Unit 2 Population Dynamics

1. Study the table below. Describe the different rates of population growth between 1500 and 2185 (estimated) and explain why future growth rates are uncertain. (6 Marks)

Year World population1500 500 Million (half a

billion)1804 1 Billion1927 2 Billion1960 3 Billion1974 4 Billion1987 5 Billion1999 6 Billion2011 7 Billion2027 (estimated)

8 Billion

2043 9 Billion2185 10 Billion

Over time there is an increase of the population, from the year 1500 where there was only 500 million to the year 2185 where there was 10 billion. There is a gradual increase; it raises by a billion every couple of years. However, predicting future growth rates are uncertain and difficult due to various factors. Firstly, the access of and the use of contraception has a massive influence in the increase of the population, specifically in developing countries. Developing countries are at a high risk of getting unintended pregnancy we also do not know if governments will invest on creating services and plans to help sustain and reduce any overpopulating country. This therefore makes it hard for people to predict any future growth rate. We also do not know if there will be an epidemic or if any new diseases would not be able to be withstood, this would drastically impact a population. Another factor would be life expectancy this would affect a country because now older people are able to say alive longer due to better healthcares, there is decreased chances of dying from things which may have not been.

2. Study the diagram of the demographic Transition model. Describe what happens to each of the following throughout the 5 stages. (6 Marks)

A. Birth Rate: Birth rate during stage one – (high fluctuating) is quite high. This is because of the lack of family planning, people are careless in the amount of children they have. Also, the high Infant mortality rate means that the mothers would want to make up for their dead children, so that they can use them in order to get a financial gain in the family. This is because they need money for the agriculture; most people owned land and grew their own crops. The birth date resumes being high even at the second stage. Yet, in stage 3 of the demographic modal the birth date finally begins to fall and become almost on a par with the death rates. This would be due to better family planning, so the numbers of children are more controlled. There is low infant mortality rate because of the better health system,

as well as the improved sanitations. There is an overall improved food production and storage; consequently people would not die of bacteria, such as salmonella. At stage 4 the birth rate stays lower, again because of the improved status women, so they do not feel bound to only just have children.

B. Death Rate:The death rate starts of as being very high. This is because of the high level of diseases which kill people at early stages of life. The famine due to the environmental issues that country face and the government not reacting to the publics hunger. There is a lack of clean water and sanitation; this has heavy effects on the people as there is no medical aid. This would be due to there being a lack of education, so people are not taught the effects of poor sanitations and uncontrolled pregnancy. However, in stage two (early expanding) the death rate begins to decease. This would be a result of improved healthcare (such as the small pox vaccine). There also is an improved hygiene within the country, i.e. water boiled before drank from to, kill the bacteria. Over the course of the stages death rate remains low because of the improved state of the country.

C. Total Population: The total population at stage 1 stays like stable and has a slow increase. This is because both the death rate and birth rate are high, it almost cancels itself out. At stage 2 the population is very rapid; this is because of the high birth rate. But then at the stage 3 the increase slows down, this is due to the change in living standards. It then resumes being stable and having a slow increase when it is on stage 4 (like stage 1). At stage 5 it has a slow decrease, this may perhaps be a natural decrease, it happens when the birth and death rate are at par with each other.

3. Using named examples explain how population structure varies according to level of development. (6 marks)

4. Describe what is meant by an ageing population. Using a named example, outline 2 problems faced by countries with an ageing population (6 marks)

Italy -An aging population.

An aging population is the shift in the country’s population towards older ages and this is usually reflected in an increase in the proportion of the population that is elderly. In Italy’s case the large part of the population starts to move from the pre-retirement to the post-retirement age group, the effect of that is the slowdown of the growth of the working-age population. This means that there is a lower growth in per capita incomes and lower growth in the Italian economy. One problem faced by Italy is the strain on government’s budget. This is because the government will need to be spending more money on pensioners, retirement homes and medical facilities for elderly people. Therefore the government raised the retirement home. It also means an increase cost of medical care, so the money is manageable. Another problem would be the increasing number in nursing homes.

5. Describe what is meant by a youthful population. Using a named example, outline 2 problems faced by countries with a youthful population (6 marks)

Egypt -A youthful population.

A youthful population is when a very high amount of a population is under the age of 15. A problem faced by Egypt with its youthful population is that young people are unable to find work, 90% of people unemployed in Egypt were the youths. Many of them believe that there is no work available so they feel the need to migrate elsewhere, as well as them believing that having personal connections is more important than securing a job. Another problem is their lack of appropriate education system. It is not only about the scarcity of jobs but the

fact that the higher education systems does not allow them to have the correct qualifications to move on.

6. Explain how some countries use population policies to limit population growth. (6 marks)

Anti-Natalist -China’s one child Policy.

Countries often need to manage their population to gain an optimum population (when resources and populations equally balance=sustainable). Governments often step into manage their populations to stop them passing the tipping point that leads to overpopulation. This policy was introduced in order to control the high growth rate of population. This is because the government was pressured on land and food supplies due to the every large population. This had effects such as birth rate falling from 34 per 1000 in 1970 (when it was introduced) to 13 per 1000 in 2008. Another effect was that the total population has grown from 996 million in 1980 to 1,320 million today. This seems more controlled than when their birth rates were off the chart and untameable. China was able to enforce this policy by using incentives. Couples with one child were given benefits such as cash bonuses and better childcare. The government also improved housing and any unauthorised pregnancy was pressurised into aborting.

