unit 12- ecology study guide -...

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________

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Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 1: Ecologists Study Relationships

Unit 12- Ecology Study Guide Section 13.1: Ecologists Study Relationships

KEY CONCEPT

Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization.

Write a description of each level of organization in the table. Also, provide an

example for each level.

MAIN IDEA: Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation,

and modeling.

6. What is observation?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ecology ecosystem

community biome

Level Description Example

1. organism

2. population

3. community

4. ecosystem

5. biome

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 1: Ecologists Study Relationships

Study Guide continued

7. What is the difference between direct and indirect surveys?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. Complete the following table with a benefit and a drawback of conducting an

experiment in the laboratory compared with conducting an experiment in the

field.

9. When might a scientist use a model as a research method?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

10. What is ecology?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

11. Of the three terms, biome, community, and ecosystem, which term contains the

other two?

_______________________________________________________________

Experiment Benefit Drawback

Laboratory

Field

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Section 13.2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors

KEY CONCEPT

Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors.

Use a word from the box below to complete the following sentences.

1. All ecosystems are made up of _____________________ and _____________________ components.

2. ____________________ factors are living things, such as ____________________ or ____________________.

3. ____________________ factors are nonliving things, such as ___________________, ___________________, or ___________________.

MAIN IDEA: Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors.

4. Describe what biodiversity means in your own words.

_______________________________________________________________

5. What is the term for an organism that has an unusually large effect on its

ecosystem?

_______________________________________________________________

biotic biodiversity

abiotic keystone species

abiotic animals biotic

living moisture nonliving

plants temperature wind

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors


6. List a few reasons why a beaver is an example of a keystone species.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

7. What is the difference between a biotic and an abiotic factor?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. Take another look at the Visual Vocab in Section 2. In architecture, a keystone

is the stone at the center of an arch that holds the arch together. How does this

definition relate to a keystone species?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Be Creative

In the box below, sketch a simple ecosystem and label the abiotic and biotic

factors.

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 3: Energy in Ecosystems

Section 13.3: Energy in Ecosystems

KEY CONCEPT

Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem.

Complete the following sentences with the correct term.

1. _____________________ are organisms that get their energy from

_____________________ resources, meaning they make their own food.

These organisms are also called _____________________.

2. _____________________ are organisms that get their energy by

_____________________ other organisms. These organisms are also called

_____________________.

3. Why are producers so important to an ecosystem?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Why is the Sun important to both producers and consumers?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

producer heterotroph

autotroph chemosynthesis

consumer

autotrophs eating nonliving

consumers heterotrophs producers

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 3: Energy in Ecosystems

Photosynthesis

__________________

__________________

Chemosynthesis

__________________

__________________

Both

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________


MAIN IDEA: Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight.

5. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

Vocabulary Check

6.

Word Part Meaning

auto- self

hetero- other

-troph nourishment

Use the above word origins to explain the difference between an autotroph and a

heterotroph.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. The prefix photo- means “light” while the prefix chemo- means “chemical.”

How do these word origins relate to the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. What is the difference between a consumer and a producer?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 4: Food Chains and Food Webs

Section 13.4: Food Chains and Food Webs

KEY CONCEPT

Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding

relationships.

Complete the following sentence with the correct terms.

1. A food chain follows the connection between one _____________ and a single

chain of _____________ within an _____________________.

Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description.

2. I eat only plants. I am a(n) _________________________________________ .

3. I eat only other animals. I am a(n) __________________________________ .

4. I eat both plants and animals. I am a(n) ______________________________ .

5. I eat dead organic matter. I am a(n)__________________________________ .

6. I break down organic matter into simpler compounds. I am a(n) ___________ .

7. I am the first consumer above the producer level. I am a(n) _______________ .

8. I am a carnivore that eats herbivores. I am a(n) ________________________ .

9. I am a carnivore that eats other carnivores. I am a(n) ____________________ .

10. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called ____________________ .

food chain herbivore carnivore omnivore

detritivore decomposer specialist generalist

trophic level food web

carnivore herbivore secondary consumer

decomposer omnivore tertiary consumer

detritivore primary consumer trophic levels

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 4: Food Chains and Food Webs


MAIN IDEA: A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships.

