Unit 1Unit 11607-17631607-1763

Part 5Part 5

Mercantilism: for the Mercantilism: for the self-sufficiency of a self-sufficiency of a

nationnation Colonies for raw materials, Colonies for raw materials,

resourcesresources Colonies for new marketsColonies for new markets A favorable balance of tradeA favorable balance of trade BullionismBullionism Encourage industry at homeEncourage industry at home Navigation Acts to steer trade Navigation Acts to steer trade

(tariffs, etc)(tariffs, etc)

Benign NeglectBenign Neglect

Though England passed navigation Acts, Though England passed navigation Acts, she was often willing to look the other she was often willing to look the other way at American colonial misdeeds for way at American colonial misdeeds for the sake of a harmonious relationship the sake of a harmonious relationship with her American colonies.with her American colonies.

Note: 1607-1776: No member of Note: 1607-1776: No member of Parliament had ever even visited the Parliament had ever even visited the American coloniesAmerican colonies

Remember…Remember…

The LeviathanThe Leviathan by Hobbes promoted by Hobbes promoted mercantilismmercantilism

Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations by Adam Smith by Adam Smith promoted free market capitalismpromoted free market capitalism

The Dutch smugglers made it impossible The Dutch smugglers made it impossible for the English to enforce its navigation for the English to enforce its navigation acts with her American coloniesacts with her American colonies

Trade wars between the Dutch and Trade wars between the Dutch and English led to real warsEnglish led to real wars

English MercantilismEnglish Mercantilism

Not as rigid as French (Colbert) or Not as rigid as French (Colbert) or SpanishSpanish

Power of English kings was restricted Power of English kings was restricted by parliamentby parliament

BUT most colonial charters specified BUT most colonial charters specified that if precious metals were found, that if precious metals were found, most would go to the crownmost would go to the crown

Particularly profitable products ALL Particularly profitable products ALL reserved for England: Tobacco, reserved for England: Tobacco, lumber for shipbuilding…lumber for shipbuilding…

Colonial problemsColonial problems

Lack of currency due to:Lack of currency due to: Unfavorable balance of trade with EnglandUnfavorable balance of trade with England Lack of gold and silver mines in American Lack of gold and silver mines in American

coloniescolonies English restrictions on Americans issuing English restrictions on Americans issuing

paper money….paper money….

NOTE: Most colonial legislatures reserved NOTE: Most colonial legislatures reserved the right to print their own $ in spite of the right to print their own $ in spite of the restrictions until 1764the restrictions until 1764

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Please note: the most important Please note: the most important aspect of the general carrying trade aspect of the general carrying trade used by North America was trade used by North America was trade with the West Indies (the British with the West Indies (the British West Indies)West Indies)

1651 The First 1651 The First Navigation ActNavigation Act

Parliament barred foreign ships from the Parliament barred foreign ships from the American coloniesAmerican colonies

Prohibited the importation of goods into Prohibited the importation of goods into British ports unless on British ships British ports unless on British ships (American colonists’ ships were considered (American colonists’ ships were considered British)British)

Barred foreign ships from English coastal Barred foreign ships from English coastal tradetrade

The Above provoked the first of 3 Anglo-The Above provoked the first of 3 Anglo-Dutch WarsDutch Wars

1660 The Second 1660 The Second Navigation ActNavigation Act

1651 Act was passed during the 1651 Act was passed during the Interregnum,Interregnum,

It’s legality was in questionIt’s legality was in question Second Navigation Act (after the Second Navigation Act (after the

Restoration) was just insuranceRestoration) was just insurance Reserved the whole trade of Am. Colonies to Reserved the whole trade of Am. Colonies to

British shipsBritish ships Required the Ship Captains and ¾ of ships’ Required the Ship Captains and ¾ of ships’

crews to be British (Americans were crews to be British (Americans were considered British citizens) considered British citizens)

Certain articles could not be transported Certain articles could not be transported outside of the Empire: tobacco, cotton, outside of the Empire: tobacco, cotton, ginger, indigoginger, indigo

1663 The Third 1663 The Third Navigation ActNavigation Act

All European products destined for All European products destined for the colonies had to go through the colonies had to go through England firstEngland first

NOTE: The Navigation Acts NOTE: The Navigation Acts protected the colonies too. The protected the colonies too. The English provided a ready market for English provided a ready market for their raw materials and paid fair their raw materials and paid fair pricesprices

The English were busyThe English were busy

1664-671664-67 Second Dutch WarSecond Dutch War 1668-971668-97 War of the League of War of the League of

AugsburgAugsburg 1702-131702-13 War of the Spanish War of the Spanish

SuccessionSuccession 17391739 Brief war with Spain over the Brief war with Spain over the

Slave TradeSlave Trade 1740-481740-48 War of the Austrian War of the Austrian

SuccessionSuccession

Other British Legislation Other British Legislation enforcing the navigation enforcing the navigation

Acts:Acts: 1699 1699 The Woolens ActThe Woolens Act: Prohibited the : Prohibited the

export (but not the manufacture for local export (but not the manufacture for local sale) of colonial wool and other clothsale) of colonial wool and other cloth

1632 1632 The Hat Act : The Hat Act : Similar to above Similar to above regarding hatsregarding hats

1733 1733 The Iron Act: The Iron Act: outlawed the outlawed the construction of new iron mills. Designed construction of new iron mills. Designed to steer the industry; not destroy it. By to steer the industry; not destroy it. By 1775, America was turning out 1/7 of the 1775, America was turning out 1/7 of the world’s supply of iron.world’s supply of iron.

