UNIT 10 MEASUREMENT 4 FREQUENCY, TENDENCY, PROBABILITY

UNIT 10MEASUREMENT 4 FREQUENCY, TENDENCY, PROBABILITYNAME:FEBY TRIFANA KUTJAMEEKO SETIAWAN LANGGARATUTLIEN F. T. LAHUTUNGRIVAN TULANGSection 1. Frequency1. look at the diagramPLANTSANIMALSMAMMALS

FISH

REPTILES

BIRDS

INSECTA

MICROBES

Change the statements on the left, which say how many members of a particular class possess a certain property, into statement of frequency, which say how often the property occurs :Example: All living things consist of cells(always) Living things always consist of cells

a). Most plants are green.(usually)plants are usually green.b). Many birds living in trees.(often/frequency)birds often living in trees.c). Some mammals live in water.(sometimes)sometimes mammals live in water.d). A few plants flower at night.( occasionally)Plants occasionally flower at night.e). Few fish leave the water.(rarely)Fish rarely leave the water.f). No living things are two-dimensional(never)Living things are never two-dimensional.

2. Here are some more properties. Make statements about how often they occurs :Example : plants never swimAnimals usually possess tails Reptiles are always cold-blooded

a). Breatheb). Have rootsc). Lay eggsd). Suckle younge). Eat fleshf). Singg). Climb treesh). Are warm-bloodedi). Are cold-blooded

j). Are covered with skink). Are supported by legsl). Possess hair m). Possess lungsn). Have wingso). Are capable of flyingp). Are able to swimq). Have the ability to talk

ANSWER :a). Human are always breathe.b). Plants usually have roots.c). Animals occasionally have lay eggs.d). Birds never suckle young.e). Reptiles usually eat fleshf). Sometimes human are singg). Fish never climb trees. h). Birds are always warm-bloodedi). Reptiles are always cold-blooded

j). Human usually are covered with skin k). Human are supported by legsl). Whale rarely possess hairm). Insecta never possess lungsn). Birds often have wings.o). Birds usually are capable of flyingp). Human occasionally are able to swimq). Human usually have the ability to talk

Section 2. Tendency

3. Answer these questions:a). What is the difference between these two generalisations ? people breathe oxygenpeople live in housesb). Which one says what always happens ?c). What does the other one says ?d). Many generalisations are about what usually or generally occurs, ie there are exceptions, but these are relatively rare. Can you think of any exceptions to the statement that people live in houses ?

Answer :a). The first sentence describes something that is always happens.The second sentence describe about something generally occurs.b). Yes, it is the first sentence.c). About something generally occurs.d). For example, birds live in trees

4. Read this ;Generalisations which have exceptions express a tendency. These statement mean the same :Most people live in houses.People generally live in houses.People tend to live in houses.

Look at these statements. Add the verb tend to to those which express tendency. Add always to those which are absolutely true. Add sometimes, rarely, never, etc, to the other :

a). Plants are green. = plants usually are greenb). Humans are two-legged = human usually are two-leggedc). Birds migrate in groups = birds tend to migrate in groupsd). Birds live under water. = birds never live under watere). Mammals lay eggs. = mammals rarely lay eggsf). Insects are smaller than mammals. = insects tend to are smaller than mammals.g). Fruit is soft. = sometimes fruit is softh). Flowers are blue. = flowers rarely are blue.

5. Look and read:If something always occurs, then it will certainly occurs. 100%If something nearly always occurs, then it will almost I certainly occur. Usually= will probability I Often= may well ISometimes= may/will possibly50 %Occasionally= might IRarely= probably will not ISeldom= probably will not INever= certainly will not0 %

The statements about frequency are based on observation. From them we can make predictions about the likelihood of something happening. Thus, we know from observations that rooms always have walls. Therefore we can predict that the next room we see will certainly have walls.

