Unit 1Unit 1

Fighting with Fighting with the Forces of Naturethe Forces of Nature

Teaching Objectives

Students will be able tobe familiar with some words about the fo

rces of naturegrasp the main idea and structure of the t

extdo a comparison and contrast between N

apoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union

master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text

Lead-in Activities

•What is nature?

•What are the forces of nature?

I Class Discussion

Lead-in Activities

What is nature?

Everything in the physical

world that is not controlled by humans, such as wild plants and animals, earth and rocks, and the weather.

Lead-in Activities

What are the forces of nature?

The forces of nature mean the powerful aspects of nature and weather, for example, wind and storm, etc.

Can you think of other Can you think of other examples of nature showing its examples of nature showing its forces?forces?

Forces of nature

flood

Forces of nature

draught

Forces of nature

volcano

Forces of nature

earthquake

Forces of nature

snowstorm

Forces of nature

avalanche

Forces of nature

sandstorm

Forces of nature

hurricane

Forces of nature

typhoon

The difference between hurricanes and typhoons:

Hurricanes happen in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

Typhoons happen in the Western Pacific Ocean.

Forces of nature

Lead-in Activities

II Listening Practice Directions: Listen to a piece of news and

answer the follow question.

Words to know before listening capsize : overturn churn: shake evacuate: withdraw torrential: very heavy pummel: beat

Listening Practice Q1. What is the news about?

It is about the most powerful typhoon happening in China in 50 years.

Q2. Which part of China was hit? The southeastern cost.

Q3. Are there any deaths reported? Yes, dozens of deaths are

reported and the number might grow.

Lead-in Activities

Q4. What did the Chinese officials do?

They evacuated about 1.5 million people beforehand and built up earthen barricades along some cities.

Q5. What did the forecasters say? Another potentially deadly

typhoon is now swirling 110 miles off the country's coastline. Scrip

t

The most powerful typhoon to hit China in five decades hassmashed into the country's southeastern coast, destroying homes and capsizing boats along the way. Dozens of deaths are reported and it's feared that number will grow. The Typhoon is packing winds of up to 135 miles per hour and is bringing heavy rains that are making umbrellas all but useless. Before making landfall Thursday, the storm churned waves that capsized two ships. Chinese officials evacuated some 1.5 million people beforehand and built up earthen barricades along some cities. While the wind is doing massive damage, there are fears that the storm will produce torrential rains over the next few days that could trigger deadly landslides. This is the 8th major storm to hit China this year. Forecasters there are blaming warmer-than-normal Pacific Ocean currents that they say are fueling the typhoons and drawing them farther inland. Even as the storm pummels the country, forecasters are already keeping a watch on another potentially deadly typhoon, that is now swirling 110 miles off the country's coastline.

Nila B. Smith

Contents

1.Cultural Notes

2.Text Organization

3.Language Points

4.Text Analysis

5.Useful Expressions

6.Word Study

7.Assignment

1. Cultural Notes

• What do you know about Napoleon and What do you know about Napoleon and his wars against other nations?his wars against other nations?

– Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte– Conqueror Conqueror – French revolutionFrench revolution– one of the greatest military commanders one of the greatest military commanders

conquering the larger part of Europeconquering the larger part of Europe– the battle of Waterloothe battle of Waterloo– Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

1. Cultural Notes Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769–1821): one of the greatest military commanders and the emperor of the French.

During 1802-1815 he tried his best to get control of the whole Europe. He defeated all his enemies except Britain.

1. Cultural Notes

In 1812, he lost 500 thousand men when he invaded Russian, and in 1814, the British, Prussians, Austrians and Russians entered Paris. They sent him to rule the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, but he collected his army and came back to Paris. He was soon defeated again. In 1815, at the battle of Waterloo he was sent to the island of St Helena in the south Atlantic. He died in 1821.

1. Cultural Notes Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945): G

erman political and military leader and one of the 20th century’s most powerful dictators. He converted Germany into a fully militarized society. In 1939 he launched World War II.

He ever built Nazi party and made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies. He hoped to conquer the whole world, and dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa for a time.

1. Cultural Notes

Joseph Stalin (1879 - 1953): general secretary of the communist party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The USSR was built into a modern economic and military power under his leadership.

He also led his army repelled Hitler’s armies in World War . During the cold war period he rivaled Ⅱthe United States.

2. Text Organization

Parts Para. Main Ideas

I 1-2

II 3-11

III 12-20

IV 21

Introduction— Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.

