Unit 1: Geographical Skills and Challenges

Glossary and pop Quiz Questions

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As part of the Geography course you will be expected to learn glossary terms and

pop quiz questions. You will be tested on these as the beginning of each GCSE

Geography session.

Your ongoing homework is to be learning BOTH the glossary terms and the pop quiz

questions for the unit you are studying.

Your teacher will also set longer exam questions from this booklet as additional

homework.

Challenges for the Planet Glossary Terms

You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.

# Challenges Key Terms Definition

1 Afforestation Planting trees

2 Agro-Forestry Growing trees and crops

3 Albedo Measure of the Earth’s surface reflectivity

4 Bali Roadmap A set of decisions made in 2007 representing the various pathways to reaching a global climate deal

5 Biodiversity The variety of life (animal and plant) in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

6 Congestion charge Motorists pay to travel into urban areas at peak times

7 Cottage Industries A business or manufacturing activity carried out in someone’s home

8 Deforestation Large scale removal of forests

9 Earth Summit A meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 to find ways of dealing with environmental damage.

10 Endangered A species at risk of extinction

11 External factor Causes of climate change from space

12 Fossil Fuels Come from the Earth and are formed by heat and pressure over millions of years (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas)

13 Greenhouse effect The trapping of the sun's warmth in the Earth’s atmosphere due to greenhouse gases

14 Greenhouse gases

Gases that trap heat within the Earth’s atmosphere (e.g. methane, carbon dioxide)

15 Indigenous Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place

16 Internal factor Causes of climate change from the ocean, land and atmosphere

17 Kyoto Protocol International environment treaty to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% globally compared to 1990 by 2012

18

Livesimply Initiated by the Catholic Church in 2007 to encourage students to consider how they make choices in their life and how to be more sustainable

19 Logging

The activity or business of felling trees and cutting and preparing the timber

20 Manchester is my planet

A pledge campaign to encourage individuals to reduce their carbon footprint and become involved in green energy projects

21 Methane A gas created by the natural breakdown of bacteria

22 Milankovitch Cycle

Changes in the Earth’s orbit affecting the climate on Earth

23 NGO Private non-governmental organisations (e.g. Greenpeace) which work on issues affecting humanity

24 Park and ride Motorists park their cars in large parking areas on the edge of urban areas and catch a bus into the town centre

25 Pedestrianise Areas which restrict private transport

26 Resource extraction Extraction of resources (e.g. mining) from the environment which has a major effect on the plants, animals and people who live there

27 Selective logging Cutting down certain trees in an area rather than the whole forest

28 Sustainable development

Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

29 Sustainable transport Maintaining the standard of transport required for society and the economy to function efficiently without placing too much pressure on the environment

Challenges for the Planet Pop Quiz Questions

# Question / clue

Answer

1 When did the Little Ice Age happen?

Between 1200-1800AD

2 Climate change is caused by internal and external factors. What is meant by external?

Outside of the Earth’s atmosphere

3 Climate change is caused by internal and external factors. What is meant by internal?

Within the Earth’s atmosphere

4 How does a reduction of sunspots affect the climate on Earth?

Reduces the temperature

5

Give an example of an external factor which affects climate change Sunspots, Earth’s orbit, Earth’s tilt

6 What is albedo?

Measure of surface reflectivity

7 How does a volcanic eruption affect the climate? Release large amounts of sulphur dioxide and ash into the atmosphere which reduces the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface

8 Is the climate warmer or colder when the Earth’s orbit is elliptical? Warmer

9 Why has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased? More fossil fuels being burnt, more transport and more deforestation

10 How many more times heating affect does methane have compared to carbon dioxide?

20

11 Give two sources of methane Wetlands, rice growing, landfills, burning vegetation, animal bowels

12 How are the people of the Tuvalu Islands being affected negatively by climate change?

Evacuated to New Zealand

13 Which coastal city could be lost by 2100 if sea level rises? New York

14 How often do droughts now happen in Kenya? Every three years

15 Why will the Great Barrier Reef die within the next 30 years? Rising sea temperatures

16 Why have villages been abandoned in the Colca region of Peru? No longer a water supply due to a lack of snow in the mountains

17 When was the Kyoto Protocol signed?

1997

18 When did the Kyoto Protocol come into force? 2005

19 By what amount did greenhouse gas emissions need to be cut by according to the Kyoto Protocol?

5.2% compared to 1990 levels

20 By 2008, how many countries had signed the Kyoto Protocol? 181

21 Name the NGO which has focused their campaign against climate change on the use of fossil fuels

Greenpeace

22 When was the ‘Livesimply’ campaign active in the UK?

2007

23 Who led the ‘Livesimply’ campaign? The Catholic Church

24 What is the Green Badge Parking Permit? People with low carbon emission cars can get 25% discount on car parking in Greater Manchester

