unit 1. where to begin? < 1000 a.d. - the slow collapse of the roman empire as rome collapses, a...

Unit 1

Where to begin? < 1000 A.D. - The slow collapse of the Roman Empire As Rome collapses, a power vacuum forms in Europe Threats from Vikings and other barbarian tribes force people to seek protection This leads to

Feudalism Vassals are protected by their lords whom they have to fight for Leads to the creation of local kingdoms loosely allied as nations Supports the building of castles for defense Also leads to the system of

Nobility Sharp distinction between nobles and peasants Nobles: Lords, ladies, dukes, duchesses, counts, barons, etc. Kings were the most powerful of the noble class Passed on by birth line Only way to be noble is to be born noble Peasants: Everyone else 90% of the population

Sources of power for the nobles Titular power from the Church Effective power from wealth Wealth comes from LAND! The feudal economy is based on agriculture Nobles own the land, which means they own everything produced on it Peasants are required to work, and are allowed to keep a portion of what they make

Land = Money = Power

This is the paradigm for this course, know this formula! This formula no longer applies today why? The Industrial Revolution has rendered this obsolete But thats 1302

One other class The Church In all of Europe until 1054 A.D. this is simply the Catholic Church Post 1054 A.D. Roman Catholic Church in the West Eastern Orthodox Church in the East

Church Power Church has immense power Partly this is because of QUIZ! Land ownership! Also, the Church holds the eternal destiny of everyone in Europe in their hands

Church Power Most importantly, the Church is the kingmaker Nobility and kingship is conferred by the Church Who crowns the king at the coronation? Some representative of the church! From God, through the Church, to the king The term for this is

Divine Right Romans 13 1 Every person is to be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. 2 Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. 3 For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; 4 for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience sake. 6 For because of this you also pay taxes, for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very thing. 7 Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor. 1234567

What this means God King / Nobles Peasants

Consequences Practically, this gave the peasants no power Technically not slaves, but very few rights Nobles were considered a different breed, literally No mobility between classes No ability of peasants to rebel without risking eternal damnation

Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power in France following the French Revolution Of minor nobility, but very little wealth After early victories becomes the dictator of France In 1804 he desires to become king and emperor

The Coronation

The Crusades In 1099 A.D. Crusaders sacked Jerusalem Despite the temporary success, the Crusades were a disaster for the Europeans Most who went on the Crusades never returned Two major effects of the Crusades Consolidation of power for the remaining nobles Discovery of new trade goods from the Far East

The Problem Trade with the Far East was difficult Two routes of trade Over land via the Silk Road from China to the Middle East Over sea by sailing around the continent of Africa Both took a long time, were expensive, and were dangerous

The Solution? Europeans begin looking for a new way to trade with the Far East This leads to Columbus! Sails west to get to the east Leaves Spain in 1492 on an experimental voyage Why 1492?

The Reconquista In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally defeated Muslim occupants of the Iberian Peninsula Spanish power was consolidated, and land was seized by the monarchy from the Muslim and Jewish populations Land = ? Spain now has money to burn on crazy Italian sailors

Spain and the Church Ferdinand and Isabella are devoutly Catholic, even prior to the Reformation Spain is one of the biggest supporters of the Pope and the Church Columbus is charged with spreading Christianity in whatever lands he reaches In order to prevent conflict between two Catholic nations, Spain and Portugal

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Spanish Exploration Spain sent explorers Conquistadors Three goals: God Glory Gold

The Spanish Empire by 1800

Interaction with Native Americans Native Americans were a mix of advanced civilizations and barbarians Advanced Native American civilizations: Maya Aztec Inca Iroquois

The Columbian Exchange A BIOLOGICAL exchange Plants: To Europe: Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkins, rubber, tobacco To America: Wheat, coffee, tea, rice Animals: To Europe: Turkey To America: Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, bees, geese, cockroaches

The Columbian Exchange Disease To America: Smallpox, malaria, measels, bubonic plague, cholera, influenza, scarlet fever, yellow fever, typhoid, typhus, leprosy To Europe: Syphilis Disease wiped out up to 90% of the Native American population Over 20 million killed in Mexico alone

Spain Prospers Between the Columbian Exchange, the lands gained, and the treasure from conquered civilizations Spain gains an enormous amount of wealth Other European countries want in on the action Spain has established an

Empire! Callons definition Empire: One group exerting political, economic, or military control over another Two reasons for an empire: Barbarian hordes who have nothing better to do To make money

Trade = Money

Trade Trade takes something that is less valuable and turns it into something more valuable Remember, trade was the reason for Columbus Hence, generation of wealth Provides an alternative to LAND = MONEY = POWER, but only slightly at first Allows for the development of the middle class Distinctions between nobility and peasant slowly begin to break down

Empires and Trade Empires are all about trade What makes for a successful empire? Colonies Provide resources Provide a market for goods Strong Navy Whoever has the strongest navy has the strongest empire

One missing ingredient There was one problem in the New World Great climate for crops, plenty of land to grow them on What was missing? A source of labor Indians died too easily or ran away The solution?

