UNIT 1PHYTOTHERAPY AND

PHARMACOGNOSY

1.1 ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

1.2 MEDICINAL PLANT AND NATURAL PRODUCT

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :

✓ Describe the various terms related tophytotherapy, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals,nutraceuticals and natural products.

✓ Give an overview on the importance of medicinalplants and natural products in pharmacology andmedicine

UNIT 1.1ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

➢Phytotherapy is the use of plants and plantextracts for attempted therapeuticpurposes

➢Study of the use of extracts of naturalorigin as medicines or health-promotingagents

➢Aims to preserve the complexity ofsubstances from a given plant withrelatively less processing.

PHYTOTHERAPY

PHARMACOGNOSY

Derived from Greek pharmakon (remedy)and gignosco (knowledge).

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinesderived from natural sources.

The American Society of Pharmacognosydefines pharmacognosy as "the study of thephysical, chemical, biochemical andbiological properties of drugs, drugsubstances or potential drugs or drugsubstances of natural origin as well asthe search for new drugs from naturalsources”.

From the Greek: Pharmacon (remedy), logos (adiscourse or treatise)

Defined by Vallance P and Smart TG (January 2006);Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biologyconcerned with the study of drug action.

interactions that occur between a living organismand exogenous chemicals that alter normalbiochemical function.

Phytotherapy medicines differ from plant-derivedmedicines in standard pharmacology;

pharmacology isolates an active compound from agiven plant

PHARMACOLOGY

ROLE OF PLANTS IN

PHARMACY AND

MEDICINE

1. A rich source of lead compound or active principles

e.g. morphine, cocaine, digitalis, quinine, nicotine

and galanthamine

2. Provide a large bank of rich, complex and highly varied structures which are unlikely to be synthesized in laboratories.

ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

the substances that have the medicinal properties

PHARMACEUTICALS

Pharmaceutical drug

- any chemical substance intended for use inthe medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, orprevention of disease.

combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”

a food or food product that provides health and medicalbenefits, including the prevention and treatment ofdisease.

Such products may range from isolated nutrients

dietary supplements

specific diets to genetically engineered foods,

herbal products

processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages.

Example nutraceutical product

UNIT 1.2

MEDICINAL PLANT AND NATURAL

PRODUCT

HUSNA BINTI ZULKIFLY

9 JANUARY 2018

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Almost all our present medicines come from medicinal plants and are derived from research on medicinal plants.

Rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis.

Rhizoma Chuanxiong

Gingko Biloba

Phaleria macrocarpa

CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Synergic medicine

Support of official medicine

Preventive medicine

CHARACTERISTIC OF MEDICINAL

PLANTS

Synergic medicine the ingredients of plants all interact simultaneously

Their uses can complement or damage others or neutralizetheir possible negative effects.

Support of official medicine In the treatment of complex cases like cancer diseases, the

components of the plants proved to be very effective.

Preventive medicine It has been proven that the component of the plants also

characterize by their ability to prevent the appearance of some diseases.

This will help to reduce the use of the chemical remedies which will be used when the disease is already present i.e., reduce the side effect of synthetic treatment.

EXAMPLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Parts used: leaves of Ginkgo biloba

Botanical drugs produced is use for cognitive deficiency (often in the elderly)

impairment of memory and affective symptoms such as anxiety.

GINKGO BILOBA

Parts used: flower heads of chamomile

Botanical drugs produced is use for mild gastrointestinal compliants and as an anti-inflammatory agents

Chamomilla recutita

TONGKAT ALI

COMMON NAME

Tongkat Ali, Pasak Bumi

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eurycoma longifolia

TRADITIONAL USAGE

As an energy booster, aphrodisiac, anti-malarial, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-pyretic, and increase testosterone level in men.

