unified facilities criteria installation design

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UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA INSTALLATION DESIGN

ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Activity) NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

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UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA CRITERIA FORMAT STANDARD Any copyrighted material included in this document is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this document must have the permission of the copyright holder. Record of Changes (changes indicated \1\ ... /1/ ) No. Date Location This document supersedes Tri-Service Technical Manual (TM), Army TM 5-803-5, Navy P-960, Air Force AFM 88-43, "Installation Design", dated March 1,1981.

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FOREWORD The Unified Facility Criteria (UFC) system provides planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance criteria, and applies to all service commands having military construction responsibilities. UFC will be used for all service projects and work for other customers where appropriate. UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. USACE, NAVFAC, and AFCESA are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the preparing tri-service committee. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office, as follows: • HQUSACE, ATTN: CECW-E, 441 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20314 or the

Recommended Changes To Engineering Documents page on the TECHINFO site listed below.

• Commander, Atlantic Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1510 Gilbert Street (ATTN: Code 15), Norfolk, Virginia 23511-2699 or [email protected].

• Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, 139 Barnes Drive, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403-5319 or [email protected].

UFC are effective upon issuance. UFC are distributed only in electronic media from the following sources: • USACE TECHINFO Internet site http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/index.htm.

NAVFAC Criteria Office Internet site http://www.efdlant.navfac.navy.mil/Lantops_15/home.htm. • Construction Criteria Base (CCB) system maintained by the National Institute of Building Sciences at Internet site http://www.nibs.org/ccb/.

•

Hard copies of UFC documents printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to assure that they are current. AUTHORIZED BY: __________________________________ Dwight A. Beranek, P.E. Chief, Engineering and Construction Division Directorate of Civil Works U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

__________________________________ Dr. Get Moy, P.E. Chief Engineer and Director of Planning and Engineering, Naval Facilities Engineering Command

__________________________________ Michael Aimone, P.E. Deputy Civil Engineer Deputy Chief of Staff, Installations & Logistics Department of the Air Force

__________________________________ Frank Lane, Director of Analysis and Investment Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, Installations Department of Defense

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mailto:[email protected]

h:\Publications - E&C\UFC\Approved\2-600-01\[email protected]

http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/index.htm

http://www.efdlant.navfac.navy.mil/Lantops_15/home.htm

http://www.nibs.org/ccb/

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... i v LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................xii Paragraph Title Page

1 Introduction........................................................................................xii 2 Audience............................................................................................xii 3 The Installation Design Guide ...........................................................xii 4 Installation Profile ..............................................................................xiii 5 Design Guide Analysis Criteria .........................................................xiii 6 Visual Survey, Zones and Themes....................................................xiv 7 Assets Liabilities and Recommendations .......................................... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 1-1 1-2 Goal ................................................................................................. 1-1 1-3 Objectives........................................................................................ 1-2 1-4 Audience.......................................................................................... 1-3 1-5 Organization .................................................................................... 1-3 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION DESIGN GUIDE

2-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 2-1 2-2 Purpose of the Design Guide........................................................... 2-1 2-3 The Design Guide Process.............................................................. 2-2 2-4 Using the Design Guide................................................................... 2-3 CHAPTER 3 INSTALLATION PROFILE 3-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 3-1 3-2 Location ........................................................................................... 3-1 3-3 Mission ............................................................................................ 3-1 3-4 History.............................................................................................. 3-2 3-5 Natural, Cultural and Manmade Resources..................................... 3-2 3-6 Information Sources......................................................................... 3-2

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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN GUIDE ANALYSIS CRITERIA 4-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 4-1 4-2 Goals, Objectives and Recommendations…................................... 4-2 4-3 Identification and Classification of Visual Elements ........................ 4-3 4-4 Visual Elements ............................................................................... 4-4 4-5 Design Principles............................................................................. 4-5 CHAPTER 5 VISUAL SURVEY, ZONES & THEMES

5-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 5-1 5-2 Conducting the Windshield Survey.................................................. 5-2 5-3 Identifying Visual Zones .................................................................. 5-2 5-4 Identifying Visuals Themes.............................................................. 5-3

CHAPTER 6 ASSETS, LIABILITIES & IMPLEMENTATION

6-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 6-1 6-2 Visual Inventory ............................................................................... 6-1 6-3 Visual Assets and Liabilities ............................................................ 6-2 6-4 Components of Asset and Liability Assessment.............................. 6-2 6-5 Functional Analysis.......................................................................... 6-3 6-6 Visual Impressions Plan .................................................................. 6-4 6-7 Implementation Plan........................................................................6-4

CHAPTER 7 SITE PLANNING DESIGN COMPONENT

7-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 7-1 7-2 Site Planning Objectives.................................................................. 7-1 7-3 Site Planning Considerations .......................................................... 7-2 7-4 Site Planning Design Criteria........................................................... 7-3 7-5 Natural Conditions ........................................................................... 7-4 7-6 Manmade Site Conditions................................................................ 7-6

7-7 Site Planning Assets and Liabilities.................................................7-7 CHAPTER 8 STRUCTURES DESIGN COMPONENT 8-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 8-1 8-2 Structural Objectives........................................................................ 8-1 8-3 Structural Character......................................................................... 8-2 8-4 Indigenous Structure ....................................................................... 8-4 8-5 Historic Architecture ........................................................................ 8-4 8-6 Building Entrances........................................................................... 8-5 8-7 Building Accessibility ....................................................................... 8-6 8-8 Renovations and Additions.............................................................. 8-6 8-9 Plazas and Courtyards .................................................................... 8-6 8-10 Building Maintenance ...................................................................... 8-7

8-11 Architectural Assets and Liabilities .................................................. 8-7

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CHAPTER 9 CIRCULATION DESIGN COMPONENTS

9-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 9-1 9-2 Circulation Objectives...................................................................... 9-1 9-3 Roadway Hierarchy ......................................................................... 9-2 9-4 Roadway System Design................................................................. 9-6 9-5 Intersections .................................................................................... 9-8 9-6 Streetscape ..................................................................................... 9-9 9-7 Parking Requirements ..................................................................... 9-10 9-8 Parking Lot Location and Design..................................................... 9-11 9-9 Parking Lot Details .......................................................................... 9-13 9-10 Service Areas .................................................................................. 9-14 9-11 Drop-off Areas ................................................................................. 9-14 9-12 Pedestrian Walkways ...................................................................... 9-14 9-13 Design of Pedestrian Walkways ...................................................... 9-15 9-14 Location of Pedestrian Walkways.................................................... 9-16 9-15 Bicycle Paths ................................................................................... 9-17 9-16 Circulation Assets and Liabilities ..................................................... 9-18

CHAPTER 10 PLANT MATERIAL DESIGN COMPONENT

10-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 10-1 10-2 Landscape Objectives ..................................................................... 10-1 10-3 Principles of Landscape Development ............................................ 10-2 10-4 Sustainable Landscape Development ............................................. 10-4 10-5 Locations of Plant Material .............................................................. 10-5 10-6 Historic Trees .................................................................................. 10-7 10-7 Maintenance of Plant Material ......................................................... 10-7 10-8 Protection and Preservation ............................................................ 10-8 10-9 Recommended Plant Material ......................................................... 10-8 10-10 Landscape Architectural Assets and Liabilities ............................... 10-9

CHAPTER 11 SITE ELEMENTS DESIGN COMPONENT

11-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 11-1 11-2 Site Element Objectives................................................................... 11-1 11-3 Site Furnishings............................................................................... 11-2 11-4 Signs................................................................................................ 11-8 11-5 Lighting ............................................................................................ 11-10 11-6 Utilities ............................................................................................. 11-14

11-7 Site Element Assets and Liabilities.................................................. 11-17 CHAPTER 12 FORCE PROTECTION DESIGN COMPONENT

12-1 Introduction...................................................................................... 12-1 12-2 Security Recommendations ............................................................. 12-1

APPENDIX A REFERENCES..........................................................................................A-1

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title ..........................................................................................................................Page 1. Visually Compatible Development ................................................................................ xii 2. Element of Visual Quality .............................................................................................. xii 3. Manmade Visual Element ............................................................................................. xii 4. Natural Visual Element.................................................................................................. xii 5. Visual Inventory............................................................................................................. xiii 6. Visual Asset .................................................................................................................. xiii 7. Visual Liability ............................................................................................................... xiii 8. Design Guide Process .................................................................................................. xiv 9. Visual Goals and Objectives ......................................................................................... xiv 10. Site Planning Organizes Visual Relationships .............................................................. xv 11. Image is Result of Character & Siting of Buildings........................................................ xv 12. Furnishings are Site Elements ...................................................................................... xv 13. Gate Provides Security ................................................................................................. xv 14. Sidewalk is Visual Liability ............................................................................................ x vi 15. Sidewalk is Visual Asset ............................................................................................... xvi 16. Overhead Utilities are a Visual Liability......................................................................... xvi 17. Underground Utilities are a Visual Asset....................................................................... xvi 1.1 Visually Compatible Development ................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Visual Image ................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 Landscape Complements Visual Image........................................................................ 1-1 1.4 Installation Design Objectives ...................................................................................... 1-2 1.5 Audience ....................................................................................................................... 1-3 2.1 Installation Design Guide .............................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Purpose of the Design Guide ........................................................................................ 2-1 2.3 The Installation Design Process.................................................................................... 2-2 2.4 Design Guide Checklist.............................................................................................. .. 2-3 2.5 Using the IDG............................................................................................................. .. 2-3 3.1 Regional Map .................................................................................................................3-1 3.2 Installation Map ............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.3 Climate Regions............................................................................................................ 3-1 3.4 Installation Profile Data ................................................................................................. 3-2 4.1 Manmade Visual Element ............................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Natural Visual Element.................................................................................................. 4-1 4.3 The Goal Setting Process ............................................................................................. 4-2 4.4 Visual Goals & Objectives............................................................................................. 4-2 4.5 From Goal to Implementation........................................................................................ 4-3 4.6 Typical Design Goals .................................................................................................... 4-3 4.7 Natural Characteristics.................................................................................................. 4-4 4.8 Edges and Boundaries.................................................................................................. 4-4

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4.9 Community .................................................................................................................... 4-4 4.10 Activity Node ................................................................................................................. 4-4 4.11 Preserve Historic Architecture....................................................................................... 4-4 4.12 Entrances and Gates .................................................................................................... 4-5 4.13 Trees, Shrubs & Berms Provide Screening .................................................................. 4-5 4.14 Open Spaces ................................................................................................................ 4-5 4.15 Architectural Scale ........................................................................................................ 4-5 4.16 Parade Ground Provides Form & Function ................................................................... 4-5 4.17 Courtyard Has Color & Texture..................................................................................... 4-6 4.18 Unity of Design.............................................................................................................. 4-6 4.19 Framing of View ............................................................................................................ 4-6 4.20 Parade Ground Axis with Building Terminus................................................................. 4-6 4.21 Balanced Symmetrical Elements .................................................................................. 4-6 5.1 The Visual Survey ......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Visual Zones Transcend Land Uses ............................................................................. 5-2 5.3 Windshield Survey ........................................................................................................ 5-2 5.4 Grid Plan ....................................................................................................................... 5-3 5.5 Superblock Layout ........................................................................................................ 5-3 5.6 Beaux Arts Plan ............................................................................................................ 5-3 5.7 Barracks ........................................................................................................................ 5-3 5.8 Community .................................................................................................................... 5-4 5.9 Operations Support ....................................................................................................... 5-4 5.10 Industrial........................................................................................................................ 5-4 5.11 Recreational .................................................................................................................. 5-4 6.1 Visual Zone Inventory Process ..................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Visual Asset .................................................................................................................. 6-2 6.3 Visual Liability ............................................................................................................... 6-2 6.4 Visual Asset .................................................................................................................. 6-2 6.5 Visual Liability ............................................................................................................... 6-2 6.6 Site Elements ................................................................................................................ 6-3 6.7 Security ......................................................................................................................... 6-3 6.8 Landscape Architecture ................................................................................................ 6-3 6.9 Visual Impressions Plan................................................................................................ 6-4 6.10 Implementation Process................................................................................................ 6-5 7.1 Site Plan........................................................................................................................ 7-1 7.2 Blend Natural & Manmade Elements ............................................................................ 7-1 7.3 Development in Natural Preserve ................................................................................. 7-1 7.4 Plan to Preserve Natural Environment .......................................................................... 7-2 7.5 Identify Natural Elements & Preserve ........................................................................... 7-2 7.6 Development Fits the Environment ............................................................................... 7-2 7.7 Identify Natural Elements & Preserve ........................................................................... 7-3 7.8 Preserve Open Space................................................................................................... 7-3 7.9 Preserve Existing Trees ................................................................................................ 7-3 7.10 Accommodate Natural Conditions................................................................................. 7-4 7.11 Develop Around Natural Landforms.............................................................................. 7-4 7.12 Site Planning with Concern for Climatic Impacts .......................................................... 7-5 7.13 Locate Large Buildings on Flat Areas ........................................................................... 7-6