25 Sustainable development is … Development meeting the needs of the present but not compromising the needs of the future

26 How has Asda made itself more sustainable? Recycling its packaging by crushing it and baling it thus reducing it to 10% of its original size

27 How does Nokia make itself more sustainable? Encouraging customers to recycle their mobile phones when they buy a new one

28 In Delhi, India car ownership has grown by what amount between 1970 and 2008?

1970 = 0.5m / 2008 = 5m 4.5m increase

29 What is the congestion charge? A fee paid by motorists for driving into congested areas of a city at peak times

30 Where was the congestion charge first introduced? Singapore

31 When was the congestion charge in London introduced?

2003

32 How much does the congestion charge in London cost? £10-12 per day

33 In London in 2008, the number of car journeys had decreased by …?

65,000

34 How many more people in London were using buses during the morning rush period?

29,000

35 What is park and ride? People park their cars on the edge of a city and catch a bus to the town centre

36 Norwich has several park and ride facilities but how many are there? 6

37 What is a road lane?

Cars with more than three people in can use these lanes to beat traffic jams

38 When did Texaco start oil mining in Ecuador? 1964

39 Which indigenous people are affected by oil extraction in Ecuador? Huaorani

39 How much rainforest has been deforested by Texaco in Ecuador? 1 million hectares

40 How much oil has Texaco spilled in Ecuador? 16.8 million gallons

41 How are the Huaorani tribe in Ecuador affected by oil extraction? Freshwater and farmland polluted, 5x more likely to get stomach cancer, more miscarriages

42 Which plant is now endangered due to oil extraction in Ecuador and why is it so important?

Periwinkle. Used to cure childhood leukaemia

43 What has Texaco built for the tribe in Ecuador?

Schools

44 How much money has Texaco spent on environmental protection in Ecuador?

$60 million

45 Why did deforestation take place at Sissano Lagoon? Plant palm oil trees

46 What did deforestation cause in Sissano Lagoon? Sediment to run into the lagoon which killed coral reef and prawns

47 How have Greenpeace helped the tribe in Sissano Lagoon? Introduce new industry ideas (nut harvesting, cloth making?

Challenges For the Planet – Exam Questions

1. Name one fossil fuel (1)

2. Outline how fossil fuels have caused an increase in CO2 emissions (4)

3. Explain two causes of climate change since the last ice age (4)

4. The rate of sea level rise has increased over the past 20 years because there has been A) a

decrease in rice production, B) an increase in energy production from fossil fuels, C) an

increase in the use of electric cars or D) a decrease in energy production from fossil fuels (1)

5. There has been a range of responses to climate change on a local level. Describe the details

of one scheme you have researched (4)

6. Outline the negative effects of a rise in global temperatures (4)

7. Explain how the burning of fossil fuels contributes to current climate change (4)

8. Describe one response to climate change on a global scale (3)

9. There are a number of factors that are recent causes of climate change. Choose either A) the

burning of fossil fuels or B) the increase of methane in the atmosphere. Explain how your

chosen factor causes climate change (4)

10. State one source of methane (1)

11. There has been an increase in the amount of methane being released into the atmosphere.

Suggest reasons why (3)

12. Describe the negative effects that climate change is having on the environment. Use

examples in your answer (4)

13. Explain why sea levels have risen since the last ice age (4)

14. What is meant by a park and ride scheme? (2)

15. What is meant by the term congestion charge? (2)

16. Give reasons why cities like Durham have introduced congestion charging (3)

17. Outline one way traffic can be managed in urban areas other than congestion charging (3)

18. Explain how park and ride is a sustainable transport scheme. Use an example in your

answer (4)

19. Outline the effects of resource extraction on tropical rainforest environments and the people

who live there. Use examples in your answer (4)

20. Explain how transport is being managed in urban areas. You should refer to a number of

examples (6)

21. What is sustainable development? (1)

22. Explain the policies one large organisation has developed to make it more sustainable (3)

23. Explain the management initiatives used in rainforest areas where resources have been

extracted. Use examples in your answer (6)

24. Explain two effects of resource extraction in tropical rainforest areas. One effect should be

on the environment and the other on the local people (4)

25. Explain how large organisations are becoming more sustainable in the workplace. Use

examples in your answer (6)

Challenging Facing The Planet Model Answers:

Outline how fossil fuels have caused an increase in CO² emissions. (4)

Fossil fuels (such as coal (1)) are burnt to provide energy (1). In China 75% of energy is produced

by coal (1). There are also more cars on the road due to an ever increasing population (1).