KACIP FATIMAH

COMMON NAME

Kacip Fatimah, Pokok Siti Fatimah, Kerakap Rimba, Seriau Malam

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Labisia pumila

TRADITIONAL USAGE

As a female libido enhancer, firming and toning abdominalmuscle, afterbirth tonic, treat menstrual irregularities, andadministered as post-partum medication

Ficus deltoidea (mas cotek)

has been used to relieve headache, fever, and toothache

Decoction of the whole plant has been used as herbal drink by women after birth to strengthen the uterus

Ficus deltoidea

JARUM 7 BILAH(Pereskia bleo)

LEMPOYANG(Zingiber zerumbet)

GARLIC(Allium sativum)

KELADI TIKUS(Typhonium Falgelliforme)

BITTER GOURD

(Momordica Charantia)SHALLOT

(Allium cepa)

KEMUNTING CINA(Catharanthus roseus)

HEMPEDU BUMI

(Andrographis paniculata)MISAI KUCING

(Orthosiphon stamineusI)

CINNAMON

(Cinnamomum verum)

DUKUNG ANAK

(Phyllanthus niruri)

MENGKUDU

(Morinda citrifolia)

PUTARWALI

(Tinospora cordifolia)

BITTER GOURD

(Momordica Charantia)

CLOVE

(Syzygium aromaticum)

PETAI

(Parkia speciosa)

TERUNG SUSU(Solanum mammosum)

GINGER

(Zingiber officinale)

SAMBUNG NYAWA

(Gynura procumbens)

CASHEW NUT

(Annacardium occidentale) PETAI BELALANG

Leucaena leucocephala

CAPSICUM(Capsicum annum)

SAMBUNG NYAWA(Gynura procumbens)

BARLEY(Hordeum vulgare)

GARLIC(Allium sativum)

GANODERMA(Ganoderma lucidum)

VIRGIN COCONUT OIL(Cocos nucifera)

NATURAL PRODUCTS

Chemical compound or substance produced by a living

organism.

Source of natural products:

may be extracted from the cells, tissues, and secretions

of microorganisms, plants and animals.

Compound isolated from natures, are pure

chemicals entities.

Can also be produced synthetically and referred to as

‘nature identical’, but were originally discovered from

plant drugs.

usually have pharmacological or biological activity that

can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases

Natural products often used as starting points for drug

discovery

Bioprospecting

Effort of researchers to search for natural products

Obtaining samples to analyze and evaluate in drug

discovery screens or bioassays.

NATURAL PRODUCTS

Examples of natural products of plant includes:

•Morphine from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

used as an analgesic

•Caffeine from the coffee shrub (Coffea arabica)

used as a stimulant

•Quinine from Cinchona bark (Cinchona spp.) used

in the treatment of malaria

Opium poppy

Coffee shrub

Cinchona bark

ACTIVITY 1

FORM 3 GROUPS

FIND 2 MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THE NATURAL PRODUCTS

DISCUSS BACKGROUND, TRADITIONAL USAGE, PART OF PLANT USED,

EXAMPLE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN THE PLANT AND THE USAGE

Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)

BACKGROUND

native to the Coast Range of British Columbia and the northwest coast of the United States.

a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10–15 m tall and with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter.

TRADITIONAL USE

Native Americans used yew plant to impart strength, induce perspiration, and treat internal injuries and lung diseases

The Japanese used the yew plant parts to induce abortion and treat diabetes

The Gymnosperm Database http://www.conifers.org/ta/ta/brevifolia.htm.Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-260312.

Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)

EXAMPLE OF NATURAL PRODUCT

Natural product isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) : paclitaxel (Taxol®)

The most widely used breast cancer drug. It is now also approved for use against an AIDS-related cancer.

Pacific Yew has thin scaly brown bark, covering a thin layer of off-white sap wood with a darker heartwood that varies in color from brown to a magenta/purplish hue.

paclitaxel (Taxol®)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901206/

Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)

ADDITIONAL INFO

The bark from about three mature 100 year old trees is required to provide 1 gram of paclitaxel (Taxol®) given that a course of treatment may need 2 grams of the drug.

Current demand for paclitaxel (Taxol®) is in the region of 100–200 kg per annum (i.e., 50,000 treatments/year) and is now produced synthetically.

paclitaxel (Taxol®)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901206/

SUMMARY

Related term

Role of plants in pharmacy and medicine

Medicinal Plants – Meaning, Characteristic, Examples with usage

Natural Product –Definition, Sources, Example with usage

G1 –ALOE VERA, GELENGGANG

G2 –COLEUS FORSKOHLII, MELISSA OFFICINALIS

G3 – MAPLE TREE, BROTOWALI