The Molasses Act (1733)The Molasses Act (1733)

High taxes on molasses and Sugar High taxes on molasses and Sugar transported into the coloniestransported into the colonies

NOTE: This was DIFFERENT than NOTE: This was DIFFERENT than other navigation acts. This act other navigation acts. This act represented a tariff for revenuerepresented a tariff for revenue

……and yet the colonists did not and yet the colonists did not complain…why? The Molasses Act complain…why? The Molasses Act was rarely enforced.was rarely enforced.

In Disputes with the In Disputes with the Mother Country…Mother Country…

……the colonies usually lost BUT the the colonies usually lost BUT the English were very inefficient. Also, they English were very inefficient. Also, they could be bribed, piracy was common, and could be bribed, piracy was common, and the English often looked the other way. the English often looked the other way. (Benign Neglect)(Benign Neglect)

Also, English products were usually Also, English products were usually superior to those made by other superior to those made by other European countries and they tended to European countries and they tended to be cheaper too.be cheaper too.

Relations between Relations between England and America England and America

were harmoniouswere harmonious As late as the 1750’s, 1760’s, and As late as the 1750’s, 1760’s, and

even into the 1770’s most in America even into the 1770’s most in America believed themselves to be loyal believed themselves to be loyal EnglishmenEnglishmen

There was very little cooperation There was very little cooperation between the coloniesbetween the colonies

Proof: The Albany Plan of Union of Proof: The Albany Plan of Union of 1754:1754:

Franklin’s Albany Plan of Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union: Union:

A suggestion that the colonies unify A suggestion that the colonies unify for the purpose of common defense for the purpose of common defense against the Indiansagainst the Indians

This would have benefitted ALL of This would have benefitted ALL of the colonies but not one was willing the colonies but not one was willing to agree to it…proof that the to agree to it…proof that the colonists were NOT unified by the colonists were NOT unified by the mid 1750’smid 1750’s

The Albany Plan of UnionThe Albany Plan of Union

BY 1750BY 1750 The original colonists were deadThe original colonists were dead Those who were here had never been to Those who were here had never been to

EnglandEngland Many of their parents had fled England Many of their parents had fled England

to escape poverty of persecutionto escape poverty of persecution The colonies were founded with little The colonies were founded with little

help or interference from the British help or interference from the British government.government.

BUT the American colonists NEEDED BUT the American colonists NEEDED the British for protection from the the British for protection from the French and the IndiansFrench and the Indians

France and EnglandFrance and England

Constant warfare between France Constant warfare between France and England in Europe, the and England in Europe, the Mediterranean, India, East Indies, Mediterranean, India, East Indies, AmericaAmerica

It was not at all unusual for war to It was not at all unusual for war to break out in one area of the world break out in one area of the world and then spill into another area of and then spill into another area of the worldthe world

British advantages over British advantages over the Frenchthe French

There were more British colonists There were more British colonists than French colonists in America than French colonists in America (1.5 million v 90,000)(1.5 million v 90,000)

England had control of the seas (for England had control of the seas (for transport of troops and supplies)transport of troops and supplies)

The English settlers were in a The English settlers were in a compact line of settlement along the compact line of settlement along the coast (while the French were spread coast (while the French were spread out in the interior)out in the interior)

French Advantages over French Advantages over the Englishthe English

The French had a unified command The French had a unified command (The English king had to share (The English king had to share power with Parliament)power with Parliament)

The Americans were not really The Americans were not really unifiedunified

Colonial perspective…Colonial perspective…

American colonists usually refused to American colonists usually refused to fight outside of their own colonies fight outside of their own colonies (when they agreed to serve at all)(when they agreed to serve at all)

Americans avoided paying taxes for Americans avoided paying taxes for defensedefense

Americans engaged in illegal trade Americans engaged in illegal trade with the French and the Indianswith the French and the Indians

The French and Indian The French and Indian WarWar

(aka the Seven Years’ (aka the Seven Years’ War)War) 1754-17631754-1763

The British and the Iroquois The British and the Iroquois The French, most other tribes, and The French, most other tribes, and

the Spanishthe Spanish

It began in the Ohio Valley…It began in the Ohio Valley…

By 1749By 1749

The Iroquois had finally allowed British The Iroquois had finally allowed British fur traders into the interior of the fur traders into the interior of the countrycountry