Napoleon’s military campaign against Russian.

Hitler’s military campaign against the Soviet Union.

Conclusion— The elements of nature must be reckoned with in an military campaign.

Understanding the Text

Questions for Part One

What does the “icy defender” refer to?

In what way was Hitler’s offensive against the Soviet Union similar to Napoleon’s campaign against Russia?

Understanding the Text

Questions for Part FourWhat conclusion does the author

draw from Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns?

3. Language PointsPara. 1 (Line 2) He was prepared for the fierce resistance …… What other words can fierce use with? e.g. fierce competition 激烈的竞争 attack 猛烈的攻击 battle 激烈的战斗 opposition 猛烈的反对 criticism 猛烈的批评 fierce person 凶恶的 / 残忍人 animal 凶猛的动物 fierce wind 强风 cold 强冷 storm 狂风暴雨

3. Language PointsPara. 1 (Line 5)But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy. devastating: adj1) completely destructive:1) completely destructive:

devastating storm/tsunami/war/hurricanedevastating storm/tsunami/war/hurricane2) very good; able to obtain the desired result (2) very good; able to obtain the desired result (infml)infml)::

You look devastating tonight, my dear.You look devastating tonight, my dear.His jokes were completely devastating.His jokes were completely devastating. (=ver (=ver

y funny).y funny).devastatedevastate vt.vt. to destroy completely; make impossible to destroy completely; make impossible

to live into live in Towns and villages were devastated by a long war.Towns and villages were devastated by a long war.

3. Language PointsPara. 2 (Line 9)

His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe.

mow down:

1) To destroy in great numbers as if cutting down, as in battle.

大批毁灭，如在战场上 2) To overwhelm 战胜： They mowed down the opposition with strong ar

guments. 他们用强有力的论据驳倒对方

3. Language PointsPara. 7 (Line 36)……but the occupation of the city became an empty victo

ry.empty: 1) having nothing inside an empty box 2) not used an empty chair empty hours 空闲时间 3) meaningless or insincere empty talk 空谈 , 废话 empty promises 空洞许诺 empty lip service 说得好听的空话 4) unhappy because nothing is interesting empty life 空虚的生活

3. Language PointsPara. 7 (Line 37)

The Russians fled their capital.

flee: 1) v.i. run away or vanish

The enemy fled in disorder. 敌人溃逃了。 Color fled from her cheeks. 红晕从她的双颊

上消失了。 2) v.t. run away from

Citizens were forced to flee the besieged city.

居民被迫逃离这座被围困的城市。

3. Language PointsPara. 7 (Line 39)

“We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”

What does this sentence mean?

Since the Russian winter was raw, bitter, bleak and the Grand Army’s supply was slow, the Russian Czar was confident that the Grand Army would be defeated.

3. Language PointsPara. 8 (Line 41)

…he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army…

… he could not provide food, clothes and places to sleep to his army.

quarter: formal to provide someone with a place to sleep and eat, especially soldiers

Our troops were quartered in Boston until June.

军队驻扎在波士顿直到六月。

3. Language PointsPara. 9 (Line 48)

Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. 死在路上in (one's) tracks : Exactly where one is standing 正是

某人站的地方 She stopped him right in his tracks.

她当场制止了他。Other Expression ：be on the right track: to be correct in what you say or

think

be on the wrong track/tack: believe something that is wrong

3. Language PointsPara.13 (Line 72)

…to “scorch the earth” in front of the German invaders.

What does “scorch the earth” mean?

It means to burn everything so that Hitler’s army couldn’t get supply.

3. Language PointsPara. 14 (Line 76) The Germans closed in on Leningrad.close in : to move closer to someone or

something, especially in order to attack them

The snake closed in for the kill.close in on/around/upon etc The enemy soldiers were closing in on

them from all sides.

3. Language PointsPara. 15 (Line 84) “General Mud” slowed down the movement

of the German’s lightning attack. Who does “General Mud” refer to?

It refers to the muddy roads.

3. Language PointsPara. 16 (Line 91) The Russian winter brought the German offensive t

o a halt. offensive: 1) n. a continued attack, usu. with large militar

y forceslaunch an all-out offensive against the enemyled a massive military offensive.

