unit 1 how to fight an infection. bioinformatics the collection, classification, storage, and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1 How to Fight an Infection
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Bioinformatics
• The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics
• Sue and the outbreak of Neiserria meningitidis – We collected information from individuals to try to
track the infection
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BLAST
• We identified the possible organisms infecting the college students with BLAST
• http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi– Provides you with a match to your sequence of
DNA.– The higher the percentage, the greater the match
that it is that organism.
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ELISA
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay– Quantitative and Qualitative results– http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animati
ons/content/ELISA.html
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Attack of the Superbugs
• 1.2.2 - This activity investigates the mechanisms by which DNA from one bacterial cell is transferred to another bacterial cell.– This process is called CONJUGATION.
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Attack of the Superbugs
• To see if we can induce conjugation making an antibiotic resistant bacterium
• We are using two strains of Escherichia coli– Strain 1 – has a gene on its DNA that codes for
streptomycin resistance– Strain 2 – has a gene found on the plasmid DNA
that codes for ampicillin resistance.
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Results
• We had growth on three plates.
• If conjugation had not occurred, we would not have seen growth on the plate with strep and amp in it. Plasmid was conjugated.
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Transduction and Transformation
• Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
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• Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacterial cells take up naked DNA molecules from the surrounding media.– Not sure how this occurs.
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Antibiotic Resistance
• Lab showed how bacteria can establish antibiotic resistance.
• Bad!
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Hearing Loss
• Put a pic of the ear on your sheet with structures labeled– Sensionuerial vs conductive• Related to the use of Sue’s use of antibiotics due to
Neiserria meningitidis
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• Conductive hearing problems are those that disrupt the conduction of sound through the outer and middle ear.
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Conductive Hearing Loss
• Affects hearing before the sound reaches the cochlea and the nerve receptors of the inner ear.
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Sensorineural deafness
• Sensorineural deafness is decreased hearing or hearing loss that occurs from damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the brain.
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• Sensorineural hearing loss is most often due to a loss of hair cells (sensory receptors in the inner ear).
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Treatment
• Cochlear Implant• Hearing Aid
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Causes of Conduction Deafness
• Otitis Media• Middle ear infection• Chronic suppurative otitis media –
1.Peferation of the tympanic membrane
2. Bacterial infection
l
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Otosclerosis
• Ossicles of the middle ear harden and become less able to vibrate.
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Otosclerosis
• Approximately one-third of all persons with impaired hearing have this condition.
• Hereditary• Damage to the ossicles, e.g. by serious infection or
head injury. • Perforated (pierced) eardrum, which can be caused
by an untreated ear infection (chronic suppurative otitis media), head injury or a blow to the ear, or from poking something in your ear.
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Interventions
• Hearing aids -usually effective for conductive hearing loss.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8685.htm
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Vaccines – 3 major, out of 6
• Types of Vaccines– Attenuated – live virus, slightly weakened,
changed so that you get an immune response but not the disease
– Killed – virus is dead but still elicites an immune response
– Toxoid - vaccine is designed to trigger an immune response to a toxin produced by a bacterium or virus, not to the organism itself.
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Unit 2 How To Screen What Is in Your Genes
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Genetic Testing
• Genetic testing is the use of molecular methods to determine if someone has a genetic disorder, will develop one, or is a carrier of a genetic illness and involves sampling a person’s DNA and examining the chromosomes or genes for abnormalities.
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• 2.1.1. Genetic Counselor• 2.1.2 Screening our own genes - PTC gene– PCR• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/
content/pcr.html• Know the steps and the temps for each step
• 2.1.3 Restriction Enzymes– What are they– Sticky vs blunt- SNPs
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2.2
• Gene Therapy– Gene therapy is the practice of inserting functional
genes into a person’s genome to replace faulty genes
– Viral Vectors vs Non-viral• Viral – can be engineered, enters cells easily but can
cause an immune response• Non-viral – plasmids, don’t enters cells as easily
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2.3
• Reproductive Technology– in vitro fertilization (IVF) – preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
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Unit 3 How to Conquer Cancer
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3.1• Regulation in the cell cycle
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• Proto-oncognes become oncogenes through a disruption in the cell cycle.
• Normally, cells will detect a mutation or that a certain point in the cell cycle has been disrupted and cause the cell to undergo apoptosis
• Oncogenes lead to cancerous cells
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DNA Microarray - What Are They?
• Technology in which the activity (whether a gene is turned on or off) of thousands of genes can be measured.
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• mRNA is attached to the wells• Conjucated with cDNA (complimentary) along
with a flourescent tag.• Color that is emited is detected.• Detects for the level of expression of mRNA
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3.2 Cancer Screens and 3.3 Treating Cancer
• Why do we do screens?• How do we treat cancer?– Radiation– Chemotherapy– Biofeedback therapy
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3.4 Building a Better Cancer Treatment
• Personalized Medicine– SNPS, haplotypes– How do you determine which medication to give
looking at SNPs?
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Clinical Trials
• Random• Double Blind **• Orphan• Single Blind
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Nanotechnology
• What can nanotechnology do?• How can we use it in cancer?
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Unit 4 How To Prevail When Organs Fail
• GFP Lab– Why hdyrophobic column– Why CaCl2 and heat shock– Why lysozyme– Why binding buffer
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ESRD and Organ Transplantation
• Know the tests that are used to diagnose ESRD
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Kidney Vs Heart Transplant
• Both are used for patients that are ill and in need of an organ.
• Both must utilize tissue typing.• Both can have organ rejection.
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Heart Transplant
More extreme of a surgery Kidney = laproscopicHeart = opening entire chest cavity
Blood has to be rerouted during surgery to a bypass machineKidney = just clamp the vessels to the kidney that is to
be removed Longer recovery time Needs to be performed ASAP vs wait time on a
kidney – WHY?
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Transplantation of Other Tissues
Which of the following can we currently transplant?HeartIntestineKidneyLiverPancreasLungBone/TendonsCorneaSkin
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• Which of the following organs is the only organ that can regenerate itself?– Heart– Intestine– Kidney– Liver– Pancreas– Lung
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The Liver!
• A portion of a liver can be transplanted and can grow while the donor ‘s original liver can grow back to normal as well.
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Those Involved
AnesthesiologistProvides medicine to put patient under during surgery
Transplant SurgeonSpecializes in the transplant of a certain organ
Preoperative NurseWorks with the surgeon handing her tools and provides
help when needed Pharmacist
Provides ant-rejection medication to patient after surgery
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Xenotransplantation
• Using animal parts for humans– Plenty of animals, plenty of parts
• Problem – we can reject the organ (HLA)– Introduction of animal viruses into humans
• Problem – clone the animals – can lead to inferior structures
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Tissue Engineering
• Using patients cells to grow organs and tissues in the lab– Could grow a replacement organ??– Bladder would be easier than intestines – due to
the multiple functions of intestines• What are some negatives?http://science.howstuffworks.com/genetic-science/cloned-organ-transplant.htm