7. Explain how some countries use population policies to encourage population growth (pro-natalist) (6 marks)

Pro-Natalist -Estonia

Estonia had recently become independent from Russia in 1992. Therefore, there was a falling population due to fertility rate declining from 2.2 million in 1988to 1.4 million in 1998. People were planning on having fewer children because of the increase of poverty, single lifestyles and young people were migrating overseas. This impacted Estonia’s economical state as the country was segregated with Russia, so they heavily relied on their own people to help. They used incentives to encourage people to have more children, an introduction of mother’s salary where women were paid to have children. They also had 15 months fully paid maternity leave, thus having a baby would appear to be more appealing.

8. Using a named example explain the costs and benefits of an open door approach to immigration. (6 marks)UK -1997-2010

Costs:

A disadvantage of an open door approach immigration would be that the country would may not get immigrates who help the economy. This would mean that the British government would have to provide benefits which would be of o use to the UK. Another disadvantage would be that the immigrates may not socialise

with other groups which isolates them from other groups, may give way to prejudice and stereotypes.

Benefits:

It allows more workers within the countries so more money encircles between the stock market and government. There is a vast ethnicity and diversity between each borough and city; this would help to cause harmony.

9. Using a named example explain how and why some countries seek to limit immigration.

Unit 2 Development Dilemmas

1. Evaluate the usefulness of economic and social criteria when measuring a countries level of development. (6 marks)

The GDP is the Gross Domestic Product per capita, which is the total value of goods and services in a nation measures over a year. This economic criterion allows us to know the exports done within a country which is a way to measure its economical state. This would show a countries development as a more developed country would have a higher GDP as they would be able to afford the goods and services. The HDI is the Human Development Index; this gives a country a score between 0 and 1 and is based on life expectancy, education and income. This social aspect suggests that a more developed country would have a higher life expectancy, because of them having medical appliances and educated people to enable this. Corruption perceptions Index is the level in which country is corrupt. Thus the more corrupt the country is the less it’s development is.

2. Using examples explain what is meant by the development gap and describe how it has changed over time. (6 marks)

The development gap is a modal drawn by Brandt to show that the economical status off a country varied depending on where it was. For him he believed that all the countries on the Northern part of the world were all developed whilst the South was not. This has clearly changed over time because in his modal China is part of the south, it had now the second largest economy making Brandt mistaken. As well as countries like Saudi Arabia who although didn’t follow similar trends has become developed due to its large supply of oil.

3. Using examples from 1country in Sub Saharan Africa, describe the barriers that prevent its progress (6 marks)

4. Describe Rostows theory about how countries develop over time. (6 marks)

5. How useful is Frank’s dependency theory in explaining why LEDC countries like Malawi haven’t developed? (6 marks)

6. Using examples, describe how levels of development may vary within a country. (6 marks)

7. Using examples, describe the difference between top-down and bottom-up development. (6 marks)

8. For a top down development project that you have studied, explain its benefits and problems. (8 marks)

Unit 2 topic 4 Development DilemmasGeographical models1. Measuring development using GDP, HDI and Corruption

perceptions index.2. The Brandt line/development gap3. Rostows modernisation theory4. Franks dependency theory

Case studies1. The development gap from 1980 to present.2. Malawi, A sub Saharan country- recent social and economic

development and future barriers to progress.3. India – different levels of development within a country (urban vs

rural and core vs periphery)4. “Top down” development scheme – Katse dam in Lesthoto.5. “Bottom up” development scheme – Sand dams in Kenya.

Unit 2 Consuming resources

1. Describe what is happening to world energy consumption. (6)

2. Explain why some people believe that the world’s resources will run out soon, while others think that will not happen. (6) Hint Malthus and Boserup.

3. Using named examples, describe likely pressures on the future global supply of either oil or gas. (6) Hint USA and China

4. Using examples, explain how governments try to manage resource consumption through education, conservation and recycling. (6)

5. Using examples evaluate the ways in which new technologies such as the hydrogen economy might resolve resource shortages.(6)

Unit 2 Globalisation

1. Outline two benefits and two problems industrialisation can bring to a country. (6)

2. Annotate the Clark Fisher model with the current position for Vietnam, Bangladesh and UK. Give evidence to show why this is the case for each country. (6)

3. Outline the role of global institutions including the WTO, IMF and TNCs in creating a more globalised economy. (6)

4. Evaluate the impact of globalisation on different groups of people, including women as a group and men as a group in the developed and developing world (6) Leeds and Bangladesh named examples.

What changes have taken place in the flow of goods and capital?

5. Explore the changes in the amount and pattern of international trade and FDI. Give reasons for these changes, including lower transport costs, TNC growth and mergers and state-led investment. (6)

6. Using BT explain how outsourcing can affect different countries in different ways. (6)

7. Using Nike, explain how TNCs operate in different parts of the world. (6)