11. How is a food web different from a food chain?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

12. What happens to energy at each link in a food web?

_______________________________________________________________

13. What type of organism provides the base of a food web?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

14. Use your knowledge of the words special and general to explain the diets of a

specialist and a generalist.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

15.

Word Part Meaning

herba vegetation

carnus flesh

omnis all

Use the word origins to explain the diets of each of the following consumers:

herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology Principles of Ecology Study Guide B

Section 13.5: Cycling of Matter

KEY CONCEPT

Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Water cycles through the environment.

Fill in the chart with a description of each process that describes how water

moves through an ecosystem in the hydrologic cycle.

MAIN IDEA: Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems.

Complete the following sentences with the proper terms.

5. Plants, animals, and most other organisms need ___________________ for

cellular ___________________.

6. Oxygen is released as a waste product by plants during the process of ___________________. Animals takes in this oxygen and release it as

___________________ during the process of ___________________.

7. In the carbon cycle, plants use energy from the Sun to convert

___________________ from the air into organic material that becomes a part of the plant’s structure.

8. Carbon is released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when you breathe

during the process of ___________________ or through the

___________________ of dead organisms.

9. ___________________, or the burning of fossil fuels, also adds carbon

dioxide to the atmosphere.

hydrologic cycle nitrogen fixation

biogeochemical cycle

Process Description

1. precipitation

2. evaporation

3. transpiration

4. condensation

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology Principles of Ecology Study Guide B

10. What is nitrogen fixation?

_______________________________________________________________

11. List five steps that occur during the phosphorus cycle.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Natural and human activities can disrupt biogeochemical cycles and

ecosystems.

12. Explain how widescale use of electrical power could cause a disruption in the

carbon cycle.

_______________________________________________________________

13. Many scientists link the extinction of dinosaurs to an asteroid crashing into

Earth 65 million years ago. Describe one way this naturally occurring event

might have disrupted biogeochemical cycles enough to initiate a global mass extinction.

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

Use the following word origins to answer the questions below.

14. What is a biogeochemical cycle?

_______________________________________________________________

15. What is the hydrologic cycle?

_______________________________________________________________

Word Part Meaning

bio- life

chem- chemical

geo- earth

hydro- water

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Study Guide B Section 6: Pyramid Models

Section 13.6: Pyramid Models

KEY CONCEPT

Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic

levels.

Complete the following sentences with the correct terms.

1. The measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area is called

___________________.

2. When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer into its own

biomass, a large amount of energy is lost as ___________________ and

___________________.

3. Label the four tiers of the energy pyramid with the correct trophic level

(producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers).

biomass energy pyramid

biomass heat waste

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B


MAIN IDEA: Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and

distribution of organisms.

Write a description of each pyramid model.

Vocabulary Check

7. What is biomass?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Make an Energy Pyramid

8. Choose an ecosystem. Research what types of plants and animals live in your chosen ecosystem. Draw an energy pyramid that might exist within that

ecosystem.

Model Description

4. energy pyramid

5. biomass pyramid

6. pyramid of numbers

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 1: Habitat and Niche

Section 14.1: Habitat and Niche

KEY CONCEPT

Every organism has a habitat and a niche.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: A habitat differs from a niche.

1. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its ecological niche?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2.

Determine which ecological factors are a part of a lion’s niche and which are a part

of a lion’s habitat by placing the above items in the correct column.

MAIN IDEA: Resource availability gives structure to a community.

3. What is competitive exclusion?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

habitat competitive exclusion

ecological niche ecological equivalent

food trees zebra grass

hunting

behavior watering hole sand savanna

other lions wildebeest temperature

Habitat Niche

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 1: Habitat and Niche


4. What are the three possible outcomes of competitive exclusion?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. What are ecological equivalents?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why ecological equivalents do not share the same niche.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

7. The term habitat comes from a Latin word which means “to dwell.” Explain

how this word origin relates to the definition of a habitat.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. In competitive exclusion, who is competing and who gets excluded?