Explain the policies one large organisation have made to make it more sustainable (3)

Asda recycle their plastic packaging (1) which reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill (1). The

plastic waste is baled and reduced to 10% of its original size and then sent away for recycling (1).

World leaders are keen to reduce deforestation. Why? (2)

Less carbon dioxide will be taken out of the atmosphere if trees are cut down (1) and less oxygen

will be released into the atmosphere (1).

Outline the negative effects of a rise in global temperatures (4)

If global temperatures rise some countries will be flooded (1) such as the Tuvalu Islands near New

Zealand (1). Some countries in Africa (e.g. Kenya) will have longer periods of drought (1) so crops

won’t grow (1).

What is meant by the term congestion charge? (2)

This is when motorists are charged to go into city and town centres (1). In London the charge is

£10 at peak periods (1).

Outline how orbital geometry causes climate change (4)

The shape of the Earth’s orbit around the sun becomes more or less elliptical over time (1) which

impacts of the climate by bringing the sun closer or taking it further away (1). The tilt of the Earth’s

axis varies slightly over time (1). The greater the angle of tilt the hotter the summers are and the

colder the winters are (1).

Describe one response to climate change on a global scale (3)

The first Earth Summit led by the United Nations took place in Brazil in 1992 (1). The Kyoto

Protocol was decided at this summit and this was signed at the Kyoto Conference in 1997 (1) –

181 countries have now signed it. The protocol demanded that emissions needed to be reduced

by 5.2% compared to 1990 figures (1).

Geographical Skills Glossary Terms:

You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.

# Geographical Skills Key Terms

Definition

1 Aerial photo

Taken from directly above showing a wide area

2 Altitude Height above sea level (in metres)

3 Annotate

An explanatory label

4 Aspect The direction a place is facing

5 Contour lines Join places of equal height on a map. The closer together they are the steeper the land.

6 Cross section Show the shape of the land in profile

7 Dispersed settlement Houses are spread out over an area

8 Distribution

The way something is spread out (e.g. settlements, woodland)

9 Evaluation Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of something

10 Flow line map Shows movement between places. The amount is shown by the thickness of the line.

11 Four figure grid reference

Locate a square on a map and are used for large features (e.g. a settlement)

12 Geographical enquiry Active, questioning approach using geographical skills

13 Geographical Information System

Has a map as a base and layers of other information on top of it

14 Isoline Join points of equal value (e.g. contours)

15 Label A simple descriptive point

16 Linear settlement Forms in a line (e.g. along a road)

17 Nucleated settlement Houses are clustered together

18 Oblique photo

Taken from an angle providing additional detail to buildings and features

19

Pattern The trend in something

20 Pictogram Use symbols to represent data

21 Proportional circles

Proportional circles are normally located on a map. The size of the circle represents the data being plotted

22 Relief

The shape of the land

23 Rose diagram

Lines radiate out from a central point (e.g. location) in different directions and the length shows the frequency of the data

24 Satellite photo

Taken of the Earth from space showing patterns on a large scale

25 Shape The form a settlement takes (e.g. linear, dispersed, nucleated)

26

Site The land on which a settlement is built

27 Situation Where a settlement is located in relation to other features

28 Six figure grid reference

Locate a particular point on a map (e.g. a church)

Geographical Skills Pop Quiz Questions:

# Question / clue

Answer

1 What is a label? A simple descriptive point

2 What is an annotation? An explained label

3 What does an aerial photograph show? A bird’s eye view of a whole area

4 What is an oblique photograph? A photo taken from an angle to show more detail

5 What are satellite photographs? Pictures of the Earth taken from space to show large scale patterns

6 What do 4 figure grid references help to locate on a map? A square – e.g. a settlement

7 What do 6 figure grid references help to locate on a map? A particular point on a map – e.g. a church

8 What is meant by the site of a settlement? The land a settlement is built on

9 What is meant by the situation of a settlement? Where a settlement is located in relation to physical and human features

10 What is meant by the shape of a settlement? The form a settlement takes (e.g. linear, dispersed or nucleated)

11 How does a linear settlement form? Forms in a line (along a road or river valley)

12 What does a dispersed settlement look like? Houses are spread out over an area (e.g. large farms)

13 What does a nucleated settlement look like? Houses which are clustered together tightly

14 What are you looking for on a map if you are asked to find communication networks?

Roads and railways

15 What are isolines? Join places of equal value (e.g. contours on a map)

16 What are flow line maps? Show movement between places. The thicker the line the more people.

17 Give one example of data that could be displayed using a flow line map

Pedestrian flows around a city, traffic flows between settlements, migration patterns