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7.14 Orient to Climatic Conditions......................................................................................... 7-6 7.15 Orient Outdoor Areas for Comfortable Exposure .......................................................... 7-6 7.16 Roadway Blends with Environment............................................................................... 7-6 7.17 Minimize Visual Impacts of Parking Lots....................................................................... 7-7 7.18 Provide Comfortable Pedestrian Experience ................................................................ 7-7 7.19 Minimize Visual Impact of Utilities................................................................................. 7-7 8.1 Indigenous Architecture is an Asset.............................................................................. 8-1 8.2 WW II Barracks are a Visual Liability ............................................................................ 8-1 8.3 Preserved Historic Buildings are an Asset .................................................................... 8-1 8.4 Adapt Buildings to Site Conditions ................................................................................ 8-2 8.5 Blend Old & New Structures ......................................................................................... 8-2 8.6 Use Indigenous Materials.............................................................................................. 8-2 8.7 Scale & Massing ........................................................................................................... 8-3 8.8 Color & Texture ............................................................................................................. 8-3 8.9 Indigenous Architecture ................................................................................................ 8-3 8.10 Building Fenestration .................................................................................................... 8-4 8.11 Preserve Historic Structure ........................................................................................... 8-4 8.12 Conservation ................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.13 Renovation .................................................................................................................... 8-5 8.14 Adaptive Reuse of Historic Building .............................................................................. 8-5 8.15 Reconstruction .............................................................................................................. 8-5 8.16 Restored Historic Entrance ........................................................................................... 8-6 8.17 Contemporary Building Entrance .................................................................................. 8-6 8.18 Renovations & Additions ............................................................................................... 8-6 8.19 Plazas and Courtyards.................................................................................................. 8-6 8.20 Buildings Should be Maintained.................................................................................... 8-7 8.21 Architectural Liability ..................................................................................................... 8-7 8.22 Architectural Asset ........................................................................................................ 8-7 9.1 Circulation Component.................................................................................................. 9-1 9.2 Separate Incompatible Traffic ....................................................................................... 9-1 9.3 Preserve the Environment/Provide Aesthetic Appeal.................................................... 9-1 9.4 Vehicular/Pedestrian System ........................................................................................ 9-2 9.5 Channelization .............................................................................................................. 9-2 9.6 Road Hierarchy ............................................................................................................. 9-2 9.7 Boulevard ...................................................................................................................... 9-3 9.8 Primary Road Elevation ................................................................................................ 9-3 9.9 Secondary Street .......................................................................................................... 9-3 9.10 Secondary Street Elevation........................................................................................... 9-4 9.11 Tertiary Street ............................................................................................................... 9-4 9.12 Tertiary Street Plan ....................................................................................................... 9-4 9.13 Tertiary Street Elevation................................................................................................ 9-4 9.14 Cul-de-Sac Elevation .................................................................................................... 9-5 9.15 Cul-de-Sac Plan ............................................................................................................ 9-5 9.16 Rural Road .................................................................................................................... 9-5 9.17 Positive Visual Experience............................................................................................ 9-6 9.18 Plan Circulation Systems to Be Safe ............................................................................ 9-6 9.19 Blend Circulation into Natural Landform ....................................................................... 9-6 9.20 Circulation System Fits Topography ............................................................................. 9-6

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9.21 Road Alignment............................................................................................................. 9-7 9.22 Minimize Pollution Impacts............................................................................................ 9-7

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9.23 Landscape & Berms Provide Noise Screening ............................................................. 9-8 9.24 Intersection of Primary & Secondary Roads ................................................................. 9-8 9.25 Eliminate Through Traffic .............................................................................................. 9-8 9.26 Curvilinear Road ........................................................................................................... 9-9 9.27 Design Streetscape to be Visually Pleasing.................................................................. 9-9 9.28 Existing Streetscape ..................................................................................................... 9-9 9.29 Improved Streetscape ................................................................................................... 9-9 9.30 Streetscape Softened with Plants ................................................................................9-10 9.31 Large Expanse of Parking Softened with Trees...........................................................9-10 9.32 Handicap Parking Plan.................................................................................................9-10 9.33 Handicap Parking.........................................................................................................9-11 9.34 Provide Pedestrian Walkways......................................................................................9-11 9.35 Most Parking Lots are Visual Liabilities........................................................................9-11 9.36 Avoid Parking Directly Adjacent to Building .................................................................9-12 9.37 Parking Relieved with Landscape ................................................................................9-12 9.38 Parking Structures are Desirable but Expensive..........................................................9-12 9.39 Pedestrian & Parking Striping ......................................................................................9-13 9.40 Coordinated Lighting Adds Interest..............................................................................9-13 9.41 Berms & Planting Screen Undesirable Views ..............................................................9-13 9.42 Plants and Berms in Service Area Plan .......................................................................9-14 9.43 Drop Off Area ...............................................................................................................9-14 9.44 Typical Sidewalk a Hazard to Pedestrians & Motorists................................................9-14 9.45 Curvilinear Sidewalk Adds Interest and Safety ............................................................9-14 9.46 Comfortable & Pleasant Walk ......................................................................................9-15 9.47 Primary Walkway .........................................................................................................9-15 9.48 Secondary Walkway.....................................................................................................9-15 9.49 Tertiary or Recreational Path .......................................................................................9-15 9.50 Troop Movement Plan..................................................................................................9-15 9.51 Location & Design of Sidewalks...................................................................................9-16 9.52 Bikeway Hierarchy .......................................................................................................9-17 9.53 Class III Bikeway..........................................................................................................9-18 9.54 Safe, Visually Attractive Circulation is an Asset...........................................................9-18 10.1 Planting Softens Edges................................................................................................10-1 10.2 Preserve & Enhance Open Spaces .............................................................................10-1 10.3 Soften and Blend Built and Natural Environments .......................................................10-1 10.4 Principles of Landscape Design...................................................................................10-2 10.5 Principles Illustrated .....................................................................................................10-3 10.6 Design for Climatic Impacts .........................................................................................10-4 10.7 Erosion Control ............................................................................................................10-5 10.8 Natural Forests.............................................................................................................10-5 10.9 Urban Forest ................................................................................................................10-5 10.10 Landscape Softens & Relates Building to Ground .......................................................10-6 10.11 Wall & Plants Screen Parking ......................................................................................10-6 10.12 Image is Formed by Visual Impressions ......................................................................10-6 10.13 Circulation System Planting .........................................................................................10-7 10.14 Preserve Existing Vegetation .......................................................................................10-7 10.15 Use Native Plants.........................................................................................................10-7 10.16 Discourage Unnatural Shaping of Trees ......................................................................10-7

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10.17 Barricades Protect Trees .............................................................................................10-8 10.18 Tree Barricade Detail ...................................................................................................10-8 10.19 Plant Palette.................................................................................................................10-8 10.20 Landscape Asset..........................................................................................................10-9 10.21 Landscape Liability.......................................................................................................10-9 11.1 Site Elements ...............................................................................................................11-1 11.2 Landscaped Roadway with Bollards & Pavers.............................................................11-2 11.3 Negative Visual Impact ................................................................................................11-2 11.4 Planted Screen Minimizes Visual Impact .....................................................................11-2 11.5 Tot Lot ..........................................................................................................................11-2 11.6 Statue as Visual Element .............................................................................................11-3 11.7 Planter Serves as Bench..............................................................................................11-3 11.8 Wood Deck with Planters, Trellis, Seating & Lighting ..................................................11-3 11.9 Retaining Wall ..............................................................................................................11-4 11.10 Screen Wall Hides Mechanical Equipment ..................................................................11-4 11.11 Berm & Plants Hide Mechanical Equipment ................................................................11-4 11.12 Plants Provide Screening for Chain Link Fence...........................................................11-4 11.13 Trash Receptacle Types ..............................................................................................11-5 11.14 Bollard Types ...............................................................................................................11-5 11.15 Recommended Bicycle Rack System ..........................................................................11-5 11.16 Use Recycled Materials in Playground Construction ...................................................11-6 11.17 Movable Planters .........................................................................................................11-6 11.18 Trellis & Vines Provide Shelter.....................................................................................11-7 11.19 Signs Communicate Information ..................................................................................11-7 11.20 Viewing Distance..........................................................................................................11-8 11.21 Signs Should Complement Surroundings ....................................................................11-8 11.22 Regulatory Sign............................................................................................................11-9 11.23 Signs Should be Simple & Legible ...............................................................................11-9 11.24 Installation Design Guide Sign System ........................................................................11-10 11.25 Outdoor Architectural Lighting......................................................................................11-11 11.26 Pedestrian Commercial Fixture....................................................................................11-11 11.27 Pedestrian Residential Fixture .....................................................................................11-11 11.28 Roadway & High Mast Special Purpose Lighting.........................................................11-12 11.29 High Mast Special Purpose Lighting ............................................................................11-12 11.30 Parking Lot Lighting .....................................................................................................11-12 11.31 Standard Lighting Height..............................................................................................11-13 11.32 Proper Illumination Provides Safety .............................................................................11-13 11.33 Place Utilities Underground..........................................................................................11-14 11.34 Overhead Lines are Unsightly......................................................................................11-14 11.35 Soften Impact of Overhead Lines.................................................................................11-14 11.36 Screen Utilities to Reduce Negative Impacts ...............................................................11-15 11.37 Screen Existing Utilities to Reduce Visual Impact........................................................11-15 11.38 Screened Transformer .................................................................................................11-15 11.39 Treatment Plant Screened by Natural Vegetation........................................................11-16 11.40 Water Tank as Landmark.............................................................................................11-16 11.41 Avoid Open Concrete Drains .......................................................................................11-17 12.1 Installation Security Gate .............................................................................................12-1 12.2 Trees Obscure Observation From Outside ..................................................................12-1

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12.3 Berms Provide Force Protection ..................................................................................12-1END OF SECTION

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 Introduction

Fig. 1 Visually Compatible Development

Fig. 2 Element of Visual Quality

Military installations should provide efficient, harmonious, and visually compatible physical environments conducive to attracting and retaining skilled and motivated personnel. (Fig. 1). The Installation Design Guide is prepared to provide direction for the improvement of visual quality on a military installation. This installation design manual is a clear, comprehensive approach to preparing an Installation Design Guide.

2 Audience

This installation design manual is written for the consulting design professional who will probably be responsible for the preparation of the Installation Design Guide, and for military personnel who will be responsible for review, adoption, and/or implementation of the Installation Design Guide. These military personnel include the commander, master planner, architect, engineer, procurement, buildings and grounds maintenance and others.

3 The Installation Design Guide

3.1 Visual quality is dependent upon the visual appearance of the layout and physical components of the installation. (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). The Installation Design Guide serves as a comprehensive reference source providing recommendations for that appearance. Once a design guide is prepared and adopted, it is used for design decisions for all new construction, renovation, maintenance and repair projects.

3.2 An Installation Design Guide includes a process for analysis, planning, design and implementation.

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Fig. 3 Manmade Visual Element

Fig. 4 Natural Visual Element

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This process includes the following steps: (Fig. 5):

Fig. 5 Visual Inventory

• Set Goals and Objectives.

• Collect Base Data.

• Conduct Visual and Spatial Surveys.

• Define Visual Zones and Themes

• Define Visual and Spatial Assets and Liabilities

• Prepare Functional Analysis

• Prepare Visual Impressions Plan

• Prepare Recommendations for Projects to Improve Visual and Spatial Impacts.

4 Installation Profile

The Installation Design Guide should include a chapter of basic information about the installation including the location, history, mission, and natural and cultural resources. This information may have already been included in an installation master planning document. The installation profile should also include a compilation of text and maps that provide additional information about the installation. Installation base maps and aerial photography are of particular value.

Fig. 6 Visual Asset 5 Design Guide Analysis Criteria

5.1 1n order to prepare an Installation Design Guide that provides the visual requirements of the installation, goals and objectives for visual quality must be defined (Fig. 6). Goals provide a general “wish list” of end results to be achieved. Objectives provide more definitive actions for project recommendations.

