unit 1 sentence structures_2013
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My grammar course presentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1: Sentence Structures
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Are these sentences?Made in ChinaDo you like?Ready?How to cook Tom Yam Koong.Jane jogs every evening.
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What is a sentence?A sentence contains at least one main clause (subject + verb) and a complete idea. For example:
I will not go to Hatyai this afternoon.
S V.
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Exercise 1Made in Germany. This car was made in Germany.Crying in the rain.Sit down please.The train has arrived.A bottle of ink.You should listen first.
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What is a clause?Clauses = Subject + verbMain clause expresses a complete idea.Subordinate clause does not express a complete idea. It begins with a subordinator (or subordinate conjunction).
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ExampleRaymond is an excellent golfer
although he seldom plays. Main clause + subordinator + subordinate clause.
S1V1S2V2
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ExampleAlthough he seldom plays, Raymond
is an excellent golfer.
Subordinator + subordinate clause, + main clause.
V1V2S1S2
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Parts of Speech
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Nouns Proper nouns: Thaksin University, Kanchanawanit Road, James BondCommon Nouns: a computer, a table, mother, a student, etc.Nouns can be used as a subject (in front of a verb) or an object (after a verb or a preposition).
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PronounsPronouns can be used as a subject (in front of a verb) or as an object (after a verb or a preposition).There are many different kinds of pronouns. (details in books)
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VerbsThere are 2 kinds of verbs:
Action verbs:Transitive verbs followed by a noun (object)
John made an apple pie for me. S V O
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Intransitive verbs no objects
Hans ran all the way home after the game. S V
Linking verbs: followed by an adjective or a noun
Helen is a woman of integrity. S V N = complement
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AdjectivesModify and describe a noun or a pronoun:
a small round tableAdj. may come after a linking verb or be placed in front of the noun.
A poisonous plant is dangerous.
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AdverbsModify verbs, adjectives or adverbs
The president walked across the room quickly. Thelma almost always arrives on time for work.
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PrepositionsLinks a noun or a pronoun to the rest of the sentence.Prepo. + Noun = prepositional phrase
Adj.The cat from next door caught a rat.
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PrepositionsPrepo. + Noun = prepositional phrase
Adv.The burglar jumped from the window of our bedroom.
Adj.
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ConjunctionsCo-ordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor (FANBOYS)
The rain had fallen steadily all week long, so the river was close to overflowing.
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Subordinating conjunctions:
When people know that they have the power to make their own decision, they are more creative and productive.
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Basicsentence structures
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1. Subject + verb. This shop closes at 7.30.
The train arrived 15 minutes late.
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2. Subject + linking verb + subj complement. Wind speed seems to be highest during the middle of the day.
Frank is a clever architect.
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3. Subject + verb + direct object. Silicon conducts electricity in an unusual way.
Arsenal beat Liverpool.
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4. Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object. We are sending you the balance of the payment.The supervisor mailed the applicant a description of the job.
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5. Subject + verb + direct object + object complement. The plant shutdown left the entirearea an economic disaster.
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5. Subject + verb + direct object + TO + indirect object. He explained the situation to me.
He confessed his crime to the court.
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Types of sentencesA simple sentence contains only one main clause (one subject + predicate).
Predicate ( = )action verb (+object) linking verb + complement (= adjective or noun)
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ExamplesLearning English is fun.
Subject Predicate
Deaf people use their eyes very well.
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Basic Sentence Patternsfor a Simple Sentence
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Subject + verb (SV):
The plane flew over the stadium.
Over the stadium flew the plane.
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Subject + subject + verb (SSV): The plane and the helicopter flew over the stadium.
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Subject + verb + verb (SVV): The plane flew over the stadium and turned north.
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Subject +subject + verb + verb (SSVV): The plane and the helicopter flew over the stadium and turned north.
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Compound Sentences
Main ClauseCoordinating ConjunctionMain ClauseSubj. + V. (+ Obj.) and, but, or, so, yet, for, norSubj. + V. (+ Obj.)
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Compound SentencesDeaf people use their eyes very well, so they do not need help driving.Most people use their ears for hearing the car motor, but deaf people feel vibrations.
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Complex Sentences
MainClauseSubordinate ConjunctionSub. ClauseSubj. + V. (+ Obj.)when, because, although, etc.Subj. + V. (+ Obj.)
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Complex SentencesI will meet you for lunch unless you call to cancel.
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Complex SentencesMain clause + subordinator + subordinate clause.
Subordinator + subordinate clause, + main clause.
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Adverb clausesClare ate a big breakfast because she had a busy day ahead of her.
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Adjective clausesOn the top of the shelf was the trophy that Irma had won for her model of the Battle of Shiloh
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AppositiveMy neighbour, who is insensitive, plays his trombone all night long.
My neighbour, an insensitive man, plays his trombone all night long.
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Noun clausesArlene knew that it was nearly time
for James and his wife to leave.
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Compound-complex sentencesOn the day-long bicycle trip, Ophelia ate the food that she packed, but Henry had forgotten to bring anything to eat.