发动全面的军事攻击 2) adj. causing offence; unpleasant 冒犯的

offensive remarks/ advertisements to women a sight too offensive to look at

Cf. defensive

Text Analysis

A comparison-and-contrast analysis of the two invasions

Invading Country

France Germany

Country invaded

Starter of war

Starting time of invasion

Strength of invading force

Russia Soviet Union

Napoleon Hitler

Spring,1812 6/22/1941

600,000 The largest landcampaign in

history

Prediction

Initial resistance strategies

Capture of Russian capital

Major battles

Truce offer

Quick victory, conquest of Russia in 5 weeks

Blitzkrieg, lasting no longer than 3 months Refusing to

stand and fight; retreating eastwards, burning crops and homes

“scorch the earth”, fierce fight to defend major cities

Yes No

Smolensk, Borodino, the Berezina River

Leningrad, Stalingrad

By Napoleon, rejected by the Czar.

no

Biggest enemy for the invading force

Turning point

Fate of the invading force

War-starter’ fate

Snow, freezing temperature

Heavy rain, “General Mud”, snow, freezing temperature

Oct. 1812,when Napoleon ordered a retreat

1943, when the Soviet troops pushed the German forces back.

Only 100,000 survived

Heavy losses

Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end

Hitler committed suicide, his empire collapsing.

Useful Expressions

1. 奋勇抵抗 2. 速战速决 3. 助一臂之力 4. 面临一个抉择

5. 孤注一掷

6. 撤往安全之处

a fierce resistance

a short campaign

come to an aid of

be faced with a crucial decision

take a gamble

retreat to safety

Useful Expressions

7. 毫无意义的胜利

8. 等待时机

9. 降至零下 4 度

10. 向… 提出停战…

11. 成为一场噩梦

12. 凭借幸运

an empty victory

bide one’s time

drop to minus 4 degrees

Celsius

offer a truce to

turn into a nightmare

by a stroke of luck

Useful Expressions

13. 不宣而战

14. 被打得措手不及

15. 饿死

16. 反击

17. 突然袭击

begin without a declaration of war

caught off guard

starve to death

launch a counterattack

a surprise attack

Word Study

raw launch engage reckon render casualty toll

raw: 1 ▶FOOD◀ not cooked 生的：未煮过的： raw meat Cabbage can be eaten raw. 2 ▶SUBSTANCES◀ in a natural state and not treated

or prepared 自然状态的，未加工过的 raw silk The cost of our raw materials has risen significantly. 3 ▶INFORMATION◀ collected but not organized, exa

mined, or developed 原始的，未处理的 Software can convert raw data into usable informat

ion.

4 ▶BODY◀ if a part of your body is raw, the skin there is red and painful 露出肉的：

The skin on my feet was rubbed raw.5 ▶INEXPERIENCED◀ not experienced or not fully traine

d 生疏的，无经验的 Most of our soldiers are raw recruits. A raw hand6 ▶WEATHER◀ very cold 阴冷的，阴潮的 She shivered in the raw morning air.7 raw deal: unfair treatment 不公平的 Customers are getting a raw deal and are rightly angr

y.

launch ：1 ▶START SOMETHING◀ to start something, usual

ly something big or important launch an attack/assault/offensive The organization has launched a campaign to rai

se $150,000.2 ▶PRODUCT◀ to make a new product, book etc a

vailable for sale for the first time The company hopes to launch the new drug by n

ext October.3 ▶BOAT◀ to put a boat or ship into the water launch a ship 4 ▶SKY/SPACE◀ to send a weapon or spacecraft i

nto the sky or into space A test satellite was launched from Cape Canaver

al.

engage: 1 begin fighting with sb. We have engaged the enemy. 我们已经与敌人交战2 formal to employ someone to do a particular job [engage somebody to do something] Her father engaged a tutor to improve her maths.3 occupy or attract sb’s interest, etc. The toy didn't engage her interest for long. Some other examples: ―He is engaged now. 他正有事。―Tom is engaged to Anne. 汤姆已与安妮订婚。―This seat is engaged. 此座已定出。―Studying engages most of a serious student's time.读书占用了认真学习的学生的大部分时间

render: 1 cause sb. / sth. to be in a specified condition [render sb./ sth. +adj ] He was rendered almost speechless by the news. The blow to his head was strong enough to render hi

m unconscious.

2 give or make available; provide 给予或使可得；提供 You have rendered us a great service or: You have rendered a great service to us.

reckon:1 (spoken esp. British English) to think or suppose so

mething [reckon (that) / as] ( 猜想， 认为， 估计 ) Do you reckon he'll agree to see us? I reckon him as a friend.

