unit 1 exploration & the colonial era us geography basics third largest country in the world....

Unit 1Unit 1EXPLORATION & THE EXPLORATION & THE

COLONIAL ERACOLONIAL ERA

US Geography BasicsUS Geography BasicsUS Geography BasicsUS Geography Basics

Third largest country in the world.

Half the size of Russia.

One third the size of Africa.

Half the size of South America.

2 ½ times the size of Western Europe.

Regions & Time Zones of the U. Regions & Time Zones of the U. S.S.

Regions & Time Zones of the U. Regions & Time Zones of the U. S.S.

TopographyTopography

Topography of the USTopography of the USTopography of the USTopography of the US

North-South Divide: North-South Divide: The Mason-Dixon LineThe Mason-Dixon LineNorth-South Divide: North-South Divide:

The Mason-Dixon LineThe Mason-Dixon Line

Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon: 1763-1767

The Great PlainsThe Great PlainsThe Great PlainsThe Great Plains

Bodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of Water

Chesapeake Chesapeake BayBay

Great Great Salt LakeSalt Lake

LakeLakeOkeechobeeOkeechobee

RiversRiversRiversRivers

Hudson R.

Hudson R.

Potomac R.Potomac R.

Mississippi

Mississippi

R.

R.

Ohio R.Ohio R.

Missouri

Missouri

R.R.

Arkansas R.

Arkansas R.

Colora

do R.

Colora

do R.

Columbia R.Columbia R.

Yukon R.Yukon R.

Rio Grande R.

Rio Grande R.

St. Lawrence

St. Lawrence

R.R.

The Mississippi: AmericaThe Mississippi: America’’s Great River s Great River RoadRoad

The Mississippi: AmericaThe Mississippi: America’’s Great River s Great River RoadRoad

The “Big Muddy”.

2,350 miles.

Draining all or part of 31 states & 2 Canadian provinces.

Covers 40% of the U. S.

Mountains & PlateausMountains & PlateausMountains & PlateausMountains & Plateaus

Appalachian Mts.

Appalachian Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Cascade Mts.

Cascade Mts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Alaskan RangeAlaskan Range

^ Mt. Whitney^ Mt. Whitney

^ Mt. McKinley^ Mt. McKinley

^ Pike^ Pike’’s Peaks Peak

Adirondack Mts.

Adirondack Mts.

PlainsPlainsPlainsPlains

Central

Central

PlainsPlains

Atlantic Coastal

Atlantic Coastal

Plains

Plains

Gulf Coastal P

lains

Gulf Coastal P

lains

GreatGreatBasinBasin

DesertsDesertsDesertsDeserts

Mohave Mohave DesertDesert

Death Death ValleyValley

Completed MapCompleted MapCompleted MapCompleted Map

LakeLakeOkeechobeeOkeechobee

Chesapeake Chesapeake BayBay

Appalachian Mts.

Appalachian Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Rocky Mts.

Cascade Mts.

Cascade Mts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Sierra Nevada Mts.

Alaskan RangeAlaskan Range

^ Mt. Whitney^ Mt. Whitney

^ Mt. McKinley^ Mt. McKinley

^ Pike^ Pike’’s Peaks Peak

Adirondack Mts.

Adirondack Mts.

Central

Central

PlainsPlains

Atlantic Coastal

Atlantic Coastal

Plains

Plains

Gulf Coastal P

lains

Gulf Coastal P

lains

Great Great BasinBasin

Cumberland

Cumberland

Plateau

Plateau

Hudson R.

Hudson R.

Potomac R.Potomac R.

Mississippi

Mississippi

R.

R.

Ohio R.Ohio R.

Missouri

Missouri

R.R.

Arkansas R.

Arkansas R.

Colora

do R.

Colora

do R.

Columbia R.Columbia R.

Yukon R.Yukon R.

Rio Grande R.

Rio Grande R.

St. Lawrence

St. Lawrence

R.R.

Great Great Salt LakeSalt Lake

Mohave Mohave DesertDesert

Death Death ValleyValley

ClimateClimate

VegetationVegetation

DemographicsDemographics

308,745,538308,745,538308,745,538308,745,538 One birth every 8 seconds.

One death every 13 seconds.

One international migrant (net) every 22 seconds.

Net gain of one person every 10 seconds.

U. S. Population as of U. S. Population as of April, 2010April, 2010

U. S. Population as of U. S. Population as of April, 2010April, 2010

.

GeographicProblems

GeographicProblems

Seismography Data: 1977-Seismography Data: 1977-19971997

Seismography Data: 1977-Seismography Data: 1977-19971997

EarthquakesEarthquakes!!EarthquakesEarthquakes!!

TornadoesTornadoes Per Year: 1950- Per Year: 1950-19971997

TornadoesTornadoes Per Year: 1950- Per Year: 1950-19971997

Andrew: The Most Expensive HurricaneAndrew: The Most Expensive HurricaneAndrew: The Most Expensive HurricaneAndrew: The Most Expensive Hurricane

August 24, 1992

Category 5

Killed 65 people

Cost $30,000,000,000

Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina

The GeographicDiversity ofAmerica!

The GeographicDiversity ofAmerica!

National ParksNational ParksNational ParksNational Parks

US National Parks (1)US National Parks (1)US National Parks (1)US National Parks (1)

Glacier National Park, MTGrand Teton National Park, WY

Mt. Rushmore National Park, SD


Everglades National Park, FL Yellowstone National Park, MT

Grand Canyon National Park, AZ


Yosemite National Park,

CAAcadia National Park, ME

Natural Bridges National Park, UT

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How did a culture clash help to form How did a culture clash help to form America?America?

What did the colonists want when they came What did the colonists want when they came to the New World?to the New World?