_______________________________________________________________

9. What does equivalent mean in math? How does that meaning relate to

ecological equivalents?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 2: Community Interactions

Section 14.2: Community Interactions

KEY CONCEPT

Organisms interact as individuals and in populations.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Competition and predation are two important ways in which

organisms interact.

Next to each situation described below, write whether it is an example of

interspecific competition or intraspecific competition.

_________________ 1. Two squirrels race up a tree to reach a hidden pile

of nuts.

_________________ 2. A hyena chases off a vulture to feast on an antelope

carcass.

_________________ 3. Different species of shrubs and grasses on the forest

floor compete for sunlight.

_________________ 4. Brown bears hunting for fish on a river’s edge fight

over space.

_________________ 5. Male big horn sheep butt heads violently in competition

for mates.

6. Draw and label a sketch that represents an example of a predator-prey interaction.

competition symbiosis commensalisms

predation mutualism parasitism

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 2: Community Interactions


MAIN IDEA: Symbiosis is a close relationship between species.

7. For each type of symbiotic relationship, complete the chart with details about how each organism is impacted using the terms “Benefits,” “Harmed,” or “No

impact.” For each situation, assume that Organism A initiates the relationship.

8. How is parasitism similar to and different from predation?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

9. What is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

10. The term symbiosis comes from a Greek term which means “living together.”

How does this word origin help to explain the definition of symbiosis?

_______________________________________________________________

11. Use your knowledge of the word mutual to write a definition for mutualism.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

12. The word commensalism comes from the Latin mensa, meaning “table,” and

com-, meaning “with.” If I come to your table to eat your food, I benefit but

you don’t. Draw a sketch to show this meaning to help you remember it.

Symbiotic Relationship Organism A Organism B

mutualism

commensalisms

parasitism

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________



Section 14.3: Population Density and Distribution

KEY CONCEPT

Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Population density is the number of individuals that live in

a defined area.

1. What is the formula for calculating population density?

_______________________________________________________________

2. What might cause the population density of a population of deer to increase?

_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a

population are spaced.

3. In the boxes below, draw and label the three types of population dispersion

patterns.

population density population dispersion survivorship curve

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________



_____________ 6. lion

_____________ 7. bird

_____________ 8. reptile

_____________ 9. small mammal

_____________ 10. invertebrate

_____________ 11. fish

_____________ 12. giraffe

_____________ 13. human


4. List two reasons why a population might live in a clumped dispersion and two

reasons why a population might live in a uniform dispersion.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy

of a species.

5. What is meant by the term reproductive strategy? What accounts for differences in reproductive strategies?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Take a look at each of the survivorship curves shown above. Next to each type of

organism listed below, write in the space provided whether it is an example of

Type I, Type II, or Type III survivorship.

Vocabulary Check

14. What is the difference between population density and population dispersion?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of maximum life span

Nu

mb

er o

f su

rviv

ors

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 4: Population Growth Patterns

Section 14.4: Population Growth Patterns

KEY CONCEPT

Populations grow in predictable patterns.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration,

births, emigration, and deaths.

Choose a word from the box below that best completes each sentence.

1. When resources are abundant in a particular area, individuals may move into

the population of this area. This movement of individuals into a population

from a different population is called _________________.

2. A very cold winter has left many deer in a population hungry and sick.

By the end of the winter, this population will likely decrease because

of _________________.

3. A deer population experiences growth when the rate of reproduction increases.

This change in population size is due to _________________.

4. As humans move into their territory, many members of a deer population

move away and join other herds. This movement of individuals out of a

population into a new population is called _________________.

5. How does the availability of resources affect population growth?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

immigration logistic growth density-dependent

limiting factor

emigration carrying capacity density-independent

limiting factor

exponential growth population crash

births emigration deaths immigration

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Interactions in Ecosystems Study Guide B Section 4: Population Growth Patterns


MAIN IDEA: Population growth is based on available resources.

6. In the space below, draw and label the two different types of population growth curves.

Write a brief description next to each graph.