The French were already there and built The French were already there and built Ft. Duquesne there in 1753Ft. Duquesne there in 1753

Lt. Gov. Dinwittie told a young surveyor, Lt. Gov. Dinwittie told a young surveyor, George Washington, to ride out to the George Washington, to ride out to the fort and tell the French that they must fort and tell the French that they must leave Ft. Duquesne as it was on English leave Ft. Duquesne as it was on English territoryterritory

Washington did as he Washington did as he was told …was told …

The French reply was, We are not leaving.”The French reply was, We are not leaving.” Dinwiddie gave Washington a promotion to Dinwiddie gave Washington a promotion to

Lt. Colonel and 150 men and was told to Lt. Colonel and 150 men and was told to take the fort. (was outnumbered 4 to 1)take the fort. (was outnumbered 4 to 1)

Washington and his men were surprised by Washington and his men were surprised by a very small French reconnaissance party a very small French reconnaissance party and in the end was captured.and in the end was captured.

Washington and his men were marched to Washington and his men were marched to Ft. Duquesne and was then released.Ft. Duquesne and was then released.

Washington was hailed Washington was hailed as a hero!as a hero!

Washington had struck the first blow Washington had struck the first blow against the Frenchagainst the French

British sent General Braddock to take British sent General Braddock to take commandcommand

Braddock with 1400 (and Washington) Braddock with 1400 (and Washington) attacked.attacked.

BUT was defeated by an ambush by a BUT was defeated by an ambush by a much smaller French force.much smaller French force.

Braddock died hereBraddock died here Washington and 500 others…back to VaWashington and 500 others…back to Va

War AtrocitiesWar Atrocities

Native Americans had 150 years of pent-Native Americans had 150 years of pent-up frustration aimed at the colonistsup frustration aimed at the colonists

Delaware Tribe was so vicious that Delaware Tribe was so vicious that Braddock paid British troops and Braddock paid British troops and Iroquois for scalps of Indians and the Iroquois for scalps of Indians and the FrenchFrench

Many early English defeatsMany early English defeats

William Pitt PMWilliam Pitt PM

Impressed Colonial soldiersImpressed Colonial soldiers Spent LOTS of $Spent LOTS of $ Promoted talented soldiers from Promoted talented soldiers from

withinwithin

By July 1758By July 1758

Fort Louisburg captured by the BritsFort Louisburg captured by the Brits Fort Duquesne fell and was renamed Fort Duquesne fell and was renamed

Fort PittFort Pitt Then Fort Niagara fell to the BritsThen Fort Niagara fell to the Brits

Pitt was able to relax his policiesPitt was able to relax his policies The victories caused the American The victories caused the American

colonists to fight willinglycolonists to fight willingly

The Peace of ParisThe Peace of Paris

To England From France:To England From France:

Some territory in the West IndiesSome territory in the West Indies Some colonies in IndiaSome colonies in India All of CanadaAll of Canada All possessions east of the Mississippi All possessions east of the Mississippi

(except for New Orleans)(except for New Orleans)

Peace of ParisPeace of Paris

From France to Spain (remember, From France to Spain (remember, Spain was a French ally)Spain was a French ally)

New OrleansNew Orleans French possessions west of the French possessions west of the

MississippiMississippi

Peace of ParisPeace of Paris

From Spain to EnglandFrom Spain to England

FloridaFlorida

The Peace of ParisThe Peace of Paris

Signaled the end of France as a Signaled the end of France as a colonial powercolonial power

Impact of the War:Impact of the War:

The American colonists no longer The American colonists no longer needed British protection from the needed British protection from the French and the IndiansFrench and the Indians

Americans believed it meant the Americans believed it meant the opening of the Westopening of the West

A New British AttitudeA New British Attitude

Brits were angry with the Iroquois. Brits were angry with the Iroquois. Believed that they did not do their Believed that they did not do their part. So policy of extermination will part. So policy of extermination will include the Iroquois from now on.include the Iroquois from now on.

British angry with the American British angry with the American colonists who did not do their fair colonists who did not do their fair share either…share either…

A New British AttitudeA New British Attitude

During the War…During the War… Americans were unwilling to fightAmericans were unwilling to fight Americans tried to avoid paying taxes Americans tried to avoid paying taxes

supporting the warsupporting the war Americans traded goods with the enemy Americans traded goods with the enemy

during the war! (Smuggling during war during the war! (Smuggling during war time = treason!)time = treason!)

British AttitudeBritish Attitude

The End of Benign NeglectThe End of Benign Neglect

The Americans colonists must pay The Americans colonists must pay their fair share from now ontheir fair share from now on

The Brits had acquired a huge debt in The Brits had acquired a huge debt in the French and Indian War which was the French and Indian War which was fought to protect Americans from the fought to protect Americans from the French and IndiansFrench and Indians