How did this affect their establishment?How did this affect their establishment? How did geography effect the development How did geography effect the development

of the colonies?of the colonies? Who suffered and who gained by the Who suffered and who gained by the

Revolution?Revolution? How revolutionary was the Revolution?How revolutionary was the Revolution?

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPEAND EUROPE

• Ancient CulturesAncient Cultures arrived arrived about 22,000 years ago about 22,000 years ago via a land bridgevia a land bridge

• Earliest settlers were Earliest settlers were huntershunters

• Agriculture thrived Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 starting about 5,000 years agoyears ago

• Some Natives remained Some Natives remained NomadicNomadic

• Maya, Aztec, and Inca Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourishedsocieties flourished

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400SNATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S

• Native American Native American societies in North societies in North America were as America were as varied as the varied as the geographygeography

• The The Pueblo (SW) Pueblo (SW) and and Iroquois (NE) Iroquois (NE) were were two famous tribestwo famous tribes

• Most of the tribes in Most of the tribes in America had common America had common religious views, trade religious views, trade patterns & valuespatterns & values

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

• The countries of The countries of Portugal, Spain, France Portugal, Spain, France and England explored and England explored in the late 1400s for in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and GloryGod, Gold, and Glory

• Improved mapmaking, Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to Prince Henry– all led to better exploration better exploration

EarlyEarly ExplorationsExplorations

1000 AD Norse sailors discovered Newfoundland (abandoned)1000 AD Norse sailors discovered Newfoundland (abandoned) Columbus-landed on San Salvador (Bahamas) in 1492, Columbus-landed on San Salvador (Bahamas) in 1492,

continued exploration of Islands in Caribbean including Cuba and continued exploration of Islands in Caribbean including Cuba and HispaniolaHispaniola

““New WorldNew World”” divided between Spain and Portugal-Treaty of divided between Spain and Portugal-Treaty of Tordesillas (pope) divided Americas along a line of latitude-papal Tordesillas (pope) divided Americas along a line of latitude-papal line of demarcationline of demarcation

Spanish Exploration and Conquest (Conquistadors-encomienda Spanish Exploration and Conquest (Conquistadors-encomienda system (introduced slavery))system (introduced slavery))

Vasco Nunez de Balboa-crossed the isthmus of Panama and Vasco Nunez de Balboa-crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered Pacific (1513)discovered Pacific (1513)

Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida (1513)Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida (1513) Ferdinand Magellan-sailed around tip of S. America (1520)Ferdinand Magellan-sailed around tip of S. America (1520) HHernan Cortes-conquered Aztecs (Montezuma believed Cortes ernan Cortes-conquered Aztecs (Montezuma believed Cortes

was the god Quetzalcoatl-predicted to return from the was the god Quetzalcoatl-predicted to return from the eastern seaeastern sea

– Francisco Pizarro-conquered the IncaFrancisco Pizarro-conquered the Inca

SPANISH NORTH AMERICASPANISH NORTH AMERICA

• Columbus crosses the Columbus crosses the AtlanticAtlantic in October of in October of 1492 and lands in San 1492 and lands in San Salvador (Salvador (““Holy SaviorHoly Savior””))

• He spent about 3 He spent about 3 months exploring months exploring Islands in the BahamasIslands in the Bahamas

• Europeans used Europeans used advanced weapons to advanced weapons to force locals into labor: force locals into labor: Plantation System Plantation System

• Disease devastated Disease devastated Native populationNative population

IMPACT OF COLUMBUSIMPACT OF COLUMBUS

On Africans-On Africans- Before Before slave trade ended in the slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million 1800s, 10 million Africans taken Africans taken

On Europeans-On Europeans- Biggest Biggest voluntary migration in voluntary migration in world historyworld history

On Trade-On Trade- Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange meant new meant new goods & products flowed goods & products flowed between continentsbetween continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World:

New World to Old World:

Diseases: Smallpox MeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold

Syphilis

| This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements

The Columbian Biological The Columbian Biological ExchangeExchange



Animals: Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens

TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

The Columbian Biological The Columbian Biological ExchangeExchange



Plants: Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvocados

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

•Does Does Columbus Columbus

deserve the deserve the title of title of ““HeroHero”” or or ““VillainVillain””??

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIREEMPIRE

• Spanish explorers Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) (Conquistadors) seized seized much of the Americasmuch of the Americas

• Cortes Cortes conquered the conquered the Aztecs in MexicoAztecs in Mexico

• PizzaroPizzaro conquered the conquered the Incas in Peru Incas in Peru

• Exploitation of local Exploitation of local populations was populations was significant – significant – Encomienda System Encomienda System

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICAAND WESTERN AMERICA

• Mid-1500s, Spain Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is explored much of what is today the SW & West of today the SW & West of the USAthe USA

• New Mexico settled by New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who Spanish priest who converted Natives converted Natives (Pueblos) (Pueblos)

• Texas area had 30 Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16expeditions in 16thth century century

• California was site of California was site of numerous numerous missionsmissions

California Missions

Settlement of N. AmericaSettlement of N. AmericaSpanish Settlements in North America

Florida-1565 established settlement at St. Augustine •New Mexico (Santa Fe-1609)-Roman Catholic mission became the

central institution until the missionaries’ efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked an Indian uprising called Pope’s

Rebellion in 1680•Texas, California (San Diego-1769, San Francisco-1776)

French ClaimsBased on voyages of Giovanni da Verrazano (NE coast, NY Harbor) and

Jacques Cartier (1534-1542 explored St. Lawrence River)First Settlement-Established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec

Dutch ClaimsHenry Hudson-1609 searched for a northwest passageEstablished claims to New Amsterdam (NY)-controlled by Dutch West India Company

Question…..Question…..• How did the colonization patterns of

France, Spain, and England differ with regard to economic development, motivation, and race relations?