Fig. 7 Visual Liability

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5.2 The preparation of an Installation Design Guide requires a knowledge of basic design concepts. Basic visual elements and design principles are presented and defined in text and graphic form.

6 Visual Survey, Zones & Themes

6.1 A windshield survey of the installation is performed to determine the number and types of different visual zones that exist within the installation. This survey is conducted utilizing existing installation base maps, visual inspection, and photographs to record impressions of the visual and spatial impacts. This data is utilized to define visual zones.

6.2 Visual Zones are areas within the installation that include similar visual characteristics. Visual characteristics define a “look” and “feel” of an area together with the dominant features that define its image. Typical visual characteristics include unique buildings, vehicular and pedestrian corridors, natural features, and spatial relationships. 6.3 After visual zones are identified, visual themes can be defined. Visual themes are generalized groupings of visual zones that provide the same general use and visual characteristics. Visual themes include various broad scale activities that occur on an installation. These activities typically include similar design and layout characteristics.

Fig. 8 Design Guide Process

Objective

6.4 Visual themes are established to chieve a perception of visual unification within an installation. They are used to create design consistency that will provide orientation and a “sense of place” throughout the installation. Existing

7 Assets, Liabilities & Recommendations

7.1 After the visual zones and themes are identified, a visual inventory of each visual zone is conducted to determine visual and

Fig. 9 Visual Goals and Objectives

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spatial assets and liabilities (Figs 8 and 9). The assets and liabilities provide information about the visual quality of the installation that are used to prepare recommendations for projects.

Fig. 12 Furnishings are Site Elements

Fig. 13 Gate Provides Security

Fig. 11 Image is Result of Character & Siting of Buildings

Fig. 10 Site Planning Organizes Visual Relationships

7.2 The visual inventories of the visual zones are conducted through on-site review and analysis of the visual impacts within each zone and through the use of questionnaires and interviews of installation personnel. The visual impacts within each visual zone are recorded utilizing six design components of the installation. The use of the design components simplifies and directs the assessment of visual assets and liabilities by providing categories for review and analysis. Visual impressions of each zone are categorized according to the six physical components. These design components are:

7.2.1 Site Planning - The spatial layout and functional relationships of the natural and manmade elements of the installation are determined by the site plan. It organizes the functional relationships of the other five components of visual impact (Fig.10).

7.2.2 Structures–The image of an installation is primarily determined by the design character and siting of its buildings (Fig. 11).

7.2.3 Circulation – The location and design of roads, parking lots and pedestrian circulation routes greatly impact the visual impact of an installation.

7.2.4 Plant Material – The image of an installation is impacted by plant material. Native and naturalized plant material should be preserved, planted, and maintained (Fig. 11).

7.2.5 Site Elements – The image of the installation is greatly impacted by the design and location of site furnishings, signs, lighting, and utilities (Fig. 12).

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7.2.6 Security – Concerns for security force protection impact the location and design of buildings and their surroundings (Fig. 13).

7.3 The survey and assessment of the visual zones include the preparation of a functional analysis of each zone. This analysis organizes visual impressions and assesses their functional relationships to determine the visual character and unifying motif of each zone.

Fig. 14 Sidewalk is Visual Liability

Fig. 15 Sidewalk is a Visual Asset

7.4 The visual zone assets and liabilities assessment (Figs. 14-17), together with the functional analysis of each zone are used to prepare a visual impressions plan. This plan identifies and describes dominant visual impressons.

7.5 The assessment of each visual zone includes a list of recommendations for improvements to the visual quality. Recommendations are in the form of specific projects that are utilized to prepare an implementation plan to be included in the installation design guide. The installation design guide implementation includes a project list and project priorities. Cost estimates, and funding sources are also sometimes included.

Fig. 16 Overhead Utilities are a Visual Liability

Fig. 17 Underground Utilities are a Visual Asset

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 Introduction

Fig. 1.1 Visually Compatible Development

1-1.1 Military installations should provide efficient, harmonious, and visually compatible physical environments conducive to attracting and retaining skilled and motivated personnel (Fig. 1.1). A military installation conveys a visual order in terms of its architectural character, land use arrangement, circulation patterns, and landscape features. This image can be clear, orderly, logical and attractive; or cluttered, confused and unattractive (Fig. 1.2).

1-1.2 The visual quality of the installation is achieved through a process of analysis, planning, design and implementation. This process includes planning compatible land use arrangements, performing site analyses that achieve appropriate site selection, and designing site layouts, architectural character, and landscape features that complement adjacent facilities.

Fig. 1.2 Visual Image

1-1.3 The Installation Design Guide establishes the visual order, architectural character, common regional design elements, and landscape features that will result in improved visual quality of the installation (Fig. 1.3). This guide is applied to all new construction, renovation, and maintenance and repair projects.

Fig. 1.3 Landscape Complements Visual Image

1-2 Goal

The goal of this Installation Design Manual is to provide a clear, comprehensive approach to the preparation of an Installation Design Guide. It defines the design guide process as description, analysis, synthesis, and implementation.

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1-3 Objectives

Fig. 1.4 Installation Design Objectives

1-3.1 The objectives of this installation design manual are as follows (Fig. 1.4):

1-3.1.1 To provide guidance for accomplishing a visual impressions survey to establish visual zones and themes. The zones and themes are groupings of areas that include similar visual characteristics within the installation.

1-3.1.2 To provide guidance for formulating the specific and unique design criteria an installation will use in new construction, renovation, and maintenance and repair projects. The design criteria include architectural design principles; landscape architectural design principles; and site planning and design principles. Environmental requirements, energy conservation, sustainable design, traffic safety, low maintenance, and life-cycle economy of maintenance are defined.

1-3.1.3 To provide design recommendations and standards that define color, materials, style, signage, and other aspects of design for all visual elements surveyed. These guidelines promote design unity and harmony; and reinforce unique visual character and site conditions.

1-3.1.4 To provide the recommendations for implementation of the design guidelines and selection of materials for new construction, renovation, maintenance and repair projects.

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1-3.1.5 To provide guidance for accomplishing sustainable development. Sustainable development includes conservation of materials and energy; cost effective life cycle maintenance; recycling, reduction, reuse of materials; and other actions and innovations that result in preservation of manpower, materials, and environmental resources.

1-3.2 The manual is organized to include 12 chapters and an Executive Summary similar to an installation design guide. The format provides the user with a standardized set of criteria that can be utilized to recognize, categorize, and plan visual aspects of the installation to attain a high quality of aesthetic appeal.

1- 4 Audience Fig. 1.5 Audience

This installation design manual is written for the design professional and other personnel who will preparing, adopting, and/or implementing an installation design guide. These personnel include the commander, master planner, architect, engineer, procurement, buildings and grounds maintenance and others.

1-5 Organization

This manual includes 12 chapters and an Executive Summary. It is organized in a format similar to an Installation Design Guide. The format provides the user with a standardized set of criteria that can be used to recognize, categorize, and plan visual aspects of the installation to attain a high quality of aesthetic appeal.

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CHAPTER 2 THE INSTALLATION DESIGN GUIDE

2-1 Introduction

This chapter provides the purpose, organization, and use of the installation design guide. This chapter should be included in individual installation design guides to explain the preparation of the guide.

2-2 Purpose of the Design Guide

2-2.1 The design guide serves as a comprehensive reference source providing recommendations for the visual appearance of the installation. Each installation prepares its own installation design guide tailored to the specific conditions and design standards appropriate for the climate, landscape features, availability of materials, and architectural character of the area. The installation design guide provides guidance for the following:

Fig. 2.1 Installation Design Guide

• Project design and review.

• Design projects prepared in-house.

• Buildings and grounds maintenance personnel.

• Landscape architects, architects, planners and engineers for new design projects and maintenance and repair projects.

2-2.2 All of the organizations and tenants should have involvement in the preparation and acceptance of the document. When the users understand the needs and benefits of the installation, the installation design guide

Fig. 2.2 Purpose of the Design Guide

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will become a usable and effective instrument to achieve a visually attractive and functional installation.

2-2.3 The ultimate success of the installation design guide is dependent upon the commitment of the installation staff elements and tenants to use the guide.

2-2.4 Commitment to the installation design guide ensures improvement and maintenance of design quality. The endorsement by the installation commander is crucial to the success of the guide.

2-3 The Design Guide Process

2-3.1 The installation design guide is composed of a series of steps that are accomplished, evaluated, and synthesized to establish guidance for the visual and functional enhancement of the military installation. The steps in the preparation of a design guide are outlined below. The process is explained in detail in this document.

2-3.1.1 Description

2-3.1.1.1 Describe the Installation and its Mission.

2-3.1.1.2 Define Goals and Objectives

2-3.1.2 Analysis

2-3.1.2.1 Perform a Visual Inventory of the Installation.

2-3.1.2.2 Define Visual Zones and Themes.

Fig. 2.3 The Installation Design Process

2-3.1.3 Synthesis

2-3.1.3.1 Define Visual Zone

2-3.1.3 .2 Assets and Liabilities.

2-3.1.3.3 Prepare Functional Analysis

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2-3.1.3.4 Prepare Visual Impressions Plan

Fig. 2.4 Design Guide Checklist

2-3.1.3.5 Prepare Recommendations for Projects

2-3.1.4 Implementation

2-3.1.4.1 Implement the Recommended Projects.

2-4 Using the Design Guide

2-4.1 The installation design guide should include a section that discusses its use in the preparation of plans for new construction, renovation, maintenance and repair projects. The following steps illustrate how the design guide should be used for the preparation of plans for improvements to the installation.

2-4.1.1 Step 1: Review and/or print out the background information if the architect/engineer is not familiar with the installation.

Fig. 2.5 Using the Installation Design Guide

2-4.1.2 Step 2: Review and/or print out the installation design guide analysis criteria information.

2-4.1.3 Step 3: Review information and description of themes under visual themes and zones.

2-4.1.4 Step 4: Select the zone where the project will be located from Chapter 5, Visual Survey Zones and Themes. Print out the assets, liabilities, and recommendations for that zone from Chapter 6, Assets, Liabilities, and Implementation.

2-4.1.5 Step 5: Select the appropriate guidelines that apply to the proposed project.

2-4.1.6 Step 6: Assemble printouts, steps 1 to 5.

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CHAPTER 3 INSTALLATION PROFILE

3-1 Introduction

Fig 3.1 Regional Map

This chapter describes basic information about an installation. This information is also called an installation profile. It is needed to orient a design guide user who may not be familiar with the installation. The installation profile should be a compilation of text and maps that provide information about the location, mission, history, resources, and design and function of the installation.

3-2 Location

3-2.1 The location of the installation should be described, including the following points of information.

• Country or Region – For installations inside the Continental United States (CONUS), this would include information on the state, region, and closest town or city, including size, population, and history. For installations outside the Continental United States (OCONUS) this information would include a description of the country, its size, population, and history, as well as a description of the province, region and/or closest town or city.

Fig 3.2 Installation Map

Fig. 3.3 Climate Regions

• Locational Relationships– Provide a description of the regional location of the installation including travel times from major cities, airports, natural features such as oceans, rivers, and mountains, and other points of interest. Include a location map that includes the relationships.

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3-3 Mission

Fig. 3.4 Installation Profile Data

Include a description of the command and primary missions performed by the installation. An organization chart should be included.

3-4 History

Provide a brief history of the installation, including when it was built, original construction and architectural style, and use for military purposes.

3-5 Natural, Cultural, & Manmade Resources

3-5.1 Identify significant elements of natural, cultural, and manmade resources that affect the installation visually or functionally. These would include natural resources such as hills, rivers, lakes, trees, and views; cultural resources such as historical or archeological sites; and manmade resources such as existing and proposed land uses, significant buildings, roadways and airfields.

3-5.2 Information on natural, manmade, and cultural resources should be presented in text format as well as maps, sketches, and photographs. This information will be utilized to perform the installation surveys to identify visual zones and themes, and the visual analysis to determine visual assets and liabilities.

3-5.3 Of particular interest in the review of natural resources is the threatened or endangered fauna and flora. These should be defined and their habitats included on a base map.

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3-6 Information Sources

3-6.1 Installations have comprehensive plans that include analysis and recommendations for natural resources, cultural resources, land use and development plans. These sources should be utilized for the information that is required in the collection of data for the installation design guide.

3-6.2 Installations have base maps of varying scales and detail of information. A map of the existing installation that includes all buildings, roadways, vegetation, topography and other natural features should be utilized for the initial visual survey of the installation to define visual zones and themes. This map should be prepared as a general visual analysis of the installation that defines primary visual and spatial impacts. These impacts would include features such as significant buildings, landmarks, desirable and undesirable views, primary vehicular and pedestrian routes, significant vegetation and historical or archeological sites.