Importation from Africa The slave trade in Africa was millennia old Europeans exploited an expanded this system, but slavery was never popular in Europe itself The New World provided a new market for slaves

Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage The route of slave ships from Africa to the New World Estimated 10 million slaves imported to the New World Between 2 and 4 million killed as a result

The Middle Passage

The Protestant Reformation During the 1400s the Church became increasingly corrupt A monk named Martin Luther grew disgusted with the abuses In 1517 Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church in Germany Not a deliberate attempt to split the church This was an effort at reform

The Protestant Reformation Quickly spread across Europe Divided regions and entire countries Often more political than religious Or other reasons

King Henry VIII

The Church of England The official church in England The head of the church was the king Little different that Catholicism at first Unfortunately

Bloody Mary King Henry has no surviving male heir His crown goes to Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine A devout Catholic who tries to force England back to the Church earning her nickname

Queen Elizabeth Mary was deposed and Elizabeth made queen Brings balance to the Church of England Leads England through a golden age

The Turning Point In 1492 Spain had the strongest navy This changed under Elizabeth with the Defeat of the Spanish Armada Spain attempts a massive invasion of heretical England Bad weather destroys virtually the entire fleet 1588 marks the turning point of power in Europe from Spain to England

England Looks Outward After witnessing the success of the Spanish, England looks to establish colonies in the New World The first attempt at a colony was at Roanoke, 1587 The entire colony disappeared without a trace The second attempt was better

Jamestown The first permanent English settlement, 1607 A for-profit colony funded by the Virginia Company This was a join-stock company, funded by a group of investors The key figure was John Smith Short-lived peace with Indians Colony barely survived, until

Tobacco The first cash crop in the English colonies Allowed the development of plantation society Deliberate attempt to re-establish the feudal system With large farms came the need for workers Two options: Indentured Servants Slaves

Plymouth Second major colony established in 1620 Established by Puritans fleeing religious persecution Also barely survived the first years Ultimately Puritans flourished Established a precedent for other persecuted groups

Massachusetts Bay Founded by Puritans Key figures were John Winthrop and Roger Williams Winthrop a devout Puritan Wanted to create a city on a hill Williams differed on Puritan restrictions Left Massachusetts because of his ideas Founded Rhode Island specifically for freedom of religion

Other colonies soon follow Pennsylvania Quakers Maryland Catholics Georgia Convicts

British colonies prosper Northern colonies focus on trade and manufacturing Southern colonies focus on agriculture Colonies largely ruled themselves Huge population growth High education levels Strong religious movements The Great Awakening

Other colonial powers

France in the New World France also colonizing North America Focused primarily on trade, not colonization MUCH better relations with Native Americans Indians typically allied with the French against the British

Colonial Wars Series of four wars during the 17 th and 18 th centuries Last and biggest of the four was the Seven Years War Aka The French and Indian War Lasted from 1754-1763 Ended with the climactic siege of Quebec France is defeated and loses all territory in North America

1763 Marks the end of the Seven Years War Britain heavily in debt from the cost of the war The Proclamation of 1763 Prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mts. for fear of another Indian War Chief Pontiacs Rebellion Colonists ignored the Proclamation and the Indian War happened

Proclamation of 1763

Britain needs funding Britain heavily in debt from the war Needs to raise money from the cost of defending the colonies The solution? Taxes! Leads to the series of tax laws passed between 1763 and 1776

Tax Backgrounds The Navigation Acts, 1650 Establishes system of mercantilism The colonies exist for the benefit of the motherland Many taxes passed after this were never fully enforced

New Tax Laws The Sugar Act The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts The Sons of Liberty and other groups formed to resist

Other Significant Events The Boston Massacre The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party The Intolerable Acts

Boston Responds Colonists in and around Boston organize resistance Paul Revere and Sam Adams are key figures Leads to Lexington and Concord

Definitions Define the word chair Definition must include all chairs and exclude all non- chairs What IS a chair? Definitions are difficult

Philosophical Basis Basic philosophical questions Ex. Are people basically good or evil? How you answer this determines your view of govt.

John Locke Enlightenment thinker Believed people are basically good Govt. therefore exists to protect peoples rights Inspiration for Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

The Old System God King People

Jeffersons Change God People King

The Challenge of Definitions All? Men? Created? Equal? Creator? Unalienable? Rights? Interpretation of these terms has changed over time, and is still a challenge

The Challenge of Definitions How to handle: Abortion? Marriage? Terri Shiavo?

unit 1. where to begin? < 1000 a.d. - the slow collapse of the roman empire as rome collapses, a...

Documents

church power church

power slide

church effective power

east slide

system of slide

peasants nobles

god king nobles peasants

roman catholic church