Question…Question…

•What were the reasons What were the reasons for emigration to the for emigration to the new land?new land?

English Claims in the English Claims in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

• Beginning in the early Beginning in the early 1600s, the English 1600s, the English established colonies established colonies along the eastern along the eastern coast of North Americacoast of North America

• 1607: Jamestown1607: Jamestown was was first to be settled first to be settled (joint-stock)(joint-stock)

• John Smith led this John Smith led this group of settlersgroup of settlers

• Colony struggled at Colony struggled at first, then was saved first, then was saved by Tobacco cropby Tobacco crop

QuestionQuestion

•What was the role of tobacco?What was the role of tobacco?•How did tobacco affect the How did tobacco affect the

relationship between the relationship between the Northern and Southern Northern and Southern colonies?colonies?

EnglishEnglish Claims in the ChesapeakeClaims in the ChesapeakeJohn Cabot-funded by King Henry VII, explored coast of Newfoundland

(1497)-did not return till later

Early English Settlements:Jamestown-King James I chartered the Virginia Company (joint-stock

company) to establish the first permanent English Colony (1607)

• Problems-drought, Indian attacks, famine, disease (typhus, dysentery), own mistakes (chose swampy land for settlement, gentlemen unaccustomed to physical labor)

• Why Survive?-Initial help of Powhatan Confederacy (Powhatan thought new arrivals could help defeat neighboring tribes)Expansion due to development of new variety of Tobacco (Captain John Smith and John Rolfe (Pocahontas))-brought financial prosperity to colony

• Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright system-any new arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy landowners paid way for laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619)

• Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624-Virginia came under the control of King James I

As England expanded its colonial base in N. America they were also expanded control in the West Indies, By mid 1600s England had secured claim to several West Indies islands (Sugar Plantations-needed African slaves to operate-first use of “slave codes”)

Development of Chesapeake Development of Chesapeake ColoniesColonies

Virginia-first English Colony Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright system-any new

arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy landowners paid way for laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619)

Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624-Virginia came under the control of King James I

*Economic Problems- low tobacco prices brought hard times*Political Problems- Sir William Berkeley (royal governor) adopted polices that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf, did little to protect backwoods farmers from Indian attacks Nathaniel Bacon -led rebellion against Berkeley’s government (Bacon’s Rebellion-1676)-conducted series of raids against Indian villages and the governor’s forces (burned the Jamestown settlement), Bacon died of dysentery and Gov. Berkeley suppressed the remnants of the insurrection

Lasting Problems

•Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers• Colonial resistance to royal control•Labor Shortages-Tobacco plantations required large labor force (indentured servants, slavery)

PURITANS CREATE A PURITANS CREATE A ““NEW NEW ENGLANDENGLAND””

• The 16The 16thth century century Reformation caused a Reformation caused a split in the Christian split in the Christian Church; Catholics Church; Catholics and Protestantsand Protestants

• One extreme group of One extreme group of Protestant reformers Protestant reformers – the – the Puritans Puritans sought sought to cleanse or to cleanse or ““purifypurify”” their religion of all their religion of all traces of Catholicism traces of Catholicism

PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

QuestionQuestion

•How did the Puritans How did the Puritans attempt to attempt to ““purifypurify”” their their religion?religion?

•What is Puritan thought?What is Puritan thought?

Early English Settlements in New Early English Settlements in New EnglandEngland

Two Groups: Separatists (Pilgrims) and Congregationalists (Puritans)-See Next Slide

Puritan Colonies-puritans wanted to purify the Church of England from Catholic influences, viewed as threat to monarch (James I)

• Plymouth (Separatists-wanted to organize a completely separate church)-Pilgrims first migrated to Holland (econ hardship, cultural diff)-looked to settle new colony in Americas-Mayflower arrived in Plymouth (1620)

Mayflower Compact-established Civil Body Politic and basic legal system-made covenant with God to create new utopia

Assisted by Native Americans in adapting to land-1621-First Thanksgiving

• Massachusetts Bay-Puritans seeking religious freedom (from King Charles I) granted royal charter to establish Massachusetts Bay Company (1630)-Great Migration brought 15,000 more to the colony

Like Pilgrims believed in community, equality and a covenant with God-required them to create “city upon a hill”

Development of New England (Plymouth and Development of New England (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay banished dissidents, formed nucleus of Massachusetts Bay banished dissidents, formed nucleus of

Rhode Island and Connecticut)Rhode Island and Connecticut)

Rhode Island-Roger Williams (puritan minister) was banished from the Bay Colony-founded settlement of Providence in 1636, 1644-granted charter for Rhode Island Colony Recognized the rights of Native Americans and paid them for the use of their land Provided complete religious toleration (Catholics, Quakers, Jews, etc)Connecticut-Reverend Thomas Hooker led group of Boston Puritans to Connecticut River Valley, founded colony of Hartford-1636, Southern Valley

John Davenport started New Haven in 1637—1665-granted charter as Connecticut Colony

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)-First written constitution in American history-established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature New Hampshire-hoping to increase royal control, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay Colony in 1679, appointed a royal governor

New England Confederation (1643-1684)-Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven formed a military alliance to provide protection against threat of Indian attacks, important because it established the precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose King Philip’s War (1675-1676)-Confederation able to defeat united tribes led by Chief

of the Wampanoags named Metacom (King Philip)

Question….Question….• Are the Puritans hypocrites???