3-6.3 The installation base map should also be utilized to define the locations and boundaries of the visual zones, and the combinations of visual zones that form visual themes.

3-6.4 Base maps should be utilized to prepare a visual analysis of all of the various visual zones. A separate map of each zone should be prepared. These maps will include locations and descriptions of existing visual and functional assets and liabilities within the visual zone.

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4-1 Introduction

4-1.1 The installation design guide process depends upon the development of visual goals and objectives and the identification and classification of visual elements.

4-1.2 This chapter provides information on setting goals and objectives and defining visual characteristics. Goals and objectives provide the desired visual context of the installation. Basic design principles are used to assess, define, and classify visual elements. This assessment of visual elements becomes the design criteria used to determine the visual character of the installation. These design criteria are used for design decisions in the review of existing visual context and determination of project recommendations.

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN GUIDE ANALYSIS CRITERIA

Fig. 4.1 Manmade Visual Element

4-2 Goals, Objectives & Recommendations

4-2.1 Goals and objectives are defined to provide direction for visual survey and analysis and recommendations for projects. Goals provide the “wish list” of end results to be achieved and are very general in nature. Objectives provide more definitive types of actions to be taken to attain the goals. Recommendations provide specific projects to be implemented.

4-2.2 Examples of goals, objectives and recommendations that could be included in an installation design guide are:

Fig. 4.2 Natural Visual Element

• Goal 1 – Assure that proposed design is compatible with existing development and the natural environment in terms of site location, mass, density, color, form, function and materials.

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• Objective – Prepare an installation-wide architectural theme that will result in a harmonious relationship of buildings.

Fig. 4.3 The Goal Setting Process

Objective

Existing

• Recommendation 1 – Design the new dormitory to include brick and wood trim that blends with the brick and wood trim in the existing dormitory and administration buildings.

• Recommendation 2 – Use windows that blend with the windows of the existing dormitory and administration buildings.

• Goal 2 – Provide an environment that is sensitive to natural elements such as topography, vegetation, light, water and views.

• Objective – Prepare an installation-wide landscape theme to provide shade and enhance visual impact of the installation.

• Recommendation 1 – Prepare an Urban Forest Management Plan.

• Recommendation 2 – Prepare a landscape plan to install street trees along all primary entrances to the installation.

4-2.3 Design guides are based upon ensuring health, safety and welfare and supporting the mission. The goals are general in nature and should be conceived to enhance the establishment and preservation of the concept of sustainable development. Typical design goals may include: • Mission: Provide physical development

that supports the mission.

• Community: Provide development that

produces a sense of pride and commitment to the awareness of quality of life issues.

Fig. 4.4 Visual Goals and Objectives

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• Harmony: Assure that proposed design is compatible with existing development and the natural environment in terms of site location, mass, density, color, form, function and materials.

Fig. 4.6 Typical Design Goals

Fig. 4.5 From Goal to Implementation

• View: Provide physical development that frames and enhances desirable vistas and screens undesirable vistas.

• Activity: Provide physical development that encourages and enhances the importance of movement and interest in an urban environment such as an installation. Activity is encouraged by creating interest through the use of details and provision of a spatially comfortable environment.

• Livability: Provide an environment that is sensitive to natural elements such as topography, vegetation, light, water and views.

• Security: Provide an environment that is safe and secure.

• Maintenance: Provide an environment that promotes ease of maintenance and management.

4-3 Identification & Classification of Visual Elements

4-3.1 Basic design principles are utilized to define visual elements and assess their character.

4-3.2 The assessment and classification of visual elements follows basic design principles describing “good” and “not so good” design. Their assessment becomes the design criteria used to determine the visual character of the installation.

4-3.3 Visual inventory and analysis rely on an understanding of the installation’s visual elements, and an understanding of the principles of design. The visual elements

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and principles of design are described in the following paragraphs.

Fig. 4.7 Natural Characteristics

4-4 Visual Elements

4-4.1 Visual elements of an installation include a myriad of physical and environmental impacts. These elements include manmade and natural features and their inter-relationship. The visual inventory should include review and assessment of the following elements of the installation:

Fig. 4.8 Edges and Boundaries

Fig 4.9 Community

• Natural Characteristics: Includes the regional and site characteristics that have been preserved and enhanced.

• Edges and Boundaries: Linear elements such as walls, fences, or trees create separation of use and activities.

• Buildings and Structures: Typically the most dominant features of an installation. Their location and design characteristics determine the primary visual image.

• Activity Nodes: Centers of activity that attract people on a daily basis.

Fig 4.10 Activity Node

• Landmarks: Visually or historically prominent features such as towers, statues or buildings that provide identity and orientation of place.

• Entrances and Gates: Provide the first and last impression of the installation.

• Circulation System: Includes streets, sidewalks, parking lots, driveways. Delivery areas and bicycle paths utilize a large amount of space and create significant visual impact.

Fig. 4.11 Preserve Historic Architecture

• Trees and Other Vegetation: Trees and other vegetation frame views, provide visual screens, provide shade, color, and interest in the environment.

• Street Trees: Street trees soften, complement, and define the road

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hierarchy, and improve the overall visual quality of the installation.

Fig. 4.12 Entrances and Gates

Fig. 4.13 Trees, Shrubs and Berms Provide Screening

• Views and Vistas: Scenic and attractive views and vistas should be enhanced. Unattractive views should be screened.

• Open Spaces: Open space areas create visual impact and serve to separate or join adjacent uses according to how they are designed.

• Signage: A coordinated installation signage plan, addressing both exterior and interior signage, should be developed to facilitate circulation and provide useful information.

• Utility Corridors: Utilities should be in corridors. Unsightly above ground utilities should be minimized.

• Other Elements: Other visual elements occur within an installation that should be noted if they are not related to those identified.

Fig. 4.14 Open Spaces

4-5 Design Principles

4-5.1 The visual inventory and analysis requires an understanding of basic design principles. The primary principles that will concern those conducting the inventory are:

Fig. 4.15 Architectural Scale

• Scale: The proportional relationship of man to his spatial environment. The scale should result in a comfortable relationship for the user and will vary as space, size and activities vary.

• Form: The size and shape of mass. Individual forms should be designed to complement one another and the environment.

Fig. 4.16 Parade Ground Provides Form & Function

• Function: The use of a space or area. Function is gauged by the degree to which the space works in its intended purpose.

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• Color: All elements of the visual environment have color. The use and arrangement of colors greatly determine the visual impact of all elements.

• Texture: All elements of the visual environment have texture. The use and blending of textures greatly impact the visual environment.

• Unity: All elements of the visual environment should blend to complement one another. Repetition of scale, form, color and texture results in a unified visual impression.

• Framing: All views include a ground plane, side planes, and overhead plane. The relationship of planes change as the individual moves through the environment.

• Axis: An axis is a linear progression of space connecting two or more dominant features.

• Terminus: A terminus is the end of an axis and is typically defined by a dominant feature such as a building.

• Balance: Visual elements are composed to be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In either case, visual elements should be sized and located to provide visual balance.

Fig. 4-17 Courtyard Has Color and Texture

Fig. 4.19 Framing of View

Fig. 4.20 Parade Ground Axis With Building Terminus

Fig. 4.21 Balanced Symmetrical Elements

Fig. 4.18 Unity of Design

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CHAPTER 5 VISUAL SURVEY, ZONES & THEMES

5-1 Introduction

Fig 5.1 The Visual Survey

5-1.1 This chapter defines the methods to be used in conducting visual surveys and defining visual zones and themes.

5-1.2 There are two visual surveys performed in the preparation of an installation design guide. They are defined as follows:

• The first survey is performed as an overview of the entire installation. Also known as a windshield survey, this survey is performed to record visual and spatial impressions to define visual zones and themes. The windshield survey is discussed in this chapter.

• The second visual survey is performed after the visual zones are established. This survey is also known as a visual zone inventory. Each visual zone is surveyed to identify and define the visual and spatial assets and liabilities of that zone. This process is further discussed in Chapter 6.

5-2 Conducting the Windshield Survey

5-2.1 The first survey or windshield survey is conducted on an installation-wide basis to define the number and types of visual zones. This survey should be carried out as follows.

• Utilize existing installation base maps as defined in Chapter 3 in conducting the survey. Use an installation map that includes all buildings, streets, parking lots, trees, and other physical features and an aerial photograph.

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• Conduct the survey as though the installation is being seen for the first time. Approach the installation through the main gate, and then proceed to major destinations recording visual impressions along the way.

Fig. 5.2 Visual Zones Transcend Land Use

• Take sequential photographs from a moving vehicle and at pedestrian level to record the visual impacts.

• Record visual impressions on the installation base map using a notation system that defines various elements such as differences in architecture or layout that establish an area as different from an adjacent area.

• Record the frequency of encountered functions or elements together with their visual impact.

Fig. 5.3 Windshield Survey

• Record positive and negative visual impacts to be utilized in the designation of visual zones.

5-2.2 Upon completion of the windshield survey, basic information will have been collected that can be used to identify visual zones.

5-3 Identifying Visual Zones

5-3.1 Visual Zones are areas within the installation that include similar visual characteristics. Visual characteristics define a “look” and “feel” of an area created by the dominant features that define its image. Visual and spatial characteristics include unique buildings, vehicular and pedestrian corridors, natural features, spatial relationships, and landmarks.

5-3.2 The recognition and establishment of visual zones is key to the preparation of a viable design guide. Visual zones have often been incorrectly defined according to land use. Although land use characteristics are one of the determinants in classifying

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visual zones, the actual visual determinants usually transcend land use boundaries. An example of a land use that would include more than one visual zone is a troop housing area that includes a combination of frame WWII vintage barracks in a radial layout adjacent to barracks of the latest design utilizing a “super block” layout. Although they are the same land use, they may be parts of different visual zones.

Fig 5.4 Grid Plan

5-3.3 Barracks areas typically include troop headquarters facilities, eating facilities, and other facilities that are not specifically housing. These areas generally include similar visual determinants and would be part of the same visual zone.

Fig. 5.5 Superblock Layout

5-3.4 Installation administration areas typically include similar visual determinants and could be included in the same visual zones.

5-3.5 Vast parking areas provided for administrative facilities might be a part of a separate visual zone. A parade ground might also be a part of a separate visual zone depending upon its integration with the administrative buildings.

Fig. 5.6 Beaux Arts Plan

5-4 Identifying Visual Themes

5-4.1 Visual themes are generalized groupings of visual zones that provide the same general use and visual characteristics.

Fig. 5.7 Barracks

5-4.2 Visual themes are generalized to include the various broad scale activities that occur on an installation. These broad scale general use areas usually include design and layout characteristics that are similar in character, style, scale and/or detailing.

5-4.3 Visual themes may reflect land use areas identified in the Land Use Plan, although some land use areas may not be visually different from other adjacent land

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uses. In the troop housing and administrative area examples utilized in Part 4.6, the barracks areas in different visual zones would be part of the same general visual theme. The administrative buildings, parking and parade ground that are in separate visual zones would be a part of the same visual theme.

5-4.4 Typical installation visual theme areas would be defined as follows: Fig. 5.8 Community

• Community Life Theme – Includes those activities that relate to the soldiers need for residence, community activities, and recreation.

• Operations Support Theme – Includes those areas providing base administration and operations.

• Industrial Theme – Includes areas providing supply, storage, and major maintenance and utilities.

Fig. 5.9 Operations Support

• Buffer/Open Space Theme – Includes those areas of large open spaces or wooded areas that are primarily utilized as open space with no other specific activity assigned.

5-4.5 Visual themes are established to achieve a perception of visual unification within an installation. The intent of the establishment and critique of visual themes is to create design consistency that will provide orientation and a “sense of place”.

Fig. 5.10 Industrial

Fig. 5.11 Recreational

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CHAPTER 6 ASSETS, LIABILITIES & IMPLEMENTATION

6-1 Introduction

Upon completion of the windshield survey and designation of visual zones and themes, a visual inventory of each zone is conducted. This inventory determines the assets and liabilities used to formulate recommendations for projects to improve the visual quality of the zone. This chapter and the remaining chapters in this design manual provide the procedures that shall be used in this process.

6-2 Visual Inventory

6-2.1 The visual inventory of the individual visual zones are conducted through on-site review and analysis of the visual impacts within each zone and through the use of questionnaires and interviews of installation personnel.