18 What is a compound bar chart? Bar subdivided into parts that add up to 100%

19 What is the difference between a bar chart and histogram? A histogram shows continuous data (e.g. rainfall) whilst a bar chart shows distinct data (e.g. traffic count)

20 Visually how do bar charts and histograms differ?

Bar charts have bars with gaps between

21 What are contours? Join places of equal height on a map.

22 What do contours that are drawn closely together tell you about the land?

Steep

23 What do contours that are drawn far apart tell you about the land?

Shallow

24 What does GIS stand for? Geographical Information Systems

25 What is GIS? A base map with layers of information on top

26 What is a rose diagram / ray diagram?

Lines radiate out from a central point (e.g. location) in different directions and the length shows the frequency of the data

27 What does a scale of 1:50,000 mean? 1cm on a map represents 50,000 cm (500 metres) in real life

28 What are the advantages of GIS?

Shows lots of information on one map, information can be linked together to identify patterns, greater accessibility of GIS (e.g. by smart phones)

29

What are the disadvantages of GIS? Can be complex and people require training to fully understand it, if too many layers are added to a map it becomes too cluttered to understand, may require expensive software

30 What could be included in a description of site of settlement?

Slope, Height about sea level, Aspect, Water supply, Land

31 How can the situation of a settlement be described? Places nearby, Accessibility, Relief, Communications

32 What is meant by physical features on a map? Naturally occurring features (e.g. relief, water, vegetation)

33 What is meant by human features on a map? Man-made features (e.g. land use, communications, settlement)

34 What is a pictogram? Uses symbols to show data. Each symbol represents a certain quantity (e.g. one picture of a car may represent 10 cars in real life)

35 What criteria need to be met to use a triangular graph to represent data?

The data needs to be made up of 3 parts in % form and the three parts need to add up to 100%

36 What is a choropleth map? Shaded map where different shades of a colour represent a range of values.

37 What is a dispersion graph? Show a range of data and useful to drawing comparisons between data

38 What is meant by a proportional circle? The size of the circle represents the data being plotted

39 What are scattergraphs used for? To see if there is a relationship between two sets of data and the nature of the relationship

40 What is a line of best fit used for on a scattergraph? Indicates the strength of a relationship between two variables

Geographical Skills – Exam Questions:

1. What graphical technique would you use to show population density data? (1) Give two

reasons for your choice (2)

2. Give two pieces of information which could be added to a photograph using GIS (2)

3. ICT can be used to collect data during research and fieldwork. Suggest how (3)

4. Give two pieces of map evidence to justify why a settlement is attractive to tourists (2)

5. State two advantages of using GIS to overlay maps compared to looking at maps separately

(2)

6. Describe what is meant by layering information when using GIS (3)

7. Suggest one group of people who might use GIS (1)

8. State 4 ICT skills you could use when collecting or displaying fieldwork data (4)

Answer Questions 9- 15 using the OS map extract of Warkworth and Amble and Photograph A.

9. Photograph A was taken at 268047 looking NW. In the background of the photo is a castle –

in which village is this castle located in? (1)

10. Name the river in Photograph A (1)

11. Describe the distribution of woodland shown on the map. Use map evidence in your answer

(4)

12. What is the distance to the nearest km along the railway line from the railway station in

Alnmouth (2311) to the railway station in 2201? (1)

13. Give the 6 figure grid reference for the church in Shilbottle (1)

14. If you were travelling from Amble to Warkworth, what direction would you be going? (1)

15. Suggest why Warkworth is popular with tourists, give map evidence to support your answer

(4)

Geographical Skills – Model Answers

Maps can be created by GIS. State two advantages of using GIS compared to looking at

the maps separately (2)

Maps can be layered one on top of the other (1). This means it is easy to see the relationship

between them. (1)

Give one reason why a scattergraph is a good way of displaying data (2)

It shows a relationship between two variables (1) which can be plotted on one graph and

correlations can be seen easily (1).

Describe how the width and depth of a river changes as it flows from site 1 to 10 (4)

(Please note – you would have data provided in an exam and would not be expected to know this

through content)

The river becomes wider (1) as it moves from site 1 to site 10. It increases from 3m to 11.8m (1).

However site 5 is an anomaly because it is wider here than at site 6 (1). The depth increases

from site 1 to site 10 (1).

State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a choropleth map to display data (2)

An advantage is it shows location and density together (darker the shade, the higher the density)

(1).

A disadvantage is it evens out small differences within an area which makes it unreliable (1).

What is meant by the term Geographical Information Systems (GIS)? (2)

It is often based on an electronic copy of a map (1). It is a useful way of displaying and finding

data through layers of information (1).