COLONISTS MEET COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCERESISTANCE

• New England Colonists New England Colonists (Puritans) soon (Puritans) soon conflicted with the conflicted with the Native Americans over Native Americans over land & religionland & religion

• King PhilipKing Philip’’s War s War was was fought in 1675 fought in 1675 between the Natives between the Natives and Puritans ending a and Puritans ending a year later with many year later with many dead and the Natives dead and the Natives retreatingretreating

English Settlement of the English Settlement of the Restoration ColoniesRestoration Colonies

Restoration Colonies (Restoration-period in English history that refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell)

Carolinas-land grant to eight nobles as reward in 1663, 1729-two royal colonies formed (North and South Carolina) form the original proprietorship

South Carolina-by the middle of the 18th century the large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves resembled the economies of West Indies North Carolina-Farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms

New York-Charles II wished to consolidate the crown’s holding and close gap between Chesapeake and New England (Dutch controlled colonies)1664-King granted his brother-Duke of York the lands formerly controlled by the

Dutch (His navy quickly took control), Dutch treated well (freedom to worship and keep culture/language)• Duke of York tried to impose taxation without representation and met strong opposition

New Jersey-James II (Duke of York) gave territory to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (East and West New Jersey), 1702-crown combined two into New Jersey

Settling the Settling the ““Lower SoutLower Southh ””

Settling the Settling the ““Lower SoutLower Southh ””

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasCarolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.

Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.

They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England].

1707 Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.

PA promised better relations with whites.

Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

The primary export.

Rice was still an exotic food in England.

Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.

These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

•By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Crops of the Crops of the Carolinas: RiceCarolinas: RiceCrops of the Crops of the Carolinas: RiceCarolinas: Rice

American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice

QuestionQuestion

•Why did slavery begin to Why did slavery begin to replace indentured replace indentured servitude?servitude?

•What are the What are the advantages/disadvantages advantages/disadvantages of each system?of each system?

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:

IndigoIndigo

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:

IndigoIndigo

In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.

Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a border with VA

VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves.

Religious dissenters.

Distinctive traits of North Carolinians

Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.

Strong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

SETTLING THE MIDDLE SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIESCOLONIES

• Dominated by Dutch Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies the Middle Colonies were founded in the were founded in the mid-1600smid-1600s

• William Penn William Penn led led Quakers as they Quakers as they colonized colonized Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania and DelawareDelaware

Question..Question..• Why was Pennsylvania called the

“Holy Experiment”?

ENGLANDENGLAND’’S COLONIES S COLONIES PROSPERPROSPER

• Throughout the 1600s Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British and 1700s, more British Colonies were Colonies were establishedestablished

• By 1752, the English By 1752, the English Crown had assumed Crown had assumed more & more more & more responsibility for the 13 responsibility for the 13 coloniescolonies

• Mercantilism & Mercantilism & Navigation Acts Navigation Acts were were two such ways that the two such ways that the English government English government controlled the coloniescontrolled the colonies

King George III

Although New Although New England and the England and the

Chesapeake were Chesapeake were both settled by both settled by

people of English people of English origin, by 1700 the origin, by 1700 the

regions had regions had evolved into two evolved into two distinct societies. distinct societies.

Why did this Why did this difference in difference in development development

occur?occur?

Purpose of Georgia??????Purpose of Georgia??????

Development of SlaveryDevelopment of Slavery• By 1450s small/regular slave trade between Africa and Europe was in By 1450s small/regular slave trade between Africa and Europe was in

placeplace• Introduction of horse powered sugar mills @1510 increased demand for Introduction of horse powered sugar mills @1510 increased demand for

labor, 1518 Spain granted Portuguese slavers an asiento (license) to bring labor, 1518 Spain granted Portuguese slavers an asiento (license) to bring slaves to America directly from Africaslaves to America directly from Africa

• By 1600 25,000 enslaved Africans on plantations of Hispaniola/BrazilBy 1600 25,000 enslaved Africans on plantations of Hispaniola/Brazil• Movement of Africans across Atlantic to the Americas was longest forced Movement of Africans across Atlantic to the Americas was longest forced

migration in world history (outnumbered Euros 6 to 1 prior to 19migration in world history (outnumbered Euros 6 to 1 prior to 19thth century) century)

• Most enslaved through warfare or “panyaring” (practice of kidnapping)• Held on coast in barracoons (open pens)• Captains inspect and brand symbol on back of buttocks• Voyage on slave ships-The Middle Passage (middle part of Triangular

Trade)• In ports, sales made by auction or by scramble (price set on men,

women, boys, girls then lined up in a corral and buyers scramble to claim slaves)

Enslavement Process

Question….Question….• Is there a relationship between

slavery and prejudice?• Does slavery reinforce prejudice?• Does prejudice justify slavery?

Development of N. American Slave Development of N. American Slave SocietiesSocieties

• 1619-Dutch slave trader exchanged 20 slaves in Va for 1619-Dutch slave trader exchanged 20 slaves in Va for provisions, but were too expensiveprovisions, but were too expensive

• Last quarter of 17Last quarter of 17thth century a number of occurrences: century a number of occurrences:– Euro immigrants discovered opportunities to establish themselves as Euro immigrants discovered opportunities to establish themselves as

free farmers in colonies such as PAfree farmers in colonies such as PA– BaconBacon’’s Rebellion-attempts by Va governor William Berkely to stop s Rebellion-attempts by Va governor William Berkely to stop

unauthorized military expeditions by Nathaniel Bacon against unauthorized military expeditions by Nathaniel Bacon against Susquehannock people of Potomac, Bacon turned aggression against Susquehannock people of Potomac, Bacon turned aggression against Va gov (1676) and burned JamestownVa gov (1676) and burned Jamestown

– Collapsed with his death (dysentery)Collapsed with his death (dysentery)• Improvement in living conditions (servants/slaves live longer)Improvement in living conditions (servants/slaves live longer)• Supply increased-Royal African Company inaugurated direct Supply increased-Royal African Company inaugurated direct

shipments from W. Africa to mainlandshipments from W. Africa to mainland

The forgotten history of the slave tradeThe Netherlands' involvement in the slave trade hardly got a mention during the recent celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). Mindy Ran exposes the reality.