6-2.2 A base map of each zone is prepared using existing installation base mapping at a larger scale than that used for the windshield survey. The base map is utilized to record visual impressions within the zone and further define them as either positive or negative impressions. These visual impressions include how the zones look and how the elements within the zone relate spatially.

6-2.3 The visual impacts within each visual zone should be recorded utilizing six installation design components. These components provide categories for survey and analysis of visual impressions. The separation of visual impacts according to specific physical components simplifies and directs the assessment of visual assets and

Fig. 6.1 Visual Zone Inventory Process

liabilities.

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6-2.4 The techniques of interviews and questionnaires gather visual impressions from personnel on the installation. Prepare the interview and questionnaire format to assist personnel in visualizing and articulating their visual impressions. Attention should be directed to overall installation impressions and specific impressions by visual zone.

6-3 Visual Assets and Liabilities Fig. 6.2 Visual Asset

6-3.1 The assessment of the visual zones includes defining visual assets and liabilities. This list of visual assets and liabilities provides the basis for recommendations leading to improving the visual quality of the installation.

Fig. 6.3 Visual Liability

6-3.2 Positive visual elements are defined as visual assets, design elements or features that enhance the surroundings, either visually or functionally. Assets are desirable visually and functionally and should be preserved and enhanced.

Fig. 6.4 Visual Asset

6-3.3 Negative visual elements are defined as visual liabilities, design elements or features that detract from the visual image or function of the surroundings. Liabilities should be defined and corrected through appropriate design measures.

6-4 Components of Asset &

Liability Assessment

6-4.1 The six design components of visual impacts provide a framework to relate visual impacts to the physical structure of the installation. The six components are listed below and discussed in detail in Chapters 7-12 of this installation design manual.

Fig. 6.5 Visual Liability

6-4.1.1 Site Planning – Site planning is composed of the elements that establish spatial organization and relationships. These elements include both natural and manmade visual impacts. The site planning visual component provides the framework for the other five design components -

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architecture, circulation, landscape architecture, site elements, and security. The relationship of these components to one another and to the total installation is determined by the site plan.

6-4.1.2 Architecture – The image of an installation is primarily determined by the design character of the buildings. The architectural component includes assessment of all aspects of the impacts of architecture on visual quality of the installation. Fig. 6.6 Site Elements

6-4.1.3 Circulation – The image of the installations is also greatly determined by the design and location of roadways, walkways, and parking lots. This visual component assesses these elements and identifies specific characteristics that provide visual zone and theme identity.

Fig. 6.7 Security

6-4.1.3 Landscape Architecture – The impact of landscape architecture in the visual environment is both functional and aesthetic. This visual component assesses the preservation and enhancement of native and naturalized plant material, and the placement of plant material for functional uses and aesthetic appeal.

6-4.1.4 Site Elements – The site elements visual component includes all of the visual elements of the installation that are not defined as site planning, architecture, circulation or landscape architecture. Those elements of the visual environment that are included are site furnishings, signs, lighting, and utilities.

6-4.1.5 Security – Concern for security within an installation results in design and location requirements that affect the visual environment.

Fig. 6.8 Landscape Architecture

6-5 Functional Analysis

6-5.1 The survey and assessment of the visual zones include the preparation of a functional analysis of each zone. The purpose of the functional analysis is to

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organize the visual impressions and assess their functional relationships to determine the visual character and unifying motif of each zone. The analysis should be focused to define the sum of all of the visual elements within a zone. The intent is to determine the degree of dependence, physical connections, and relative importance of the visual elements to each other.

Visual Impact

Wooded Area Provides Visual Separation

Dominant View to be Enhanced

6-5.2 This analysis provides the framework for better overall definition of visual zones, themes and overall visual impact of the installation.

6-6 Visual Impressions Plan

A visual impressions plan should be prepared utilizing the visual zone assets and liabilities, together with the functional analysis on the base maps for each zone. This plan should be in color using graphic symbols, highlighting, and text to identify and describe the dominant visual impressions.

Fig. 6.9 Visual Impressions Plan

6-7 Implementation Plan

6-7.1 As stated above, the assessment of each visual zone includes recommendations for improvements to the visual quality. The list of recommendations should be in the form of specific projects. These specific projects are utilized to prepare an implementation plan to be included in the installation design guide.

6-7.2 The installation design guide plan for implementation shall define a process by which to implement the recommended projects. This implementation plan should include the following:

• Project List

• Recommend projects that will accomplish the stated goals and objectives of the installation design guide.

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• These projects may consist of enhancement of a single visual element or improvement of an area that includes a variety of visual elements.

Fig. 6.10 Implementation Process

• The projects should be developed to include desired end results without concern for funding sources.

• Project Priorities

• Prioritize projects in accordance with the goals and objectives of the installation design guide.

• Guidelines for prioritizing projects include, but are not limited to, aesthetic improvement, daytime and nighttime image enhancement, funding, improved functional efficiency, enhancement of morale, and safety.

• Cost Estimates

• Prepare construction cost estimates for all projects.

• Funding

• Recommend a practical funding source that facilitates a realistic implementation of each project in accordance with the installation's funding authority.

• Investigate alternative funding sources and include them in the recommendations.

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CHAPTER 7 SITE PLANNING DESIGN COMPONENT

Fig. 7.1 Site Plan

7-1 Introduction

7-1.1 Site Planning is the art of arranging an external physical environment in complete detail. Site plans are usually prepared by Landscape Architects. Site Planning, as a visual design component, includes the analysis of the overall organization of physical and natural spatial relationships.

7-1.2 The site planning component provides the spatial arrangement of the installation (Figs. 7.1 & 7.2). Site planning coordinates more site design in accordance with the installation master planning process. The other five design components are dependent upon site planning for their location and spatial relationships. The other five components are identified below and discussed in detail in Chapters 8-12:

Fig. 7.2 Blend Natural and Manmade Elements

• Structures

• Circulation

• Plant Material

• Site Elements

Fig 7.3 Development In Natural Preserve

• Force Protection

7-1.3 This chapter presents the visual and functional determinants that should be examined in order to identify the visual assets and liabilities of the spatial relationships determined by the site plan.

7-2 Site Planning Objectives

7-2.1 The goal of site planning for existing and future installations is to produce a sustainable development. Sustainability

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requires that the built environment is designed and constructed to preserve and enhance the natural environment (Fig. 7.3). The result is an investment in the future in which manmade facilities are designed as a part of the environment to minimize negative environmental impacts. General site planning techniques that result in sustainable development are cost efficient because they preserve energy and reduce construction and maintenance costs. Typical site planning objectives include:

7-2.1.1 Preserve natural site features such as topography, hydrology, vegetation, and tree cover (Fig. 7.4).

Fig. 7.4 Plan to Preserve Natural Environment

Fig. 7.5 Identify Natural Elements & Preserve

7-2.1.2 Locate facilities with consideration of climatic conditions such as wind, solar orientation, and microclimate.

7-2.1.3 Preserve the natural site by molding development to fit around existing land forms and features. This development approach minimizes extensive earthwork, preserves existing drainage patterns, and preserves existing vegetation (Fig. 7.5).

7-2.1.4 Plan for facilities to be clustered to preserve land and reduce construction costs. Clustering should occur on the flattest land areas. Room for expansion should be provided.

Fig. 7.6 Development Fits the Environment

7-3 Site Planning Considerations

7-3.1 The concept of sustainability as a part of installation design should result in design and development of installations that are more aware of and designed as a part of the natural features of the location and climate (Fig. 7.6).

7-3.2 The primary “fit” of the development to its environment is initially determined by the site plan. The determination of primary issues that provide basic location and organization of spatial relationships are determined during the site planning process. Site planning design criteria for

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sustainable development can be applied to define and mitigate issues such as the following:

7-3.2.1 Which land is developable and which land should be preserved (Fig. 7.7)?

7-3.2.2 Which slopes are usable for development and which slopes should not be developed?

7-3.2.3 What climatic impacts exist that will affect the placement of buildings and other development?

7-3.2.4 What are the soil conditions and the soil impacts to development?

7-3.2.5 What are the hydrologic conditions in relation to the water table, drainage, and flood plains? Fig. 7.7 Identify Natural Elements & Preserve

7-3.2.6 Which natural features should be preserved and enhanced (Fig 7.8)?

Fig. 7.8 Preserve Open Space

7-3.2.7 Which views should be preserved and enhanced, or screened and minimized?

7-3.2.8 Which vegetation is native to the region (Fig. 7.9)?

7-3.2.9 What exotics have been introduced?

7-3.3 The site planning considerations are part of the visual and spatial analysis of the installation and of the individual visual zones.

Fig. 7.9 Preserve Existing Trees

7-4 Site Planning Design Criteria

7-4.1 The following criteria should be utilized for the assessment of the visual and spatial impacts of site planning. Many of the criteria included are repeated in the lists of criteria for the other five components of visual assessment. The site planning component of installation design comes first in the design process and determines the general locations of the other components.

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Therefore, site planning must consider the criteria for architectural design, circulation, landscape architecture, site elements, and security concerns.

7-4.2 Site planning design criteria is divided into two categories – natural conditions and manmade conditions.

7-5 Natural Conditions Not Adapted Adapted

7-5.1 The natural conditions that should be reviewed in determining assets and liabilities are listed below.

7-5.1.1 Topography - The natural terrain should be a major determinant of layout and form of the installation (Fig 7.10). The following general guidelines should be used to maintain the natural topography of the installation.

Adapted Not Adapted

Fig. 7.10 Accommodate Natural Conditions

7-5.1.1.1 Maintain natural ground slopes and elevations.

7-5.1.1.2 Align roadways and buildings along topographic lines.

7-5.1.1.3 Locate facilities that have expansive ground coverage on relatively flat terrain.

7-5.1.1.4 Use moderately sloping areas for buildings with less ground coverage areas.

7-5.1.1.5 Avoid development on steep slopes. (Fig. 7.11)

7-5.1.1.6 Avoid development in natural drainage ways and flood plains. Flood plain development should be limited to open space and recreation use.

7-5.1.1.7 Provide a reasonable balance of cut and fill.

7-5.1.2 Hydrology - The installation should be designed to include the following concerns for natural drainage corridors, floodplains and waterways:

Fig. 7.11 Develop Around Natural Landforms

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7-5.1.2.1 Preserve and maintain natural drainage areas and floodplains.

7-5.1.2.2 Limit development in flood plains to open space and recreation uses.

7-5.1.2.3 Preserve rivers, lakes, streams, or other waterways and incorporate them into the design layout.

7-5.1.3 Climate - The installation should be designed in response to local climatic conditions to provide a more comfortable environment, and reduce the demands for heating and cooling (Fig. 7.12). The following general guidelines are for the four most prevalent climatic regions:

7-5.1.3.1 Cool Regions - Design and site development by maximizing the warming effect of solar radiation in winter and reducing the impact of cold winter winds.

7-5.1.3.2 Temperate Regions - Design and site development to balance the effects of seasonal thermal variations promoting both winter warming and summer cooling in terms of seasonal solar orientation and prevailing wind direction.

7-5.1.3.3 Hot Arid Regions - Design and site development to minimize solar heat gain and maximize shade and encourage humidity in outdoor spaces.

7-5.1.3.4 Hot Humid Regions - Design and site development to minimize solar heat gain and promote air movement and cross ventilation.

7-5.1.4 Views - The installation should be designed to preserve and enhance scenic and other attractive views and vistas, and to screen unattractive views and vistas.

7-5.1.5 Vegetation - The installation should be designed to protect and preserve existing native vegetation. This preservation reduces maintenance and enhances sustainability.

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Fig. 7.12 Site Planning with Concern for Climatic Impacts

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7-6 Manmade Site Conditions

7-6.1 The site plan provides the locations of the manmade development that will occur on site. It establishes the spatial relationships as well as the relationships between manmade and existing natural features. Manmade site conditions include all development on the installation buildings, roadways, parking lots, walkways, walls, fences, utilities, and other facilities. Buildings, roadways, parking lots, and above ground utilities are the primary manmade visual determinants.

Fig. 7.13 Locate Large Buildings on Flat Areas

7-6.2 The following site planning guidelines should be used in the visual and spatial review of the installation:

7-6.2.1 Cluster buildings to reduce impact on the natural environment, and reduce roadways and utility corridors needed to serve the development. Fig. 7.14 Orient To Climatic Conditions

7-6.2.2 Locate large buildings in relatively flat areas to reduce the cut and fill and preserve natural vegetation and drainage (Fig. 7-13).

7-6.2.3 Minimize solar heat gain for cooling and maximize solar heat gain and retention for heating.

