Unit 1: Intro to Biology

Biology is the study and classification of Life

Bio = Life

Why Study Science ?

To know God better, & follow His Way- worship, growth, stewardship, worldview, witness …

To have a safer life, avoiding deception- spiritually, physically, financially (false advertisements)

To have a happier life: science can be fun- exotic pets, adventure, discovery, ...

To earn a living, in a science vocation- medical, education, animal care, environmental, homeland security (anti-bioterror expert)…

Romans 1:20“For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse”

Question, Question, Question

Be Curiose = Heart of Science

Who? What? When? Why?

Those that don’t stop asking silly questions become scientist

And experience the joy of DISCOVERY

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

IrreducibleComplexity

Macro Complexity

Thinking Scientifically =Be Analytical,Be Systematic

Remain = Biblical

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Why create them?

To teach us how to love others, as He loves us, for His glory and our joy.

Is this really God’s Will?

Or sin’s corruption of creation ?

; 6:5, 17

Atheistic evolution is a

mathematical absurdity:

Nobody + Nothing = Everything?

This is how it should have been

Isaiah 11 and 65

•BiologyThe study of lifeIt is a complex and highly organized study that begins with atoms and progresses to the biosphere

Father of Biology

Life Difficult to define The property of plants and

animals which makes it possible for them to:

1. take in food 2.grow 3. change to surroundings

(adapt) 4. reproduce

Some characteristics that distinguish living from non livingMetabolism: the sum of

all chemical processes in the body

2 types of of metabolism1. catabolism: reaction

break large molecules into smaller

2. anabolism :reaction builds large molecules

Categories of living organisms

Producers: Autotrophs

Consumers

HeterotrophsDecomposers

An autotroph is an organism that uses an

outside energy source like the Sun to make energy-rich molecules.

Heterotroph

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules. Heterotrophs obtain energy by eating other organisms.

Wolves can’t make their own food. They are

consumers.

The Cape Buffalo can’t make its own

food. It is a consumer.

7 Criteria for life

1. Organization

2. Homeostasis (steady state

3. Adaptation

4. development

5. Reproduction

6. Respond to stimulus

7. DNA molecule

PopulationCommunityEcosystem

BiomeBiosphere

Population: members of same species in the same place

Community: population of species living in the same area.

Ecosystem: community and nonliving portion

Biome: large scale communities classified by the predominant vegetation types distinctive combination of plants and animals

Biosphere: planet earth

atomCell

tissue organOrgan system

organism

Correlation of structure and function In living organisms there is a

correlation between form and function

Biological structures give clues about what they do and how they work

Knowing a structure’s function gives insight about its construction

Cellular basis of life

The cell is life’s basic unit of structure and function

It is the lowest level of structure capable of performing activities of life

All organisms are composed of cells

May exist singularly ( unicellular) or as subunits of multicellular organisms

EARLY MICROSCOPES

Zacharias Janssen - made 1st compound microscope

a Dutch maker of reading glasses (late 1500’s)

Leeuwenhoek

The first to observe living cells ( 1675)

discovered blood cells, bacteria and other single-celled organisms which he named “animacules

Discovery of cells

Cells were first seen in 1665 by the early microscopist Robert Hooke.

Hooke was examining cork wood, and noticed that the wood was divided into little squares or “cells”

CELL THEORY: Schleiden and Schwann A theory resulting

from many scientists’ observations & conclusions

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. cell is the simplest unit of life

3. cells come from preexisting cells

Ultra structure of cells

Cells are bound by plasma membranes that regulate the passage of materials between the cell and its surrounding

Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the plasma membrane (plant cells) animal cells lack cell walls

Cells are controlled by their DNA The largest organelle in the cell is

the nucleus

Two basic cell types:Two basic cell types:

Eukaryotes (Eu = true) (kary = nucleus) Organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.

Prokaryotes (Pro = before) Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus (bacteria).

*

Ditonomous key

a written set of a written set of choices that leads to choices that leads to the name of an the name of an organismorganism

Father Father of of taxonomtaxonomyy

:

1. plant1. plant 2. Animal2. Animal 3. Protist3. Protist 4. Fungi4. Fungi 5. Monera/ 5. Monera/

ProkaryotaeProkaryotae

:

1. Plant1. Plant 2. Animal2. Animal 3. Protista3. Protista 4. Fungi4. Fungi 5. Eubacteria( 5. Eubacteria(

true bacteria)true bacteria) 6. 6.

ArchaebacterArchaebacteraa

Plantae: multicellular Eukaryotic autotrophs

Multicelluar Eukaryoticheterotrophs

The science of organizing and

classifying organisms.

Early scientific names described the physical characteristics of a species in great detail and were often 20 words long and was difficult because scientist chose different characteristics for the same species

Ex: “ Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their edges

Today Scientists use Today Scientists use Carolus Linnaeus's seven Carolus Linnaeus's seven levels of classification.levels of classification.

This is done since scientists This is done since scientists often classify speciesoften classify speciesinto subspecies, varieties into subspecies, varieties or strains to denoteor strains to denotevariations within a species.variations within a species.

The seven levels of classification are as followed: KINGDOM (MOST GENERAL) PHYLUM (DIVISION IN

PLANTS) CLASS ORDER (suborders end in -ina) FAMILY ( subfamilies end in -

inae) GENUS SPECIES (MOST SPECIFIC)

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREBINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Aristotle classified living things as either PLANT or ANIMAL.

He divided plants into 3 subcategorizes on the basis of Stem differentiation.

Animals were subdivided into land dwellers, water dwellers, and air dwellers

The Scientific Method

A logical approach to the solution of a problem, that lends itself to investigations by observation, generalization, theorizing and testing

Steps in the Scientific method

1. observe and state a problem

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Test the hypothesis

4. Record and analyze data

5. Form a conclusion

6. Replicate the work

Steps 1,&,2 Observing and stating the problem and forming a hypothesis In the first step, a scientist develops

a hypothesis in response to an observation.

Hypothesis: a tentative explanation for an observation that provides a basis for experimentation

For an experiment to be valid, it should contain a control setup, a variable, and an experimental setup

Control setup: The part of the experiment that does not contain the variable

Experimental setup: the part of the experiment that does contain the variable

Variable: the single factor that is isolated and tested

A valid experiment contains only one variable ,

b) Experiment

Next, the Scientist performs an experiment designed to test the validity of the hypothesis.

Experiment: the observation of natural phenomena carried out in a controlled manner so that the results can be duplicated and rational conclusions obtained

If the results of the experiment contradict the hypothesis, a new hypothesis must be developed.

Hypothesis

No hypothesis, theory or law is ever free from being tested

Hypothesis should be written in an “If…..then” form

“If fertilizer is used, then the crops will produce more.”

This allows for the hypothesis to be either accepted or rejected, no gray areas

c) Law

After a series of experiments, a researcher may see a relationship or a regularity in the results. If this relationship can be stated clearly, we call it a law.

Law: concise statement that summarizes a wide range of experimental results & has not been contradicted by experiments

A law summarizes a set of experimental results, but does not provide an explanation.

d) Theory

If a hypothesis is supported by a great deal of experimental data, it becomes a theory.

Theory: The most logical explanation of events that occur in nature

Theory: a tested explanation of basic natural phenomena; a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them

Data

Recorded observations and measurements

Varies with each type of lab performed: qualitative, quantitative