The Dutch role in the slave trade is often said to be overlooked or unknown, rather than intentionally ignored. But as the nation toasted the brave sailors, merchants and traders who helped to build The Netherlands' maritime empire during the Golden Age, the forgotten issue of slavery has come back into sharp focus.

"It's difficult to generalise, but many Dutch people want to know why the slave trade and slavery is a problem that should concern them;" explains Dr Susan le Gene, head curator of the Tropen Museum in Amsterdam, which deals with the Netherlands's colonial past. "It is a lack of perspective."

"Specialist historians have always done research on the subject, but it is only recently become a public debate," explains le Gene. "In schools, when the subject of slavery comes up, the attention is shifted to North America and slave traders described as European."

Unlike the US and the UK, there is no national curriculum in the Netherlands. In the past ten years there has been a recommendation to teach the topic of slavery in the Netherlands, but frequently based on the US experience.

Colonist wrote slavery into lawColonist wrote slavery into law• Virginia:Virginia:

– 1662-colony officials decree children inherit 1662-colony officials decree children inherit status of slavery from parentsstatus of slavery from parents

– 1667-Baptism does not bring freedom1667-Baptism does not bring freedom– 1669-Death of slave during punishment, not 1669-Death of slave during punishment, not

a felonya felony– 1705-Virginia Slave Code-model for other 1705-Virginia Slave Code-model for other

coloniescolonies

"All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion...shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master...correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of

all punishment...as if such accident never happened." (from VA Slave Code)

Effects of SlaveryEffects of Slavery• The Tobacco ColoniesThe Tobacco Colonies

– Increase in demand supplied by increased production Increase in demand supplied by increased production allowed tobacco plantations to spread across Tidewater allowed tobacco plantations to spread across Tidewater (Del, Maryland, Va, NC)(Del, Maryland, Va, NC)

• The Lower South• Most profitable part of SC economy was

Indian slave trade (shipped to other colonies)

• Rice production and Indigo, labor provided by West Indian slaves, connection to Barbados

5x8 card5x8 card• Compare/contrast the northern and

southern colonies with respect to– Lifestyle– Economics

Zeitgeist of Colonial America (17Zeitgeist of Colonial America (17thth/18/18thth Centuries) Centuries)

Mercantilism and the Empire (Old Colonial System) Mercantilism-looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country’s military and political strength-colonies existed to enrich the parent country Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673)-implemented a mercantilist policy with a series of acts that established three rules:•Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships (Nav Act of 1651)•All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishable, could pass only through ports in England (Staples Act of 1663)•Specified or ‘enumerated’ goods from the colonies could be exported to England only (Tobacco) (Enumerated Commodities Act of 1660)•Wool Act, Iron Act, Hat Act-goods could not be produced in colonies at all

Positive: KEY-Nav Acts were not enforced, New England ship building, Chesapeake tobacco, English military forces protected the colonies

Negative: Colonial manufacturing was limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices for crops, Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods,

Zeitgeist: the general beliefs, ideas, and spirit of a time and place

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTSNAVIGATION ACTS

• 1651- England1651- England’’s s Parliament passed a Parliament passed a series of laws known as series of laws known as the the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

• These laws restricted These laws restricted the colonies shipping & the colonies shipping & tradetrade

• Ships, destinations, Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English regulated by the English

• The colonies were The colonies were developing a spirit of developing a spirit of self-determination. self-determination. Therefore, they were Therefore, they were NOT happy with these NOT happy with these restrictionsrestrictions

Salutary Neglect-Good or Bad,Salutary Neglect-Good or Bad,Blessing or CurseBlessing or Curse

The Economy-half of England’s world trade was with colonies

New England-Farming limited due to geography (most farms small), profited from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum distilling

Middle Colonies-Rich soil attracted farmers (wheat, corn for export), some manufacturing (iron-making), some trading led to growth of Philadelphia and NY

Southern Colonies-farming ranged from small subsistence farms to large plantations, Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), shortage of indentured servants to work large plantations led to increased use of slaves

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE THE COLONIES COME OF AGE

• New England, Middle New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct all developed distinct economies and societieseconomies and societies

• In the South, rural In the South, rural Plantations Plantations with a single with a single cash crop were commoncash crop were common

• Small Southern farmers Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the African slaves made up the majority of people majority of people

Southern Plantation

Colonial Society in the Eighteenth Colonial Society in the Eighteenth CenturyCentury Population Growth-due to immigration and natural increase caused by high

birthrate, abundance of fertile land and dependable food supply European Immigration-English, Germans-settled mainly in farmland west of Philadelphia, Scotch-Irish-emigrated from N. Ireland, French Protestants (Huguenots), Swedes, Dutch

Africans or descendents of Africans who had been taken captive, forced in to the holds of European ships, and sold as slaves to southern plantation owners and other colonists-largest single non-English immigrants

Structure of Colonial Society General Characteristics:

Dominance of English Culture, Self-government, Religious Toleration, No hereditary aristocracy (class system based on economics), Social

Mobility

The Family-center of economic and social life. Men-most men worked, owned land, participated in politics. Women-had limited legal and political rights, worked with husband and performed household tasks

Colonial Society in the Eighteenth Colonial Society in the Eighteenth Century-Religion/CultureCentury-Religion/Culture

Religion-majority of colonists were protestant (Presbyterians, Lutherans, Mennonites, Quakers, Anglican Church was established church in VA, Congregational Church was established church in MA and Conn)

Why had religious participation diminished in the early 18th Century?