7-6.2.4 Site buildings with consideration for the microclimate conditions of the site that result in variances in wind or light because of adjacent land forms, structures, or trees (Fig. 7.14).

Fig. 7.15 Orient Outdoor Areas for Comfortable Exposure

7-6.2.4.1 Orient outdoor pedestrian areas for most comfortable exposure (Fig 7.15).

7-6.2.4.2 Utilize lighter colored building surfaces exposed to the sun and darker colors on recessed surfaces to absorb radiation 7-6.2.4.3 Orient windows according to impacts of climatic conditions. Fig. 7.16 Roadway Blends with Environment

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7-6.2.4.4 Locate development on the leeward side of hills.

7-6.2.5 Design and locate roads to provide a hierarchy of traffic carrying capacities.

7-6.2.6 Locate roads to blend with topography and vegetation (Fig. 7.16).

7-6.2.7 Design and locate parking lots to minimize visual impact of broad expanses of pavement and vehicles.

Liability Asset

Fig. 7.17 Minimize Visual Impacts of Parking Lots

7-6.2.8 Design and locate pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths to fit the physical environment, and provide a comfortable pedestrian experience, limiting conflicts with vehicular traffic.

7-6.2.9 Locate trees and shrubs to buffer harsh natural conditions.

7-6.2.10 Deciduous material provides for sun in the winter and shade in the summer. Evergreen material provides wind breaks for cold north winds.

Liability Asset

Fig. 7.18 Provide Comfortable Pedestrian Experience 7-6.2.11 Design and locate site elements

to blend with and enhance the physical environment.

Asset Liability

7-6.2.12 Security requirements should be designed and located to blend with the physical environment.

7-7 Site Planning Assets & Liabilities

The survey of the visual zones should result in a list of assets and liabilities for Site Planning in each of the visual zones. These should be listed in the installation design manual and followed by a list of recommendations for projects that will enhance the assets and minimize the liabilities (Figs. 7.17-7.19).

Fig. 7.19 Minimize Visual Impact of Utilities

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CHAPTER 8 STRUCTURES DESIGN COMPONENT

8-1 Introduction

Fig. 8.1 Indigenous Structure is an Asset

8-1.1 The image of an installation is primarily determined by the design character and siting of the buildings. Therefore, the structural design component of the visual analysis is of primary importance in the definition of visual zones and themes, and in the assessment of assets and liabilities.

8-1.2 The structural component includes the inspection and analysis of the character of the buildings as well as the relationship of buildings to one another and to their environment. The use of architectural style, materials, and colors that are indigenous to a region result in a more sustainable development. The preservation of historic structures provides a sense of heritage in relationship to past generations.

Fig. 8.2 WW II Barracks are a Visual Liability

8-1.3 The visual analysis of structure also includes concern for accessibility, use of materials, placement of entrances, incorporation of additions and renovations, the incorporation of plazas and courtyards, and the appropriateness and quality of building maintenance.

8-1.4 This chapter provides the objectives and visual determinants that should be utilized to identify and assess the structural quality of the installation.

Fig. 8.3 Preserved Historic Buildings are an Asset

8-2 Structure Objectives

8-2.1 The architectural style of the existing and future buildings for installations should be designed and located to reinforce the sustainability of the installation. Sustainable building design reduces construction and maintenance cost and conserves energy requirements. The following objectives of

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the structural component are all elements of sustainable development:

Fig. 8.6 Use Indigenous Materials

Fig. 8.5 Blend Old and New Structures

Fig. 8.4 Adapt Buildings to Site Conditions

8-2.1.1 Adapt building designs to natural site conditions (Fig. 8.4).

8-2.1.2 Design buildings in clusters to preserve land and reduce construction and maintenance costs.

8-2.1.3 Develop a coherent architectural character that results in the blending of new and old structures (Fig. 8.5).

8-2.1.4 Use indigenous architectural styles that have proven efficient in the region.

8-2.1.5 Preserve historic buildings.

8-2.1.6 Use available indigenous construction materials and construction practices (Fig. 8.6).

8-3 Structural Character

8-3.1 The character of installation architecture typically varies according to the use of the structure and when it was built. New facilities are often incompatible with older facilities. Warehouse facilities are usually incompatible with administration or barracks facilities.

8-3.2 The difference in character is the result of the designer ignoring the character and scale of adjacent buildings or the attempt to relate them through some unsuccessful imitative technique.

8-3.3 There are many examples of new contemporary buildings that are designed to successfully blend with older buildings. This coordination of structural character on an installation provides a consistent and coherent “sense of order” and “sense of place”. This relationship of design is achieved through the use of compatible scales, massing, form, color, texture, materials, and fenestration. These design techniques can be utilized in the visual

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review and analysis of the installation. They are further explained below:

Fig. 8.7 Scale & Massing

8-3.3.1 Scale – Scale is the terminology for the size of a building facade in relation to man. Buildings that include predominant vertical facades that dwarf the individual are defined as monumental in scale. Buildings with more horizontal facades designed to relate more to the size of the human figure are defined as human scale (Fig. 8.7). The scale of most buildings on installations should be more human than monumental.

8-3.3.2 Massing – The overall bulk or volume of a building or buildings (Fig. 8.7). The size and proportion of the individual buildings in a grouping of buildings should be designed to be proportionally compatible with the adjacent structures.

Fig. 8.8 Color & Texture

Fig. 8.9 Indigenous Architecture

8-3.3.3 Form – The form of a building is determined by its size, mass, and proportions. The use of similar building forms provides continuity to the installation architectural impact. The result is a more aesthetically pleasing environment.

8-3.3.4 Color – The use of a color scheme that is consistent throughout the installation results in continuity of buildings. The color scheme should be predominantly lighter shades with bolder colors as highlights. Softer, lighter colors provide a cooling effect in warmer climes. Deeper, bolder colors result in greater heat absorption in colder climes (Fig 8.8).

8-3.3.5 Texture – The use of materials of similar texture in buildings helps to provide visual continuity for the installation (Fig 8.8).

8-3.3.6 Materials – The use of the same materials in the structure and trim of buildings helps provide visual continuity.

8-3.3.7 Fenestration – Structural features such as doors, windows, and building decoration or details should be similar in size, and proportion to promote architectural compatibility.

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8-4 Indigenous Structure

Fig. 8.11 Preserve Historic Structures

Fig. 8.10 Building Fenestration

8-4.1 The historical architectural styles within the various regions of the world have typically emerged through time to respond to the climatic and cultural impacts of the particular region (Fig 8.9). The use of specific materials and design considerations such as wide eaves in hot, rainy areas, shady plazas and courtyards in more arid areas, and high pitched roofs in snow areas have emerged as specific response to climatic conditions. 8-4.2 Sustainability in the design and construction of buildings includes incorporating time-proven structural designs that are indigenous to the region. Indigenous design elements should be utilized in the design of new buildings (Fig. 8.10). 8-5 Historic Architecture 8-5.1 The visual integrity of historically noteworthy buildings and areas on military installations should be preserved and protected. Historic preservation includes three categories of significance: 8-5.1.1 Historical Structures – Buildings that are noteworthy architecturally and are examples of a particular style or period (Fig. 8.11).

8-5.1.2 Historical Places – Buildings and areas that are noteworthy from a historical point of view because of a significant event in national or military history.

8-5.1.3 Other Historical Facilities – Buildings that are less noteworthy architecturally or historically, but are still usable and functional facilities that provide visual interest and a sense of heritage to the installation.

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8-5.2 The techniques of historical preservation vary according to the condition of the building as follows: 8-5.2.1 Conservation - is appropriate for buildings that are physically sound and have their original design integrity and value (Fig 8.12).

8-5.2.2 Renovation - is applicable to buildings that require general upgrading to retain their design integrity and value (Fig 8.13).

Fig. 8.12 Conservation

8-5.2.3 Rehabilitation - is applicable to buildings that have deteriorated or are economically and functionally outmoded, and require modernization of electrical and structural elements.

8-5.2.4 Restoration - is applicable to structures of noteworthy historic, architectural or aesthetic importance whose integrity has been lost or covered up and must be restored to achieve their original appearance. Fig. 8.13 Renovation

8-5.2.5 Adaptive Reuse - is a form of rehabilitation where structures are converted from their original use to an entirely new use (Fig 8.14).

8-5.2.6 Reconstruction - or replication refers to structures that are recreated from original designs to portray a historical setting or to serve as a historical museum or display (Fig 8.15).

Fig. 8.14 Adaptive Reuse of Historic Building 8-5.3 The preservation of historical structures and places should be done according to government procedures for registration as significant structures on the National Register of Historic Places.

8-6 Building Entrances

8-6.1 A building entrance is a primary feature of any building design. The entrance should be defined and recognizable as an obvious point of entry Fig. 8.15 Reconstruction

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regardless of the size or importance of the building (Fig. 8.16).

Fig. 8.18 Renovations and Additions

This Not This

Fig. 8.17 Contemporary Building Entrance

Fig. 8.16 Restored Historic Entrance

8-6.2 The entrance to a building should be in a prominent location of the exterior of the building and should be oriented toward the primary adjacent public space such as a courtyard, lawn, parking lot, or street.

8-6.3 The fenestration details of an entrance should be designed to provide continuity between other entrances to the building and the entrances of other adjacent buildings.

8-7 Building Accessibility

All facilities should be designed to be accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities. New construction and alterations to existing facilities must be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act Architectural Guidelines (ADAAG), and the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS), with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflicts.

8-8 Renovations and Additions

When existing buildings are renovated or additions are constructed, the architectural character of the renovation or addition should be compatible with the architectural character of the existing building and the adjacent buildings (Fig 8.18).

8-9 Plazas and Courtyards 8-9.1 Outdoor plazas and courtyards should be designed and located to provide for activities that occur indoors to be expanded outdoors (Fig. 8.19). Plazas and courtyards can be located as a part of the primary entrance to a building, or as an extension of non- primary entrance areas to the outside. They can be located between buildings to provide an outdoors link to Fig. 8.19 Plazas and Courtyards

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connect the buildings visually and physically.

Fig. 8.21 Architectural Liability

Fig. 8.22 Architectural Asset

Fig. 8.20 Buildings Should Be Maintained

8-9.2 Plazas and courtyards should be designed to be compatible with the architectural character of the adjacent buildings. The outdoor areas should utilize the architectural elements that make up the building character. The outdoor areas should also be designed to provide a visual extension of the interior spaces.

8-10 Building Maintenance

All buildings on an installation should be maintained on an ongoing basis (Fig 8.20). General maintenance should be performed on an ongoing basis. This includes keeping the exterior surfaces and windows clean and in good repair and the surrounding area neat and organized. More costly maintenance such as painting, roofing, and wood replacement should be attended to according to an organized schedule of maintenance requirements.

8-11 Architectural Assets & Liabilities

The information provided in this chapter should be used in the visual survey and assessment of the visual zones within the installation. Architectural assets and liabilities (Fig 8.21 & 8.22) should be listed in the installation design manual together with recommendations for projects.

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CHAPTER 9 CIRCULATION DESIGN COMPONENT

9-1 Introduction

Fig. 9.1 Circulation Component

9-1.1 The image of the installation is greatly determined by the design and location of roadways, walkways, and parking lots. The primary roadway system and parking lots utilize considerable amounts of land, and are a visually dominant element of the installation (Fig 9.1). Roadways, walkways and parking lots are located as part of the site planning process. The circulation component is used to assess the circulation elements of the installation and identify specific characteristics that provide visual zone and theme identity.

9-1.2 The circulation system provides a primary vantage point to view the installation. Typically, the road network is historically predetermined, and may be functionally deficient and visually unattractive. Much can be done to improve the roadway network functionally and visually.

Fig. 9.2 Separate Incompatible Traffic

9-1.2.1 Functionally, a hierarchical network can be created that separates incompatible types of traffic. This separation of traffic promotes sustainability because it results in more efficient energy consumption.

Fig. 9.3 Preserve the Environment, Provide Aesthetic Appeal

9-1.2.2 Visually, the circulation hierarchy can be reinforced through design, planting, signage and lighting to promote a more attractive visual experience that promotes a sense of orientation and ease of circulation (Fig 9.2).

9-2 Circulation Objectives

9-2.1 The installation goal for the circulation system is to establish a

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sustainable system that promotes aesthetic appeal, environmental preservation, and energy conservation while providing safe and efficient circulation (Fig. 9.3). The objectives below should be followed to achieve a sustainable circulation system:

Fig. 9.6 Road Hierarchy

Fig. 9.4 Vehicular/Pedestrian System

Fig 9.5 Channelization

9-2.1.1 Provide circulation that promotes and enhances public health and safety.

