UNIT 1 - MatterWhat I

What do water, a rock, and a dog havein common? They are all made of matter.You are made of matter. Everything yousee or touch is matter. The whole worldaround you is made of matter.

Matter is anything that takes up spaceand has mass. What is mass? Mass is ameasure of how much matter an objecthas. For example, a mountain takes upspace and has mass. A rock takes upspace and has mass. A mountain hasmore mass than a rock. But they are bothmatter. A kitten has less mass than atiger. But they are both matter.

In everyday life, mass is about thesame as weight. But to a scientist, massis different from weight. The mass of anobject never changes. It is always thesame. But the weight of an object canchange. Weight is the pull that gravity hason an object.

Gravity is a force. The gravity of Earthpulls on all matter near Earth. Gravitypulls matter toward the ground. Gravity iswhy anything you drop falls to the ground.Without gravity, you would float in the air.

Gravity is strongest at the center ofEarth. Far from the center, at the top of amountain, gravity is weaker. Suppose youwere in a deep hole in Earth. Gravitywould be strong. It would pull hard onyou. So you would weigh more than youwould weigh on top of a mountain. Fartherfrom Earth's center, gravity does not pullas hard.

Different Types of Matter

Answer True or False.

1. You are made of matter.

2. A kitten is not made of matter.

3. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

4. To a scientist, mass is the same as weight.

5. Weight is the pull that gravity has on an object.

6. Gravity is the strongest at the center of Earth. .

7. Farther from Earth's center, gravity pulls harder.

Write the letter for the correct answer.

1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is(a) gravity (b) matter (c) weight

2. The pull that gravity has on an object is the object's(a) space (b) weight (c) mass

3. Everything you see or touch is(a) gravity (b) weight (c) matter

4. Gravity is at the center of Earth.(a) strongest (b) hottest (c) weakest

5. Matter is pulled to the ground by(a) space (b) air (c) gravity

Remember that gravity is strongest at the center of Earth. For eachpair of places, write X where the weight of an object would begreater.

1. down in a deep hole

on top of a mountain

2. in an airplane in the air

in an airport on the ground

3. in a spaceship about to take off from the launching pad

in a spaceship traveling in outer space ________

Solid

Liquid

Gas

A brick, milk, steam, and lightning areall matter. But they are in different states.Matter can exist in four states. Matter canbe solid, like a brick. It can be liquid, likemilk. It can be a gas, like steam. Or itcan be plasma, like lightning.

All matter is made up of tiny particles.What state the matter is in depends onthe way these particles move and are heldtogether.

In a solid, the particles are held veryclose together. For this reason, solidshave a certain shape. A brick stays thesame shape. You can break a brick, butyou cannot mold it into another shape.

In a liquid, the particles are not heldtogether as tightly as in a solid. Becausethe particles in a liquid are farther apart,liquid matter does not have its own shape.Liquid matter takes the shape of thecontainer you put it in. When milk is in acarton, it is shaped like the carton. If youpour milk into a glass, it takes the shapeof the glass. The particles in a liquid canmove around easily and quickly to fit anycontainer.

In a gas, the particles are far apartfrom one another. They move aroundquickly in their container. The steamcoming out of a tea kettle mixes with theair and spreads out into the room.

Most of the matter in the universe isplasma. The sun and most of the starsyou see in the sky are plasma. Butplasma is a state of matter that is notcommon on Earth. Lightning is a kind ofplasma.

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17Write the letter for the correct answer.

1. Most of the matter in the universe is(a) plasma (b) liquid (c) gas

2. The particles in a liquid(a) are held very close together (b) can move around(c) cannot move

3. Steam is a(a) solid (b) liquid (c) gas

4. A brick is(a) plasma (b) solid (c) liquid

5. In a solid, the particles are very(a) close together (b) far apart (c) fast moving

6. In a gas, the particles are very(a) close together (b) slow moving (c) far apart

Answer True or False.

1. Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma are the states of matter.

2. Matter can be solid like a brick.

3. In a gas, the particles are far apart from one another. _

4. The sun is plasma.

5. In a solid, the particles are far apart from one another.

6. The particles in a liquid cannot move around.

7. Solids do not have any certain shape.

List the four states of matter. Write an example of each state.