Make statements about the probability of a room having the following features :

Windows At least one chairAn electric light haveA wooden floorWooden wallsA height of less than 2 metresA length of less than 1 metre.Cubic in shapeCylindrical in shapeSurrounded by waterbeJoined to other roomsMade of glassBigger than a car

Answer :a). Room usually have windows then it probably be made of glassb). A room sometimes have at least one chair, then it will possibly be made of woodc). A room usually have an electric light then it probably be made of glassd). A room occasionally have a nooden floor then it might be higher off the grounde). A room often have wooden walls, then it joined to other rooms.f). A room occasionally have a height of less than 2 metres then it might not surrounded by waterg). A room rarely have a length of less than 1 metre, then it probably will not bigger than a car6. Read this :Some predictions depend on conditions.Examples : If the rooms is a laboratory, then it probably will not contains beds.Provided that the room is bedroom, then it will be used for sleeping.

Make similar conditional predictions about the probability of the rooms on the left having the features on the right. (Dont use provided that in negative statements.)A bedroomA laboratoryA workshopA bathroomContain PossessBe usedBedsA gas-supplyFor experimentsA blackboardA water-supplyFor washingA cookerFor sleepingFor dissectingA microscopeFor learningAn electron microscopeA hospital wardA class-roomA kitchen

7. Read this :Alternative ways of predicting possibility :Certainly100%

(extremely)probable I(fairly)likelythat X will occur I

It ispossible50%

(fairly)improbable I(extremely)unlikely I

Certainthat X will not occur0%

Now observe what persentage of students in your group have the following features :

MaleFemale AdultChildAnimalVegetableLeft-handed

From the observations make predictions about the next students you meet.Example :It is likely that he will be adultIf the student is female, it is probable that she will have a dress.

Right handedShoesTrousersA dressLong hairShort hairA beard

A hatGlassesBlue eyesBrown eyesThree legsA moustache

8. Look and read :A molecule of water is moving up this tree from the roots. Where the tree divides it is equally likely to take either branch.Calculate the chances of the molecule reaching different point.

Examples :The chances of molecule reaching point a are 50% or one in two.The chances of it reaching point c are 25% or one in four.

9. Look and read :This frequency diagram represents one months average rainfall in one district over the past 50 years. It shows, for example. That the district had a rainfall of approximately 8 cm 10 times. How often did it have a rainfall of 5 cm ?

100%(extremely) strong I(fairly)high I

There is a/anpossibility that X will happen.

(fairly)weak I(extremely)low ISlight I remote Ino0 %

100% high I Strong IPossibility(extremely) I

The probabilitythat X will happen is (fairly) low ILikelihood weak I Slight I Remote I Nil 0%

Make predictions like these, from the frequency diagram, about the possibility of :

A rainfall of8 cm10 cm6 cm4 cm12 cmMore than 20 cmLess than 1 cmMore than 14 cmBetween 6 and 10 cmBetween 11 and 15 cm

Example :The possibility that the district will have a rainfall of less than 1 cm is extremely low.

10. Look and read :The above diagram represents the proportion of jobs to men in various industries. In ship-building, for example , there are many more workers than jobs, so there is serious unemploymentGive the name of :

a). An industry which has too many workers, or not enough jobs.b). An industry which has too few workers.c). An industry where the ratio of men to jobs is exactly one to one.

Unemployment is increasing. What are the relative possibilities of workers indifferent industries keeping or losing their jobs?d). If a man works in the chemical industries, is it probable that he will lose his job ?e). In which industry is a man least likely to lose his job ?f). Is there much likelihood that a man in communications will lose his job ? (much, some or little)Now make five more predictions, using sentences like those in exercise 9.

11. Look and ReadThis chart shows the proportions of students entering a university and studying different subjects.

Complete these sentences :a). (revision) The arcas of the rectangles are .... to the numbers of students.b). The next student of engineering you meet will ......... be an electrical or mechanical engineer.c). The ..... of a student entering the university are about one in ....d). If a student enters the university he is more likely to study ...... than .......e). A student of ....... may well continue to do postgraduate studies.f). .......... that he is accepted for the university, every student has some .......... of becoming a postgraduateg). A student of Biology ........ be in science faculty.h). A student of ........ might become a postgraduate.i). It is less probable that a scientist will study ....... than ......... j). It is possible that ........k). Thre is strong possibility that .......l). The probability that ....... is slight.m). A student of science may .....n). Alternatively, he may .......o). Postgraduate students are usually .......

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