2 to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactly

[reckon (that)] We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us aro

und $9 billion a year in lost output. I reckon there are at least fifty people in the roo

m.

Some phrases• [reckon sth in] to include an amount in your calc

ulations: When you reckon in all my overtime, my total pay is quite good.

• [reckon on sth] to feel that something is likely to happen and to make plans which depend upon it happening:

I'm reckoning on your continued support.• [reckon with ] to take into consideration

We have to reckon with many problems. 我们必须考虑到许多问题。• [reckon without ] to fail to consider How can we reckon without him? 我们怎能不把他考虑在内？

casualty n. [countable] someone who is hurt or killed in an

accident or war Our aim is to reduce road casualties. heavy casualties toll n.1 [us sing.] the number of people killed or injured

in a particular accident, by a particular illness etc

The death toll has risen to 83. The bombings took a heavy toll , killing

hundreds of Londoners.2 a very bad effect that something has on

something or someone over a long period of time Years of smoking have taken their toll on his

health. a heavy toll on the environment

Expressing the location of a place

1. in the east of ( 在… .. 之内） China is in the east of Asia. Taiwan lies in the east of China.

2. on the east of ( 在…… 端 /边，两个地方相邻或接壤 , 但互不管辖）

Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。 China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋 ( 中国与太平洋相邻 )。

Expressing the location of a place

3. to the east of (在……面，即一个地方在另一个地方的 范围之外，互不管辖。） Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。 Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。 There is a beautiful park to the east of the station. 车站东面有一座景色宜人的公园。

4. ……miles (to) east of ( 位于……东面… .. 英里） The plane crashed 30 miles south of the city. 飞机在离城南 30英里处坠毁。 Suzhou lies 50 miles (to) the west of Shanghai. 苏州位于上海西面 50英里处。

I. Directions: For each of the following sentences I. Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.the sentence.

1.1. The battle of Waterloo was ________ to The battle of Waterloo was ________ to Napoleon because he was totally defeated and Napoleon because he was totally defeated and was not able to build up his armies again.was not able to build up his armies again.

A. clashingA. clashing B. strikingB. striking

C. devastatingC. devastating D. assaultingD. assaulting

Exercises for Unit 1Exercises for Unit 1

CC

2.2. Despite his ____ literary style, this young man earned Despite his ____ literary style, this young man earned the acknowledgement of professional critics. the acknowledgement of professional critics.

A. rawA. raw B. fierceB. fierce

C. bleakC. bleak D. offensiveD. offensive

3.3. It might be another _____ year for this company if it fails It might be another _____ year for this company if it fails to come up with any effective reform policies. to come up with any effective reform policies.

A. limpA. limp B. bleakB. bleak

C. offensiveC. offensive D. devastatingD. devastating

4.4. McDonald’s is about to ______ a new advertising McDonald’s is about to ______ a new advertising campaign to promote its new hamburger. campaign to promote its new hamburger.

A. stretchA. stretch B. hunchB. hunch

C. renderC. render D. launchD. launch

AA

BB

DD

5.5. The United States’ military showed the world its _____ The United States’ military showed the world its _____ when it completed its war with Iraq in just two months.when it completed its war with Iraq in just two months.A. empireA. empire B. conquestB. conquestC. mightC. might D. allianceD. alliance

6.6. The National SAFE KIDS Foundation/Association The National SAFE KIDS Foundation/Association ______ for fire safety, car safety and home safety to ______ for fire safety, car safety and home safety to both adults and children.both adults and children.A. reckonsA. reckons B. rendersB. rendersC. campaignsC. campaigns D. launchD. launch

7.7. The Spanish ______ of South America was both long The Spanish ______ of South America was both long and deadly. and deadly. A. conquestA. conquest B. strokeB. strokeC. exileC. exile D. casualty D. casualty

CC

CC

AA

8.8. _____ in Iraq, the United States has turned to the United _____ in Iraq, the United States has turned to the United Nations for help, embraced diplomacy with North Korea Nations for help, embraced diplomacy with North Korea and only reluctantly sent small numbers of US troops to and only reluctantly sent small numbers of US troops to help a West African peacekeeping mission in Liberia. help a West African peacekeeping mission in Liberia. A. Bogged downA. Bogged down B. Reckoned withB. Reckoned withC. Engaged withC. Engaged with D. caught offD. caught off

9.9. He had to _____ himself in his writing these days as the He had to _____ himself in his writing these days as the deadline was one week earlier than he thoughtdeadline was one week earlier than he thoughtA. engageA. engage B. renderB. renderC. reckonC. reckon D. devastateD. devastate

10. He ___________ and invested his money in the volatile 10. He ___________ and invested his money in the volatile US stock exchange rather than buying stable US US stock exchange rather than buying stable US treasury bonds.treasury bonds.A. took a tollA. took a toll B. pressed aheadB. pressed aheadC. took a gambleC. took a gamble D. got bogged downD. got bogged down

CC

AA

AA

11.Slowed by sickness and starvation, the army _______ 11.Slowed by sickness and starvation, the army _______ toward the battle front.toward the battle front.