7. What type of population growth curve shows a carrying capacity?

_______________________________________________________________

8. What type of population growth is at risk for a population crash? Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Ecological factors limit population growth.

9. List three examples of density-dependent limiting factors.

_______________________________________________________________

10. List three examples of density-independent limiting factors.

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

Explain why each pair of words below are opposites.

11. emigrate/immigrate

_______________________________________________________________

12. density-dependent limiting factor/density-independent limiting factor

_______________________________________________________________

13. exponential growth/logistic growth

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Protists and Fungi Study Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists

Section 14.5: Ecological Succession

KEY CONCEPT

Ecological succession is a process of change in the species that make up

a community.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem.

1. What is ecological succession?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main steps of primary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each stage

of this process.

succession pioneer species

primary succession secondary succession

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Protists and Fungi Study Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists


3. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main

steps of secondary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each

stage of this process.

Vocabulary Check

4. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Use your knowledge of the word pioneer to write a definition for the term

pioneer species.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology Protists and Fungi Study Guide B

Section 19.1: Diversity of Protists

KEY CONCEPT

Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.

1. Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Are all protists single-celled? Explain.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Are all protists microscopic? Explain.

_______________________________________________________________

4. How do protists reproduce?

_______________________________________________________________

Write how each category of protists get their food, and whether they are

single-celled, colonial, or multicellular in the table below.

protist

Protist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form

Animal-like protist 5. 6.

7. 8. single-celled, colonial,

or multicellular

9. decomposer (heterotroph) multicellular

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology Protists and Fungi Study Guide B

Plantae

Animalia

Protista

Archaea

Fungi Bacteria


MAIN IDEA: Protists are difficult to classify.

10. What kingdom are protists placed in?

_______________________________________________________________

11. What domain are protists placed in?

_______________________________________________________________

12. Are protists more closely related to animals or to bacteria? Explain.

_______________________________________________________________

13. Look at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to animals:

algae or slime molds?

_______________________________________________________________

14. Look again at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to plants:

algae or slime molds?

_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check

15. In the 1860s, the scientist Ernst Haeckel first used the term Protista to

categorize all single-celled organisms. How has the meaning of protist

changed since then?

_______________________________________________________________

Sketch it Out

Using the six-kingdom model of classification shown below, draw two circles. One

circle should include all of the prokaryotes. The other circle should include all of

the eukaryotes. Be sure to label both of the groups that you have identified.

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Protists and Fungi Study Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

Section 19.6: Ecology of Fungi

KEY CONCEPT

Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

VOCABULARY

MAIN IDEA: Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists.

1. How does the decomposing activity of fungi help ecosystems?

_______________________________________________________________

2. How are fungi well adapted as decomposers?

_______________________________________________________________

3. Fungi are the main decomposers of what two tough plant materials?

_______________________________________________________________

4. What negative effect to human industry may fungi decomposers have?

_______________________________________________________________

5. What are organisms that always cause disease called?

_______________________________________________________________

6. How does overuse or incorrect use of antibiotics contribute to infection by fungi?

_______________________________________________________________

7. What are two fairly mild infections to humans that are caused by fungi?

_______________________________________________________________

8. What are three diseases of plants that are caused by fungi?

_______________________________________________________________

9. What is usually the source of the chemicals used in antifungal medicines?

_______________________________________________________________

10. Use Figure 6.3 to sketch and label the structure of a lichen in the space

provided.

lichen

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Protists and Fungi Study Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

Uses of fungi

16. 17. molecular biology

18. 20. model systems antibiotics

19.


11. What does an associated alga provide to a lichen?

_______________________________________________________________

12. What two roles do lichens play in an ecosystem?

_______________________________________________________________

13. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. What does the fungi provide in this relationship?

_______________________________________________________________

14. How does the fungus benefit by being associated with plant roots as

mycorrhizae?

_______________________________________________________________

15. What are two ways mycorrhizae are beneficial to a plant?

_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Fungi are studied for many purposes.

Fill in the concept map below with details of how humans use fungi for different

purposes.

Vocabulary Check

21. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between what two types of organisms?

_______________________________________________________________

unit 12- ecology study guide -...

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