Enlightenment, Predestination, Puritan Conversion Experience (Half Way Covenant-1662), Expanding population/territory, improved standard of living (pursuit of wealth), lower class against status quo

Halfway Covenant: Allowed non-church members who did not overtly practice sin to be given

50% membership rights, baptism, and church membership, but no vote in church or sacrament voting rights were allowed until later.

THE MIDDLE PASSAGETHE MIDDLE PASSAGE

• During the 17During the 17thth century, Africans century, Africans endured a endured a transatlantic crossing transatlantic crossing from Africa to the from Africa to the North American North American ColoniesColonies

• Cruelty characterized Cruelty characterized the months long the months long journey – 13% died journey – 13% died on route on route

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURETHEIR CULTURE

• Despite enslavement, Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via horrors of slavery via music, dance, and music, dance, and storytellingstorytelling

• Slaves also resisted their Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by position of subservience by faking illness, breaking faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns tools, or work slowdowns

• Others were more radical Others were more radical and tried escape & revoltand tried escape & revolt

NORTHERN COLONIES NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVESCOMMERCE THRIVES

• The development of The development of cities, expansion of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse trade, and diverse economies gradually economies gradually made the North radically made the North radically different from the Southdifferent from the South

• Philly was the 2Philly was the 2ndnd largest largest British portBritish port

• Farming differed from Farming differed from the South: smaller, more the South: smaller, more diverse crops in Northdiverse crops in North

LIBERTY BELL

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENINGGREAT AWAKENING

• 1700s: An intellectual 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the movement known as the Enlightenment Enlightenment began in began in Europe and a religious Europe and a religious movement known as the movement known as the Great Awakening Great Awakening started in started in the Coloniesthe Colonies

• The Enlightenment The Enlightenment emphasized reason, emphasized reason, science, and observation science, and observation and led to the discovery of and led to the discovery of natural lawsnatural laws

• Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key and Newton were key figuresfigures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENINGGREAT AWAKENING

• A series of religious revivals A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700scolonies in the mid-1700s

• Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was a was a Puritan priest from New Puritan priest from New England who was England who was instrumental in the instrumental in the movementmovement

• Fire & Brimstone style of Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally worship; large, emotionally charged crowdscharged crowds

• Like the Enlightenment the Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the movement stressed the importance of the individual importance of the individual

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield

• Puritan Minster who Puritan Minster who used raw emotional used raw emotional sermons to reach all sermons to reach all classes of colonistsclasses of colonists

• Preached that Preached that ““good good worksworks”” and and ““godly godly liveslives”” would bring would bring you salvationyou salvation

• Forced to give Forced to give sermons in open sermons in open areas (revivals)areas (revivals)

Reasons for The Great Reasons for The Great AwakeningAwakening

• People felt that religion People felt that religion was dry, dull and was dry, dull and distantdistant

• Preachers felt that Preachers felt that people needed to be people needed to be concerned with inner concerned with inner emotions as opposed to emotions as opposed to outward religious outward religious behaviorbehavior

• People in New England People in New England can read and interrupt can read and interrupt the Bible on their ownthe Bible on their own

The Great Awakening 1730-1740 The Great Awakening 1730-1740 gave colonists a shared gave colonists a shared

national religious experiencenational religious experience

Outcomes of the Great Outcomes of the Great AwakeningAwakening

• Birth of deep Birth of deep religious religious convictions in the convictions in the coloniescolonies

• New churches built New churches built to accommodate to accommodate new membersnew members

• Colleges founded Colleges founded found to train new found to train new ministersministers

Outcomes of the Great Outcomes of the Great AwakeningAwakening

• Encouraged ideas Encouraged ideas of equality and of equality and right to challenge right to challenge authorityauthority

• Birth of charity Birth of charity and charitable and charitable organizationsorganizations

1818thth Century Politics Century Politics The Dominion of New England (gov named by royal authority, a governor and council would rule without any asssembly)-1686-Sir Edmund Andros attempted to establish its rule-led to resentment (With Glorious Revolution, 1688, Boston staged its own Revolution arresting Andros and councilAttempt to reassert royal authority-1696-Navigation Act requires colonial governors to enforce the trade laws, Lords of trade and Plantations replaces Lords of Trade, all colonial officials report to Lords

KEY-growth of self-government in colonies

Politics-by 1750 the colonies had similar systems of government Structure-eight royal colonies with governors (Lords of Trade, evolution of the Privy Council) appointed by the king, three proprietary colonies (Maryland, Penn, Delaware), and two colonies (Conn, RI) the governor was elected by popular vote Every colony the legislature consisted of two houses-lower house was elected by colonists (House of Burgesses-VA, of Delegates (MA) of Representatives (MA) (voted for or against taxation), upper house rep appointed by king or proprietor

Assemblies had two major power-control of purse strings (taxation) and ability to enact legislation and enforce royal edictsVoting-limited to white males only with other restrictions (property)

FRENCH AND INDIAN WARFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

• Competition in North Competition in North America led to a war America led to a war (1754-1763) between (1754-1763) between old rivals old rivals France and France and EnglandEngland

• The French in North The French in North America were America were tradesmen (furs) not tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitantslong-term inhabitants

• Ohio River valley was Ohio River valley was the site of the conflictthe site of the conflict

• The Colonists The Colonists supported the British supported the British while the Natives while the Natives supported the Frenchsupported the French

FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

*What does this reveal about the thoughts of the *What does this reveal about the thoughts of the colonists????colonists????

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

*What does this reveal about the thoughts of the *What does this reveal about the thoughts of the colonists????colonists????