A. pressed onA. pressed on B. took a gambleB. took a gamble

C. reckoned withC. reckoned with D. took a tollD. took a toll

12.During World War Two, lots of Jews ____ for neutral 12.During World War Two, lots of Jews ____ for neutral ports in order to avoid persecution by the Nazis. ports in order to avoid persecution by the Nazis.

A. launchedA. launched B. engagedB. engaged

C. boggedC. bogged D. fledD. fled

13.Don’t jump at the first opportunity. It’s better to ___ your 13.Don’t jump at the first opportunity. It’s better to ___ your time and wait for a better offer.time and wait for a better offer.

A. bideA. bide B. retreatB. retreat

C. bogC. bog D. siegeD. siege

AA

AA

DD

14.Stuck by the snow storm, the captain had to suspend 14.Stuck by the snow storm, the captain had to suspend the march and ______ his men with the villagers.the march and ______ his men with the villagers.

A.A. feedfeed B. quarterB. quarter

C. tatterC. tatter D. abdicateD. abdicate

15.This seminar seems to be _______ on and on and it just 15.This seminar seems to be _______ on and on and it just won’t end.won’t end.

A.A. pressingpressing B. fleeingB. fleeing

C. renderingC. rendering D. draggingD. dragging

16.With one _______ of the visa officer’s pen, my 16.With one _______ of the visa officer’s pen, my application to America was rejected. application to America was rejected.

A. strokeA. stroke B. stretchB. stretch

C. tollC. toll D. casualtyD. casualty

BB

AA

DD

17.I have to walk with a ____ because I hurt my ankle in 17.I have to walk with a ____ because I hurt my ankle in training yesterday.training yesterday.A. limpA. limp B. tacticB. tacticC. strokeC. stroke D. exileD. exile

18.Some people are still wondering why and how the 18.Some people are still wondering why and how the United States of America was ________ guard by the United States of America was ________ guard by the terrorist attack of Sept. 11. terrorist attack of Sept. 11. A. bogged downA. bogged down B. pressed onB. pressed onC. caught offC. caught off D. reckoned withD. reckoned with

19.19. The chairman was forced to bring the meeting to a ____ The chairman was forced to bring the meeting to a ____ because there was too much arguing in the room.because there was too much arguing in the room.A. borderA. border B. strokeB. strokeC. tideC. tide D. halt D. halt

CC

AA

DD

20.20. There are many Chinese idioms that cannot be There are many Chinese idioms that cannot be _______ into English. _______ into English.

A. reckonedA. reckoned B. bidedB. bided

C. launchedC. launched D. renderedD. rendered

21.21. You had better throw away the fish - What an _______ You had better throw away the fish - What an _______ smell! smell!

A. devastatingA. devastating B. swollenB. swollen

C. tatteredC. tattered D. offensiveD. offensive

22.22. Napoleon’s army suffered heavy ________ in the battle Napoleon’s army suffered heavy ________ in the battle of Russia. of Russia.

A. tacticsA. tactics B. severityB. severity

C. casualtiesC. casualties D. alliancesD. alliances

CC

DD

DD

23.23. The United States government is committed to turning The United States government is committed to turning the _____ against malaria, which claims the life of an the _____ against malaria, which claims the life of an African child every 30 seconds. African child every 30 seconds. A. bideA. bide B. counterattackB. counterattackC. tideC. tide D. conquestD. conquest

24.24. Darkness is ________ in on us. We’ve never felt so Darkness is ________ in on us. We’ve never felt so helpless and desperate. helpless and desperate. A. retreatingA. retreating B. pressingB. pressingC. takingC. taking D. closingD. closing

25.25. With no food, the hikers, who lost their way in the With no food, the hikers, who lost their way in the desert, were driven to _________.desert, were driven to _________.A. desperationA. desperation B. declarationB. declarationC. severityC. severity D. casualtyD. casualty

AA

DD

CC

26.26. Before the _____ ended, the citizens were almost Before the _____ ended, the citizens were almost starving. starving.