9-2.1.2 Provide a system of circulation that includes all forms of vehicular and pedestrian circulation (Fig. 9.4).

9-2.1.3 Provide a system that includes hierarchies of vehicular and pedestrian traffic flow.

9-2.1.4 Adapt the circulation system to the natural conditions of the site.

9-2.1.5 Improve the existing circulation network for expansion, safety and appearance.

9-2.1.6 Promote maintenance and repair of existing and proposed circulation systems.

9-3 Roadway Hierarchy

9-3.1 The roadway network of an installation should functionally and visually reflect a logical hierarchy of traffic circulation. The network should separate types of traffic by function, ranging from through traffic to local traffic. The visual character of each segment of the network should appropriately convey its role and function within the overall network. The basic network is classified as follows in terms of the type, character, and appearance of the road (Fig 9.5).

9-3.1.1 Highways – Highways provide primary high speed traffic access to, around, or through a military installation. The design characteristics include:

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9-3.1.1.1 Continuous, relatively straight or large radii curvilinear alignments that carry high-speed through-traffic movement between major activity centers within a region.

Fig. 9.7 Boulevard

9-3.1.1.2 A minimum of two (2) lanes in each direction typically divided by a median or median divider. 9-3.1.1.3 Alignments that border lane use areas rather than bisect them, and green space buffers between the road and adjacent uses. 9-3.1.1.4 Controlled access onto the road. 9-3.1.1.5 Either grade-separated or at grade channelized intersections with traffic signal controls (Fig.9.6)

Fig. 9.9 Secondary Street

Fig. 9.8 Primary Road Elevation

9-3.1.1.6 Shoulders for emergency stopping but strict prohibition of on-street parking. 9-3.1.1.7 Street signing, lighting and planting that reflects the high-speed nature of traffic movement.

9-3.1.2 Primary Roads – These roads provide the network connecting major activity centers (Fig. 9.7). Design characteristics include:

9-3.1.2.1 Continuous, through-traffic alignments that are relatively straight or large-radii curvilinear to handle moderate-to-high speed traffic. 9-3.1.2.2 Alignments that form the boundary between different land use areas rather than bisect an area. 9-3.1.2.3 Two to three moving lanes in each direction typically divided by a median (Fig. 9.8). 9-3.1.2.4 Controlled access and a minimum of curb cuts limited to entranceways to major facilities or building groups. 9-3.1.2.5 At-grade intersections with traffic signal controls.

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Fig. 9.12 Tertiary Street Plan

Fig. 9.11 Tertiary Street

9.10 Secondary Street Elevation

9-3.1.2.6 On-street parking prohibited. 9-3.1.2.7 Medians, street lighting, signing and planting that reinforces the moderate-to-high speed nature and importance of the road.

9-3.1.3 Secondary Roads – These roads provide the means of traffic movement between primary and tertiary roads Fig. 9.9). Design characteristics include:

9-3.1.3.1 Continuous through-traffic alignment between primary roads, either straight or curvilinear based upon the desired design speed topography and land pattern. 9-3.1.3.2 Direct access to abutting property. 9-3.1.3.3 A maximum of two moving traffic lanes in each direction, either undivided or a boulevard with planted median. (Fig 9.10) 9-3.1.3.4 On-street parking generally prohibited. 9-3.1.3.5 Sidewalks separated from the road by a planting strip. 9-3.1.3.6 Street lighting, signing and planting that reflects the moderate-to-slow speed nature of traffic and the character of the land use area they are within.

9-3.1.4 Tertiary Roads – These roads handle local traffic movement from secondary streets and provide direct access to abutting property (9/11). Characteristics are: 9-3.1.4.1 Alignments designed to discourage through-traffic. 9-3.1.4.2 Alignments are relatively short straight or curvilinear in keeping with topography, land use, and slow speed nature of traffic (Fig. 9.12). 9-3.1.4.3 Generally a maximum of two moving traffic lanes, one in each direction (Fig. 9.13).

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Fig. 9.13 Tertiary Street Elevation

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9-3.1.4.4 On-street parking allowable on an infrequent overflow basis by the addition of a parallel parking lane or bay.

Fig. 9.14 Cul-de-Sac Elevation

9-3.1.4.5 Curbs, gutters and sidewalks generally provided in residential areas with densities greater than two dwelling units per acre. 9-3.1.4.5 Sidewalks may be limited to only one side, depending upon need. 9-3.1.4.6 Street lighting, signing and planting in character with the slow speed nature of traffic and the land use area within which the road is located.

9-3.1.5 Cul-de-sacs – Short dead-end tertiary streets, primarily in residential areas (Fig. 9.14). They connect at one end to a tertiary or secondary street and have a turnaround at the other end, providing direct access to abutting property while preventing through traffic. Design characteristics include:

Fig. 9.15 Cul-de-Sac Plan

9-3.1.5.1 Short, straight or curvilinear alignments to serve abutting property (Fig. 9.15). 9-3.1.5.2 Generally a maximum of two traffic lanes, one in each direction. 9-3.1.5.3 Generally a maximum length of 600 feet, except or less except in areas where terrain and low density justify a longer length.

Fig. 9.16 Rural Road

9-3.1.5.4 Turnarounds must include a diameter to accommodate fire and garbage trucks. 9-3.1.5.5 Turnarounds can be either symmetrical or offset. 9-3.1.5.6 Turnarounds should have center planting islands to reduce the expanse of paved area. 9-3.1.5.7 Overflow parking can be provided on street in parking bays or within center of turnarounds. 9-3.1.5.8 Sidewalks, if any, are generally limited to one side of the road.

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Fig. 9.17 Positive Visual Experience

Fig. 9.18 Plan Circulation Systems to be Safe

9-3.1.5.9 Street lighting, signing and planting in character with the slow speed nature of traffic and the land use area being served.

9-3.2.6 Other Roadways – The vehicular circulation system of an installation may also contain rural roads and patrol roads. 9-3.2.6.1 Rural Roads are for traffic through sparsely developed areas of the installation (Fig. 9.16). 9-3.2.6.2 Service Roads are for service traffic only to adjacent buildings. 9-3.2.6.3 Patrol Roads are special roads for surveillance and security purposes that carry restricted, low volume vehicular traffic.

9-4 Roadway System Design

9-4.1 The location and design of new circulation system alignments as well as improvements to the existing system should be prepared to promote development sustainability (Fig. 9.17). They should be designed to minimize impacts, relieve driver monotony, and provide a positive visual experience for the user (Fig. 9.18). The following design techniques should be applied to circulation system design:

Fig. 9.20 Circulation System Fits Topography

Fig. 9.19 Blend Circulation Into Natural Landform

9-4.2 Blend Circulation With Natural Landform. The horizontal and vertical alignment of roads, walkways and bikeways should minimize landform disturbance and blend with the natural setting (Fig. 9.19).

9-4.2.1 Minimize cut and fill by avoiding steep terrain and aligning roadway, walkway, or bicycle system to cross slopes diagonally or parallel to the contours rather than perpendicular to the contours.

9-4.2.2 Mold cut and fill slopes to blend into the natural landform (Fig 9.20).

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9-4.2.3 Blend road drainage ditches, swales, or channels into the natural landform.

Fig. 9.21 Road Alignment

9-4.2.4 Use cluster development wherever possible to limit the lengths and required intersections of roadway and other circulation system elements and to preserve land. 9-4.2.5 Minimize pedestrian and bikeway crossings of highways, primary and secondary roads. 9-4.2.6 Use natural topographic conditions to create grade separated pedestrian and bikeway road crossings wherever possible especially on highways and primary roads. 9-4.3 Adapt Circulation to Preserve Vegetation. Design roads, walkways, and bike paths to minimize disturbance to existing vegetation, encourage revegetation in disturbed areas, and reduce the visual impact of landscape disturbance (Fig. 9.21). 9-4.3.1 Align roads through open areas rather than forested areas. 9-4.3.2 Minimize cut and fill to reduce the limits of clearing. 9-4.3.3 Clear only for sight distances rather than uniform right-of-way clearing. 9-4.3.4 Utilize tree wells or retaining walls to preserve specimen trees or significant vegetation areas. 9-4.3.5 Provide optimum conditions for revegetation by following proper planting and maintenance techniques.

Fig. 9.22 Minimize Pollution Impacts

9-4.3.6 Restore vegetation to disturbed areas using naturalistic plantings of native plant material. 9-4.4 Minimize Adverse Impacts on Adjacent Land Uses.

9-4.4.1 Air Pollution – Locate roadway alignments to minimize the impact of traffic-emitted pollutants on adjacent development (Fig. 9.22).

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9-4.4.1.1 Locate roads adjacent to land uses that are minimally affected by traffic-emitted air pollutants.

Fig. 9.23 Landscape and Berms Provide Noise Screening

9-4.4.1.2 Reduce the impact of traffic-emitted pollutants on more sensitive land use areas by providing planted buffers between them. 9-4.4.1.3 Locate roadways downwind from sensitive land use areas.

9-4.5 Noise Pollution – Design and locate roadways to reduce the impact of traffic noise on adjacent development. 9-4.5.1 Physically separate roadways from sensitive land uses including residential, medical, education, recreation, administration, religious, library, community or child care facilities.

Fig. 9.24 Intersection of Primary and Secondary Roads

9-4.5.2 Utilize noise abatement techniques such as berms, sound barrier walls and plant material to reduce noise levels (Fig 9.23). 9-4.5.3 Reroute truck traffic to roadways adjacent to less noise sensitive land uses.

9-5 Intersections

Fig. 9.25 Eliminate Through Traffic

9-5.1 Intersections within the circulation system should be planned or improved to provide safe and efficient traffic flow for both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The following design techniques should be used to plan or improve intersections: 9-5.1.1 Use T-intersections for tertiary road intersections with secondary or primary roads to reduce conflict and promote safety, particularly in residential areas (Fig 9.24). 9-5.1.2 Provide turning lanes at all intersections along tertiary roads to eliminate interference with through traffic flow. 9-5.1.3 Avoid dangerous, complex intersections of more than two streets intersecting at one point, streets intersecting at skewed angles, and jogged intersections.

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9-5.1.4 Minimize intersections along highways and primary roads to reduce points of conflict and increase safety. Existing intersections with secondary and tertiary streets can be eliminated by the use of cul-de-sacs with traffic routed along parallel streets to primary and secondary streets (Fig. 9.25).

Fig. 9.26 Curvilinear Road

9-5.1.5 Eliminate intersections that are in close proximity to one another. They should be no closer than the minimum distance standard.

Fig. 9.27 Design Streetscape to be Visually Pleasing

9-5.1.6 Create local service drives or access roads to parallel highways and primary roads to provide access to properties fronting the primary road avoiding a direct curb cut from the primary road to each individual property. 9-5.1.7 Include adequate sight distances to meet minimum standard requirements at all intersections. 9-5.1.8 Provide crosswalks at all intersections where necessary. The crosswalks should be marked with paint or vinyl strips or identified with a different paving surface. 9-5.1.9 Provide pedestrian access that is accessible to persons with disabilities in accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflicts.

9-6 Streetscape

9-6.1 The visual appearance of the circulation system should be designed or enhanced to provide an aesthetically pleasing experience for the user. This can be achieved by the following design techniques:

9-6.1.1 Plant Material – The use of trees, shrubs, and groundcovers provides one of the simplest and most effective ways to improve the visual quality of the streetscape Fig 9.30). Planting should be utilized to

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Fig. 9.29 Improved Streetscape

Fig. 9.28 Existing Streetscape

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define the roadway hierarchy, screen and enhance views, reduce headlight and other glare, and soften the visual expanse of paving and buildings.

Fig. 9.30 Streetscape Softened with Plants

9-6.1.2 Lighting – Lighting along the circulation system should be utilized not only for public safety, but also for aesthetic appeal. Lighting intensity should be appropriate for the use. Light standards should be coordinated throughout the installation to provide a continuity of design elements.

9-6.1.3 Signage – The majority of the signage at a military installation is directed to the circulation system of roads, parking, walkways and bikeways. A sign system should be consistent throughout the installation to provide a continuity of design elements.

Fig. 9.31 Large Expanse of Parking Softened with Trees

9-6.1.4 Utilities – Utilities are generally placed along circulation corridors. All utilities should be buried whenever possible. Where it is not possible, above ground utilities should be designed to not be visually offensive.