1. example:

2. example:

3. . example:

4. . „._ example:

8'Protons

8 Neutrons 8 Electrons

An oxygen atom has8 positive protons and8 neutrons in its nucleus,and 8 negative electronsspeeding around thenucleus.

Everything is made of atoms. Atoms aretiny pieces of matter. They are too smallto see even under a microscope. In fact,the smallest piece of matter you can seeunder a microscope has 10 billion atoms.

Atoms are made of even tinier bits ofmatter. There are three kinds of particlesin atoms. They are protons, neutrons, andelectrons. All electrons are exactly thesame. All protons are alike, too. So areall neutrons. If all atoms are made of thesame kinds of particles, how are atomsdifferent?

Different kinds of atoms are differentfrom each other because they contain adifferent number of particles. A carbonatom has six protons, six neutrons, andsix electrons. Oxygen has eight protons,eight neutrons, and eight electrons.Oxygen is different from carbon because ithas more particles. Each kind of atom hasa different number of the three particles.

Protons and neutrons are in the center,or nucleus, of the atom. Electrons aremuch smaller than protons and neutrons.Electrons move around the nucleus atgreat speeds. Because electrons move sofast, it is impossible to tell exactly wherean electron is at any one time.

The particles that are in atoms havedifferent electric charges. Electrons have anegative electric charge. Protons have apositive electric charge. Neutrons have noelectric charge. An atom with the samenumber of electrons and protons also hasno electric charge. An atom without anelectric charge is called a neutral atom.

8

Draw lines to complete the sentences.

1. Atoms

2. Electrons

3. Neutrons

4. Protons

5. The nucleus

have a positive electric charge,

-are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons,

•have a negative electric charge.

have no electric charge.

is made of protons and neutrons.

Write the letter for the correct answer.

1. Atoms are made of three small ., (a) elements (b) particles (c) electrons

2. All electrons are(a) exactly the same (b) positive (c) different

3. Different kinds of atoms are different from each other because theycontain a different of particles.(a) size (b) number (c) speed

4. Protons and neutrons are in the center, or(a) nucleus (b) electron (c) charge

., of the atom.

5. Protons have(a) negative charges

6. Because electronselectron is at any one time,(a) move too slowly (b)

(b) positive charges (c) no charge

., it is impossible to tell exactly where an

do not move (c) move so fast

7. Neutrons have(a) positive charges(c) no electric charge

(b) negative charges

Use each word to write a sentence about the parts of an atom..

1. proton :

2. electron

9

The iron in the gate, thegold in the jewelry, and thehydrogen and oxygen in thewater are all elements.

Elements are the simplest form ofmatter. An element is matter that is madeof only one kind of atom. Allthe atoms ofan element are exactly the same. Gold isan element. All the atoms in a bar of goldare the same. Oxygen is also an element.Every oxygen atom is exactly the same.But oxygen atoms are very different fromgold atoms.

Because elements are made of only onekind of atom, they cannot be broken downinto different substances. No matter howtiny you cut an element, it will still be theelement. One atom of gold is still gold.

You can think of an element as beinglike sand. Grains of sand are like theatoms in an element. The grains are allalike. You can separate sand any way youlike, but it is still sand. Even a singlegrain of sand is still sand.

Every element is different from all otherelements. Atoms of one element have adifferent number of particles than atomsof every other element. Only oxygen atomshave eight of each particle. Every otherelement has a different number.

Most elements are found in nature. Ironis an element that is found inside Earth.Wrought iron gates, fireplace grates, andbathtubs are made of iron. Gold is alsoan element that is found on Earth. Jewelryis often made of gold.

Some matter is made of more than oneelement. The air you breathe is oxygen,nitrogen, and other elements. Water ismade of the elements hydrogen andoxygen. All matter is made of elements.

10

Fill in the missing words.

1. Elements are the simplest form of . (iron, matter)

2. An element is matter that is made of only one kind of(atom, sand)

3. Every element is all other elements.(different from, the same as)

4. Elements be broken down into different substances.(can, cannot)

5. Fireplace grates and bathtubs are made of the element(gold, iron)

6. The air you breathe is(one, more than one)

7. All matter is made of .

element.