A. siegeA. siege B. strokeB. stroke

C. tideC. tide D. conquestD. conquest

27.27. Though the president is an idiot, he is in command of Though the president is an idiot, he is in command of the most powerful military on earth and is therefore the most powerful military on earth and is therefore someone to be ________ with.someone to be ________ with.

A. devastatedA. devastated B. reckonedB. reckoned

C. scorchedC. scorched D. renderedD. rendered

28. The war took a heavy ______ of the nation’s 28. The war took a heavy ______ of the nation’s population.population.

A.occupationA.occupation B. allianceB. alliance

C. tollC. toll D. invasionD. invasion

AA

BB

CC

II. Directions: Please fill in the blanks with II. Directions: Please fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from Text A:the words or phrases from Text A:

1.1.As the manager of the company, you As the manager of the company, you should not ______ ______ your should not ______ ______ your responsibility in the affair.responsibility in the affair.

2.2. The girl’s attention was __________ by The girl’s attention was __________ by the display of the new shoes in the shop the display of the new shoes in the shop windows and has no time to __________ in windows and has no time to __________ in our talk. our talk.

3. 3. The talk between the two countries The talk between the two countries was _________ _________ in political and was _________ _________ in political and economic issues because of the great economic issues because of the great difference.difference.

retreat from

engaged

bogged down

engage

4.4. We are unwilling to _____ _____ _____ We are unwilling to _____ _____ _____ opening a restaurant in this part of opening a restaurant in this part of the city. the city.

5.5. It is believed that illegal search is It is believed that illegal search is a(n)___________of people’s civil rights. a(n)___________of people’s civil rights.

6.6. The criminal who was still drinking The criminal who was still drinking in a pub was _____ _____ _____ when in a pub was _____ _____ _____ when the policemen rushed in and the policemen rushed in and arrested him.arrested him.

take a gamble

invasion

caught off guard

7.7. Time seems to ______ ______ when you Time seems to ______ ______ when you have nothing to do. have nothing to do.

8.8. Tom always daydreams that he Tom always daydreams that he could make a fortune_____ ______ could make a fortune_____ ______ ______.______.

9.9. The old engineer ___________ the The old engineer ___________ the young workers not only in words , young workers not only in words , but also by deeds. but also by deeds.

drag on

at a stroke

instructed

13.13.The war between the two countries The war between the two countries produced many __________ in both produced many __________ in both sides.sides.

14.14.In order to finish the task in time, In order to finish the task in time, we have to _____ _____ in the face of we have to _____ _____ in the face of difficulties. difficulties.

15.15.It is _____ today. Put on your scarf It is _____ today. Put on your scarf and gloves before you go out. and gloves before you go out.

casualties

press on

raw

III. TranslationIII. Translation 1.1. 就这次交通事故而言就这次交通事故而言 , , 驾驶员粗心大意是造成事驾驶员粗心大意是造成事故的主要原因故的主要原因 . .

2.2. 人们终于明白以牺牲环境来发展经济是多么愚蠢人们终于明白以牺牲环境来发展经济是多么愚蠢 ..

The carelessness of the driver is the The carelessness of the driver is the main cause in the case of this main cause in the case of this traffic accident.traffic accident.

It is finally realized how foolish it is to develIt is finally realized how foolish it is to develop our economy at the cost of environmenop our economy at the cost of environment. t.

3.3. 由于质量低劣由于质量低劣 ,, 这项工程被停了下来这项工程被停了下来 . .

4.4. 由于他在战斗中的英雄行为由于他在战斗中的英雄行为 , , 他被人们认为是最他被人们认为是最勇敢的战士之一勇敢的战士之一 ..

5.5. 在处理这些问题时在处理这些问题时 ,,必须考虑时间必须考虑时间 ,,天气以及资天气以及资金等因素金等因素 . .

The project was brought to a halt The project was brought to a halt because of its poor quality.because of its poor quality.

Because of (thanks to) his heroic Because of (thanks to) his heroic deeds in the war, he was reckoned deeds in the war, he was reckoned as one of the bravest soldiers.as one of the bravest soldiers.

The factors such as time, weather The factors such as time, weather and funds must be reckoned with and funds must be reckoned with when we deal with these when we deal with these problems.problems.