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMYENEMY

• While the French had While the French had early victories, the early victories, the British led by British led by William Pitt William Pitt and and George Washington George Washington eventually defeated the eventually defeated the FrenchFrench

• Treaty of Paris ends the Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763war in 1763

• Brits claim most of North Brits claim most of North America including America including Florida (from French ally Florida (from French ally Spain) & CanadaSpain) & Canada

• Native Americans also Native Americans also realized a French loss realized a French loss was a Native American was a Native American lossloss

WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

North America in 1763North America in 1763North America in 1763North America in 1763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire in It increased her colonial empire in

the Americas. the Americas.2.2. It greatly enlarged England It greatly enlarged England’’s debt.s debt.

3.3. Britain Britain’’s contempt for the s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War on the American ColonialsEffects of the War on the American Colonials

(What about the effect on Native Americans???)(What about the effect on Native Americans???)

Effects of the War on the American ColonialsEffects of the War on the American Colonials

(What about the effect on Native Americans???)(What about the effect on Native Americans???)

Effects of the War on the Effects of the War on the BritishBritish

Effects of the War on the Effects of the War on the BritishBritish

1.1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2.2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

PROCLAMATION LINE OF PROCLAMATION LINE OF 17631763

• To avoid further costly To avoid further costly conflicts with Native conflicts with Native Americans, the British Americans, the British government prohibited government prohibited colonists from settling colonists from settling west of the west of the AppalachianAppalachian MountainsMountains

• The Proclamation The Proclamation established a line established a line along the Appalachian along the Appalachian that colonists could that colonists could not cross (They did not cross (They did anyway)anyway)

17631763 PontiacPontiac’’s s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British British ““giftsgifts”” of smallpox-infected of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND REBELLION REBELLION

• The The Proclamation ofProclamation of 1763 1763 sought to halt the sought to halt the westward expansion of westward expansion of the colonist, thus the the colonist, thus the colonist believed the colonist believed the British government did British government did not care about their not care about their needsneeds

• This was one of many This was one of many measures passed by measures passed by the the English ParliamentEnglish Parliament that would be that would be strenuously opposed by strenuously opposed by the American Coloniststhe American Colonists

England’s Parliament and

Big Ben

QuestionQuestion

• How did the outcome of the French & How did the outcome of the French & Indian War alter the British attitude Indian War alter the British attitude toward the colonists?toward the colonists?

• To what extent did the colonists To what extent did the colonists attain self-government prior to 1763?attain self-government prior to 1763?

NO TAXATION WITHOUT NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION

• Huge debt from the Huge debt from the French-Indian War French-Indian War caused the English caused the English Parliament to Parliament to impose a series of impose a series of taxes on the taxes on the colonistscolonists

• The The Sugar Act Sugar Act and and the the Stamp Act Stamp Act were were two such taxestwo such taxes

Colonists protest

THE SUGAR ACTTHE SUGAR ACT

• The Sugar Act (1764) The Sugar Act (1764) placed duties (taxes) placed duties (taxes) on certain imports on certain imports that had not been that had not been taxed beforetaxed before

• More importantly, it More importantly, it meant colonists meant colonists accused of violating accused of violating the Act were tried in the Act were tried in Vice-Admiral Courts Vice-Admiral Courts rather than Colonial rather than Colonial CourtsCourts

THE STAMP ACTTHE STAMP ACT

• In March of 1765 In March of 1765 Parliament passed the Parliament passed the Stamp ActStamp Act which which imposed a tax on imposed a tax on documents and documents and printed items such as printed items such as wills, newspapers, wills, newspapers, and cards (a stamp and cards (a stamp would then be placed would then be placed on the item)on the item)

• **Why did this **Why did this antagonize the antagonize the colonists so much?colonists so much?

RESISTANCE GROWSRESISTANCE GROWS

• In May of 1765 In May of 1765 Colonists formed a Colonists formed a secret resistance secret resistance group called, group called, Sons Sons of Liberty of Liberty to to protest the lawsprotest the laws

• Merchants agree to Merchants agree to boycott British boycott British goods until the goods until the Acts are repealedActs are repealed

MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTSMORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS

• More taxes and More taxes and acts soon followed: acts soon followed: Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

Townshend ActsTownshend ActsThe Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts

taxed goods taxed goods brought into the brought into the colonies from colonies from Britain – including Britain – including lead, paint, glass, lead, paint, glass, paper and paper and TEATEA

TENSION MOUNTS IN TENSION MOUNTS IN MASSACHUSETTSMASSACHUSETTS

• The atmosphere in The atmosphere in Boston was extremely Boston was extremely tensetense

• The city erupted in The city erupted in bloody clashes and a bloody clashes and a daring tax protest, all daring tax protest, all of which pushed the of which pushed the colonists and England colonists and England closer to warcloser to war

• Boston Massacre Boston Massacre was was in 1770 when a mob in 1770 when a mob taunted British taunted British soldiers – 5 colonists soldiers – 5 colonists were killedwere killed

BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 BY PAUL REVERE

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773

BRITS RESPOND TO TEA BRITS RESPOND TO TEA VANDALSVANDALS

• After 18,000 pounds of After 18,000 pounds of tea was dumped by tea was dumped by colonists into Boston colonists into Boston Harbor, King George III Harbor, King George III was infuriatedwas infuriated

• Parliament responded Parliament responded by passing the by passing the Intolerable Acts;Intolerable Acts; which which included the closing of included the closing of the Harbor, the the Harbor, the Quartering Act, Martial Quartering Act, Martial law in Bostonlaw in Boston

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTIONTHE ROAD TO REVOLUTION

• Colonists start to Colonists start to organize and organize and communicatecommunicate

• First Continental First Continental CongressCongress met in 1774 met in 1774 and drew up rightsand drew up rights

• Military preparation Military preparation beganbegan

• England reacts by England reacts by ordering troops to ordering troops to seize weaponsseize weapons

ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND

GEORGE WASHINGTON

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS - 1774 PHILLY

LEXINGTON AND CONCORDLEXINGTON AND CONCORD

• With Paul RevereWith Paul Revere’’s s announcement, the announcement, the Colonists and the Colonists and the British began fighting British began fighting in April of 1775in April of 1775

• The first battle of the The first battle of the American Revolution American Revolution lasted only 15 lasted only 15 minutes, but its minutes, but its impact has lasted for impact has lasted for over 200 yearsover 200 years

SECOND CONTINENTAL SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESSCONGRESS

• May 1775, Colonial May 1775, Colonial leaders met for a leaders met for a Second Continental Second Continental Congress Congress

• Some called for Some called for Independence, some Independence, some for reconciliationfor reconciliation

• Finally, the Congress Finally, the Congress agreed to appoint agreed to appoint George Washington George Washington as as head of the head of the Continental ArmyContinental Army

Patrick Henry addresses Congress

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILLBATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

• British General British General Thomas GageThomas Gage decided decided on an attack on on an attack on BreedBreed’’s Hill (near s Hill (near Boston)Boston)

• Deadliest battleDeadliest battle of war of war as over 1,000 redcoats as over 1,000 redcoats and 450 colonists diedand 450 colonists died

• Battle Battle misnamed misnamed Bunker Hill (BreedBunker Hill (Breed’’s s Hill would have been Hill would have been more accurate)more accurate)

June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill

OLIVE BRANCH PETITIONOLIVE BRANCH PETITION

• By July 1775, the By July 1775, the Second Continental Second Continental Congress was Congress was readying for war, readying for war, though still hoping for though still hoping for peacepeace

• Most delegates deeply Most delegates deeply loyalloyal to King George III to King George III

• July 8 – July 8 – Olive BranchOlive Branch PetitionPetition sent to King sent to King who flatly refused itwho flatly refused it

INDEPENDENCE MINDEDINDEPENDENCE MINDED

• Public opinion Public opinion shifted toward shifted toward IndependenceIndependence

(Why?)(Why?)• Why? Why?

Enlightenment Enlightenment ideas (John ideas (John LockeLocke’’s s Social ContractSocial Contract, and , and Thomas Thomas PainePaine’’s s Common SenseCommon Sense))

HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776

DECLARATION OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

• On On July 4, 1776July 4, 1776, the , the Continental Congress Continental Congress voted unanimously voted unanimously that the American that the American Colonies were free and Colonies were free and they adopted the they adopted the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• The Colonists had The Colonists had declared their declared their independence– they independence– they would now have to would now have to fight for it fight for it

JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE – SECTION 2– SECTION 2

• Colonists divided Colonists divided between between Loyalists Loyalists and and PatriotsPatriots

• New York City early New York City early site of battlessite of battles

• Colonial troops Colonial troops retreat, then retreat, then surprise British surprise British troops at troops at SaratogaSaratoga

The WarThe War

Patriots-largest number from NE, served in local militias for short time, African Americans-@ 5,000 fought in both mixed racial forces and all African American unitsLoyalists (Tories)-almost 60,000 American Tories fought and died with British-tended to be wealthier more conservative than patriots, Native Americans-British promised to limit westward settlement

1775-1777-barely escaped complete disaster, British occupation of NY, Phila and occupation of ports (95% decline in trade), Patriots camped at Valley Forge (winter of 1777-78), Continentals (paper money) worthlessTurning Point (October, 1777)-Battle of Saratoga-American generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold able to defeat General John Burgoyne in upstate NYNews of victory convinced France to join in war against Britain, by 1778-1779 Holland and Spain entered the war against the BritishVictory (1781)-Last major battle fought near Yorktown, VA-Washington’s army forced the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis

WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR

• With French military leader With French military leader Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette’’s s help, Colonial troops help, Colonial troops became effective fightersbecame effective fighters

• May 1780, British troops May 1780, British troops successfully take Charles successfully take Charles Town, S.C.Town, S.C.

• However, it was the last However, it was the last major victory for the British major victory for the British as as General Cornwallis General Cornwallis finally surrendered at finally surrendered at Yorkstown, Va. on October Yorkstown, Va. on October 18, 178118, 1781

• The The Americans victoryAmericans victory shocked the world shocked the world

Cornwallis surrenders

TREATY OF PARISTREATY OF PARIS

• Peace talks began in Peace talks began in Paris in 1782Paris in 1782

• American negotiating American negotiating team included team included John John Jay, John Adams, and Jay, John Adams, and Ben FranklinBen Franklin

• Treaty signed in Treaty signed in September of 1783September of 1783 and officially and officially recognized the recognized the independence of the independence of the United States and set United States and set boundariesboundaries

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1783)1) Britain would recognize the existence of he

US2) the Mississippi River would be the western

boundary of the US3) Americans would have fishing rights off the

coast of Canada4) Americans would pay debts owed to British

merchants and honor loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war

New Government State Governments-State constitutions had

the following in common:•List of basic rights (jury trial, freedom of

religion, etc)•Separation of powers-legislative, executive,

judicial•Voting-all white males who owned property•Office-holding-property qualification

QuestionQuestion

• How did the Treaty of Paris affect the How did the Treaty of Paris affect the relationship between the U.S., relationship between the U.S., France, and Spain?France, and Spain?

• Was the Peace of Paris of 1783 a Was the Peace of Paris of 1783 a clear acknowledgement of American clear acknowledgement of American independence, or was Britain simply independence, or was Britain simply writing off a poor military writing off a poor military investment?investment?

Question….Question….

• How did the American Revolution How did the American Revolution affect women and Native Americans?affect women and Native Americans?

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