. (elements, sand)

8. Atoms of one element have a different of particlesthan atoms of every other element, (kind, number)

Make a list of at least three elements.

Answer True or False.

1. Elements are the simplest form of matter.

2. An element is made of many different kinds of atoms.

3. Every element is the same as every other element.

4. Elements can be broken down into other substances.

5. Iron and gold are elements.

6. Oxygen is one of the elements in air.

7. Some matter is made of more than one element.

8. Water is made of the elements iron and gold.

11

Things made of metal areeverywhere.

There are 109 elements. Most of theelements are metals. You see metalsaround you every day. Gold and silver aremetals. So is iron.

All metals have some things in common.They are all shiny. Light bounces off metalsurfaces and makes them gleam. For thisreason, metals are often used for decoration.

Metals conduct heat. Heat passes easilythrough metal and into other objects. Thatis why pots for cooking are made ofmetals.

Metals also conduct electricity.Electricity passes through metal easily. Inaddition, metals are ductile, or easilyshaped into a new form. This means thatthey can be pulled into a thin wire.Because metals are ductile and conductelectricity, wire made of metals such ascopper is used to carry electricity.

Many metals are easy to shape. Theycan be made into jewelry. Aluminum canbe made into thin sheets of aluminumfoil. Gold can be made into thin sheets ofgold leaf. The torch of the Statue ofLiberty is covered with gold leaf.

There are even metals in your body.Calcium and magnesium are metals thathelp make your bones. Sodium is a metalthat your body needs to work properly.There is sodium in table salt.

People have found thousands of usesfor metals. We buy things with coins madeof metal. We travel in cars, trains, andplanes made of metal. We use tools andmachines made of metal. Metals are partof our daily lives.

12

1. Most of the elements are (metals, iron)

2. Metals are (shiny, black)

3. Metals heat and electricity, (stop, conduct)

4. Metals can be pulled(apart, into thin wire)

5. Gold and aluminum can be made into(sodium, thin sheets)

6. Calcium and magnesium are metals that help make your(hair, bones)

7. People have found thousands of uses for(sodium, metals)

1. There is sodium in table salt.

2. Metals are not shiny.

3. Metals conduct heat and electricity.

4. Metals cannot be pulled into thin wire.

5. Gold can be made into thin sheets called gold leaf.

6. Your body does not have metals in it.

1. They are black.

2. Electricity will not pass through them.

3. They are shiny.

4. They can be pulled into a thin wire. _

5. They let heat pass through them,

6. People have not found many uses for them.

= '

The metalloid silicon is part of thesubstance that makes up sand.

Silicon is used to makethe tiny chips that makecomputers run.

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A small number of the elements are not metals.These elements are divided into three types:metalloids, nonmetals, and Inert gases.

Metalloids are elements that are like metals insome ways. They are shiny like metals. But they donot conduct heat and electricity as well as metalsdo. Silicon is a metalloid. Sand is made mostly ofsilicon. There is silicon in glass. The chips that makecomputers work are also made of silicon.

Nonmetals are not like metals at all. They are notshiny. They do not conduct heat or electricity well.They cannot be used to make wire. Nonmetals canbe solids, liquids, or gases. Carbon is a solidnonmetal. Diamonds are made of carbon that hasbeen squeezed together underground. Carbon is oneof the elements that forms your body. Bromine is aliquid nonmetal. Small amounts of bromine are inseawater. Oxygen and nitrogen are nonmetals thatare gases. The air you breathe is made up mostly ofoxygen and nitrogen.

The inert gases are a special group of gases.Helium is an inert gas. A balloon filled with heliumwill float in the air because helium is lighter thanair.

14

Fill m the missing words.

small1. A

2. Silicon is a

3. Nonmetals are not like

4. Diamonds are made of

5. Bromine is a

number of the elements are not metals, (small, large)

. (gas, metalloid)

: at all. (metals, liquids)

.. (sand, carbon)

nonmetal. (liquid, solid)

6. Oxygen and nitrogen are two nonmetals that are(shiny, gases)

7. Helium is . (an inert gas, a metal)

Answer f'rue or False.

