Fluid filled space is called Stroma Thylakoid – site of photosynthesis Stacks of thylakoids are called Grana


12. Vacuole Large membrane-

bound sacs Store undigested

nutrients Often holds excess

water In plants – absorbs

water and allows for the cells to grow in size

Provides turgidity: Larger due to

swelling


Wilted plant…


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The phosphate group (orange) is polar and hydrophilic

The fatty-acid tails (yellow) are non-polar and hydrophobic


Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane Hydrophilic –

Capable of hydrogen bonding

Water loving Hydrophobic –

Not capable of hydrogen bonding

Water repelling


Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane Membranes are semi-permeable

Not everything can pass through the membrane

Small lipids and water can move straight through passive transport - osmosis and diffusion

Other large compounds and macromolecules require membrane proteins Active transport


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Unit 3 LT 4: Describe the structure of cellular membranes.Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes.

Membrane Proteins

Peripheral Proteins On the outside

edges of the membrane

Integral Proteins Inside/through the

phospholipid bi-layer

These proteins act as “channels” for other molecules to pass through

Unit 3 LT 4: Describe the structure of cellular membranes.Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes.

Passive Transport Definition: the free

movement of particles or substances across a membrane

The movement will go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Does NOT require the use of energy (ATP) –“natural”

HIGH CONCENTRATION

LOW CONCENTRATION

Unit 3 LT 6: Explain the differences and similarities between active and passive transport and how each of these relates to solute concentration.

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Concentrations? The amount of dissolved solutes per volume

of solution REVIEW:

Solvent and Solutes? Solutes – the particle that is dissolved within a

solution Solvent – the substance that dissolves the

particles These measurements set up a Concentration

Gradient


Concentration Gradient Definition: a gradual change in

concentration of solutes in a solution


PASSIVE TRANSPORTOSMOSIS

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

DIFFUSION Movement of

particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration


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Diffusion: Definition: Movement of

particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration


Facilitated Diffusion Remember! The cell membrane is semi-

permeable meaning NOT EVERYTHING can simply diffuse across the membrane

How do we get these compounds in and/or out of the cell?

Membrane Proteins!

Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes.Unit 3 LT 6: Explain the differences and similarities between active and passive transport

and how each of these relates to solute concentration.

Unit 3 LT 5: Identify the functions of proteins in cellular membranes.Unit 3 LT 6: Explain the differences and similarities between active and passive transport

and how each of these relates to solute concentration.

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Osmosis: Definition: Movement

of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration




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Types of Solutions Isotonic:

Having an equal amount of dissolved solutes within and outside the cell

Hypertonic: Having a higher amount

of solutes dissolved outside the cell

Hypotonic: having a lower amount

of dissolved solutes outside the cell


Active Transport Movement across a membrane AGAINST

its concentration gradient – “not-natural” As a result - Active transport requires the

use of energy (ATP)

Examples of why this would be necessary?


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Sodium and Potassium ion pumps generate a charge along nerve cells!

3 Sodium (Na+) ions leave cell

2 Potassium (K+) ions enter the cell

Result?

Interesting information…

Polarization of the nerve cell creating an action potential



unit 3 - cell structure and function presentation

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