1. All elements are metals.

2. Metalloids are shiny.

3. Metalloids conduct heat and electricity just as well as metals do.

4. Nonmetals can be solids, liquids, or gases.

5. Carbon is a nonmetal.

6. Air is made up mostly of oxygen and nitrogen.

7. A balloon filled with oxygen will float in the air because oxygen is

lighter than air.

8. The inert gases are a special group of metalloids.

tt\ sdite.tt.c6S.

1. Helium

2. Oxygen

3. Bromine

4. Nonmetals

5. Metalloids

is a nonmetal that is a gas.

is an inert gas.

is a liquid nonmetal.

are not like metals at all.

are like metals in some ways.

15

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Elements above and to the right of this line are nonmetals.

Elements below and to the left of this line are metals.

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Scientists have organized all the elements in achart called the periodic table. It lists the 109elements in rows and columns. Elements similar toone another are in the same column. Scientists cantell a lot about an element from where it is found inthe periodic table.

The elements are arranged in rows according totheir atomic numbers. The atomic number of anelement is the number of protons in the nucleus ofone of its atoms. Oxygen has eight protons. Theatomic number of oxygen is 8. No two elements havethe same atomic number.

All elements in the periodic table have symbols. 0is the symbol for oxygen. Na is the symbol forsodium. Scientists use these symbols in formulas.The formula for water is H20. The "H" stands forhydrogen. The "2" means there are two hydrogenatoms for every oxygen atom.

16

Fill in the missing -words.

1. No two elements have the same(periodic, atomic)

2. Every element has a

3. 0 is the symbol for .

number.

. (symbol, formula)

. (water, oxygen)

ReviewPart A ^

1. Everything you see or touch is (gas, matter)

2. Matter is anything that takes up space and has(oxygen, mass)

3. Matter can exist in four (states, places)

4. Everything is made of (carbon, atoms)

5. Atoms are different because they contain different ofparticles, (numbers, colors)

6. Electrons are much than protons and neutrons.(larger, smaller)

7. The simplest form of matter is(an element, liquid)

8. Elements cannot be other substances.(broken down into, mixed with)

9. Heat and electricity pass through easily.(inert gases, metals)

10. Elements are organized in the table, (periodic, atomic)

PartB

1. Gravity makes anything you drop float in the air.

2. Weight is the pull that gravity has on an object.

3. Liquid matter takes the shape of the container you put it in.

4. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

5. Every electron is different from every other electron.

6. Elements are made up of many different kinds of atoms.

7. Nonmetais can be solids, liquids, or gases.

17

Test

Fill

1. Anything that takes up spaceand has mass is

(a) a solid.0 matter.© an element.

2. How much matter an objecthas is its

(a) mass.© atomic number.© gravity.

3. The mass of an object

© sometimes changes.© always changes.© never changes.

4. Lightning is a kind of

@ solid.© liquid.© plasma.

5. Atoms are very

@ heavy.© tiny.© large.

6. The particles in atoms havedifferent

® electric charges.© gases.© flavors.

7. Most elements are found in

® the kitchen.© space.© nature.

8. Most of the elements are

@ nonmetals.© metals.© inert gases.

9. Elements are arranged inthe periodic table accordingto their

® atomic number.© color.© weight.

10. The formula for water is

® H20.© 0.(5V Na.

18

HI Just for FunFill in the missing words in each, seatence. Use the words below

atomicchargeselement

gravityleafliquid

massmetalssolid

tableweight

1. Elements that are shiny and conduct heat are14 7

2. How much matter an object has is its j ___ .10

3. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element is its

number.18 5 17

4. The force that pulls matter toward the ground is _^____6 20

5. The simplest form of matter is an21 11

6. The pull of gravity on an object is the object's4 19

7. Elements are organized in a periodic1 12 3

8. Electrons have negative _^._ __.2 22

9. A brick is a _.15 8

10. The metal gold can be made into sheets of gold J ____ _.16

11. Milk is a _____ •-9 13

Solve the Secret Message, When ,-:..it, write; tli&t letter &.bov© ti\ iii the Secret

Secret Message:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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