9-7 Parking Requirements

9-7.1 The off-street parking requirements at military installations consume the greatest amount of area of all development that occurs on the installation. These areas are generally large expanses of pavement that create some of the most unslightly visual element on the installation (Fig. 9.31). Whether they are located in warm climes or cold climes, parking lots are built with little concern for the aesthetic or physical comfort of the user.

Fig 9.32 Handicap Parking Plan

9-7.2 The total quantity of parking in any one location will vary with the needs of the facility.

9-7.2.1 All parking lots are to be accessible to persons with disabilities in

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accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflict (Figs. 9.32 and 9.33).

Fig 9.33 Handicap Parking

9-7.2.2 For initial planning and programming, allocate 400 square feet of parking lot area per car. The total provides adequate minimum space for the parking spaces, access drives and planting islands that make up a parking lot. 9-7.2.3 Minimize parking space requirements of a facility by selecting a site that will allow the sharing of parking with other related activities. 9-7.2.4 Small parking lots are usually preferable to larger lots because they enhance the visual environment by increasing the percentage of landscaped area to paved area and allow more conformance to natural topography.

Fig 9.34 Provide Pedestrian Walkways

9-7.2.5 The monotony of large parking areas can be altered by the use of designs such as curvilinear parking or the introduction of large planting islands (Fig. 9.31) 9-7.2.6 Promote means of access other than vehicular by providing alternative means of access such as walkways and bikeways (Fig 9.34).

9-8 Parking Lot Location

Fig. 9.35 Most Parking Lots Are Visual Liabilities

and Design

9-8.1 Most parking lots are unattractive visually (Fig 9.35). Parking areas can be designed or enhanced to provide a more pleasing visual impact and a more comfortable physical experience for the user. The following design techniques should be used to create more aesthetically pleasing, comfortable parking lots:

9-8.1.1 Locate parking lots between and behind buildings to reduce the visual impact from the circulation system.

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9-8.1.2 Locate parking lots on relatively level areas to avoid excessive cut and fill. 9-8.1.3 Avoid parking directly adjacent to buildings. Allow space for planting and sidewalks between parking areas and adjacent buildings (Fig. 9.36). 9-8.1.4 Design parking lots to be efficient in the design and placement of access drives and parking spaces. All drives providing direct access to parking spaces should provide spaces on both sides of the drive. Fig. 9.36 Avoid Parking Directly Adjacent to Building

9-8.1.5 Provide planting areas at the ends of all rows of parking spaces. Provide islands with trees within the main parking lot to soften the visual expanse of the parking lot, provide shade and/or wind breaks (Fig. 9.37). 9-8.1.6 Use natural topography and existing trees to visually screen parking areas from adjacent facilities and other parking bays. 9-8.1.7 Design parking lots to preserve significant existing trees. Provide a planting area around the tree that is large enough to allow water to the root system. An area equal to the distance from the trunk to the outer drip line should provide an adequate planting area.

Fig. 9.37 Parking Relieved With Landscape

9-8.1.8 Parking structures, both below grade and above grade, have limited application at certain installations, particularly in densely developed areas where available land is scarce (Fig. 9.38). Parking structures are expensive but can provide a number of benefits including efficient land use, reduced visual impact and protection of vehicles from inclement weather. (Fig 9-38) 9-8.1.9 On-street parking is common on most military installations. All on street parking along primary and some secondary streets should be avoided because it reduces the vehicular carrying capacity of the street, is visually unattractive, and is unsafe. It is recommended that on-street

Fig. 9.38 Parking Structures are Desirable but Expensive

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parking be allowed on tertiary streets and cul-de-sacs only.

Fig. 9.39 Pedestrian and Parking Striping

9-9 Parking Lot Details

9-9.1 Paving – High use parking lots should be paved with concrete, asphalt, or other paving material. Gravel, cinder, or recycled rubber should be avoided. Grassed parking areas are suitable for overflow parking that will seldom occur. The use of open pavers that provide support for vehicle weight but allow grass to grow is recommended for emergency vehicle access.

Fig. 9.40 Coordinated Lighting Adds Interest

9-9.2 Striping – Parking spaces, vehicle stop lines and pedestrian crosswalks should be striped in a color that contrasts with pavement color (Fig. 9.39). Double painted stripes between stalls are more effective in encouraging orderly parking.

9-9.3 Drainage – Design drainage as a function of parking lot size, slope, and drainage outfall location. Drainage to the naturally lower edge of the lot is preferable to drainage to the center.

9-9.4 Curbing – Continuous curbing should be used where possible to contain and direct drainage and to utilize as wheel stops.

Fig. 9.41 Berms and Planting Screen Undesirable Views

9-9.5 Light Poles – Parking lot light fixtures should be located out of the way from traffic aisles and parking spaces. Ideally, they should be located in center or side islands protected by raised curbs. Poles and fixtures should be of a design style and scale that is compatible with the installation-wide lighting system while providing desired levels of illumination (9.40).

9-9.6 Screen Planting – Perimeter screen planting can effectively control the adverse visual impacts of parking lots, and provide

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Fig. 9.42 Plants and Berms in Service Area Plan

windbreaks or shade as required by the installation locale Fig 9.41).

9-9.7 Earth Berms – Earth berms can effectively screen parking lots from view along major roadways (Fig 9.41). The berms should be designed and planted to blend with the contour of the earth in order to appear natural.

9-10 Service Areas

Fig. 9.43 Drop Off Area

Buildings that require pickup and deliveries should have a service area that allows for easy access to a loading dock exclusively for service vehicles. These areas should be designed to provide direct, easy access for vehicles. They should be screened from public view to reduce negative visual impacts (Fig. 9.42).

9-11 Drop-Off Areas

Buildings that include a high percentage of persons arriving by vehicle should include a vehicle drop-off area. Buildings such as headquarters, child development centers, schools, dining facilities, and clubs should provide a convenient drop-off area for users and visitors (Fig. 9.43).

Fig. 9.44 Sidewalk is Hazard to Pedestrians and Motorists

9-12 Pedestrian Walkways

9-12.1 Sidewalks provide connections for pedestrians between buildings and ancillary facilities such as parking lots and other areas. Well designed and located pedestrian walkways also provide a desirable alternative to the total dependence upon the vehicle. Typical sidewalk location and design at military installations show little consideration for the comfort of the user nor encourage the walking of longer distances that alleviates dependence on the vehicle (Fig. 9.44).

Fig. 9.45 Curvilinear Sidewalk Adds Interest and Safety 9-12.2 To encourage their use as an alternative means of circulation, pedestrian

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walkways should be designed and located to provide a comfortable, enjoyable experience for the user (Fig. 9.45). The use of walkways within the installation promotes development sustainability by conserving energy, reducing air pollution, and decreasing land requirements for parking.

9-12.3 In order to achieve this goal the following objectives must be met:

9-12.3.1 Moving vehicles are the primary hazard to pedestrians. Provide safe and secure pedestrian facilities that are separated from vehicular traffic. Other hazards are the threat of assault in dark, unobserved locations, and unseen obstacles along or in the path of travel.

Fig. 9.46 Comfortable and Pleasant Walk

Fig. 9.48 Secondary Walkway

Fig. 9.47 Primary Walkway

9-12.3.2 Pedestrian walkways should be designed in response to demand for access among major activity centers and traffic generators. 9-12.3.3 Pedestrian walkways should be designed at a pedestrian scale to be comfortable and pleasant. (Fig 9.46) 9-12.3.4 All pedestrian walkways are to be accessible to persons with disabilities in accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflict.

Fig. 9.50 Troop Movement Path

Fig. 9.49 Tertiary or Recreational Path

9-13 Design of Pedestrian Walkways

9-13.1 Pedestrian walkways should be designed as a hierarchical network that provides different levels of use and convenience based upon the volume and purpose of pedestrian traffic. The walkway hierarchy is defined as follows:

9-13.1.1 Primary Walkway – Those segments of the system that carry the highest volumes of pedestrian traffic between major activity centers or traffic generators. These walkways are generally characterized by: hard surface paving; high

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lighting levels; and a high level of pedestrian amenities such as benches, water fountains, and more refined landscaping (Fig. 4.47). 9-13.1.2 Secondary Walkway – Those segments that provide direct interconnections between activity centers and carry moderate volumes of pedestrians. They are characterized by hard surface paving and fewer amenities. The majority of the walkways within an installation fall into this category (Fig. 4.48). 9-13.1.3 Tertiary Walkways – This classification is for infrequently used walkways such as recreational paths. These tend to be less direct, but more scenic in character (Fig 4.49). 9-13.1.4 Troop Movement Paths – Installations with training facilities require special walkways for troops marching in formation between classrooms, barracks/dining hall facilities and parade grounds. These walkways should be hard surfaced and of adequate width to accommodate four (4) abreast (Fig. 4.50).

Fig. 9.51 Location and Design of Sidewalks

Walkway Hierarchy

Ramps

Underpass

Arcades

Interior to Site

9-14 Location of Pedestrian Walkways

9-14.1 Pedestrian walkways are usually located within a street right-of-way abutting the street. This location is detrimental to the sidewalk user and to traffic along the street. Walkways should be located as follows (See Fig. 9.51):

9-14.1.1 Parallel to Street – Walkway locations parallel to the street can be acceptable depending on the volume of traffic and adequacy of the street right-of-way width to include planted buffer strips to provide some separation between the roadway and the walkway.

9-14.1.2 Interior to the Site – Pedestrian walkways are best provided within the interior of a development site. This location provides separation from the roadway and

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Class III Bikeway

Class I Bikeway

Class II Bikeway

Fig. 9.52 Bikeway Hierarchy

promotes increased utilization of a single walkway by serving existing buildings on both sides. 9-14.1.3 Arcades – Pedestrian arcades along buildings encourage walkway use and comfort, especially in certain climates. Arcades provide cover from the elements that might otherwise prevent walking. Arcades should be incorporated into the design of major activity centers.

9-14.1.4 Grade Separated Walkways – Where possible, walkways that cross highways or primary roads should be grade separated from the vehicular lanes.

9-15 Bicycle Paths

9-15.1 The use of bicycles as alternatives to the automobile has become more acceptable to installation personnel. This trend is encouraged as a method of reducing the automobile vehicle trips within an installation and reducing the need for greater traffic carrying capacity. Also, cycling is a popular recreational activity that is enhanced by the availability of a safe, well planned system of bike trails. The use of the bicycle promotes development sustainability by conserving energy, reducing air pollution, and by decreasing land requirements for parking.

9-15.2 A system of bikeways should be designed as a component of the installation circulation system. A bikeway system should provide direct routes between primary traffic origins and destinations within an installation. This network should be continuous and should minimize conflicts between bikes, pedestrians, and vehicles. Bike systems should include attractive, well located parking areas that provide adequate parking for the bicyclist.

9-15.3 Bikeways are to be designed according to the following classifications (Figs 9.52 and 9.53):

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9-15.3.1 Class I Bikeway – A bikeway within a completely separated right-of-way designed for the exclusive use of bicycles. Pedestrians and motorists should be discouraged from crossing this bikeway.

Fig. 9.54 Safe, Visually Attractive Circulation is an Asset

Fig. 9.53 Class III Bikeway

9-15.3.2 Class II Bikeway – A right-of-way for the semi-exclusive use of bicycles. There should be a continuous or intermittent curb to provide partial separation between the bicycles and circulation modes. 9-15.3.3 Class III Bikeway – This is a right-of-way shared with either moving vehicles or pedestrians. The bicycle lane or lanes are identified with painted lines and signage.

9-16 Circulation Assets and Liabilities

Upon completion of the survey of the visual impacts of the circulation components of each visual zone, a list of assets and liabilities in each zone will be prepared (Fig. 9.54). This list can then be used to prepare a list of recommended projects to enhance the visual assets of the circulation system and overcome the visual liabilities.

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CHAPTER 10 PLANT MATERIAL DESIGN COMPONENT 10-1 Introduction

Fig. 10.2 Preserve and Enhance Open Space

Fig. 10.1 Planting Softens Edges

10-1.1 The Plant Material Design Component includes the selection, placement and maintenance of plant material on a military installation. Plant material selection and placement is part of the professional expertise of landscape architects. The landscape architect also is primarily responsible for the analysis and design included in the chapters on the design components of site planning, circulation, site elements and force protection.

10-1.2 The presence of plant material on a military installation greatly enhances the visual character and environmental quality of the installation (Fig. 10.1). Most installations include areas of indigenous naturalized vegetation as well as other plant material that has been installed to improve the aesthetic appeal and environmental quality of the installation.

10-1.3 The installation design guide plant material component includes the selection and placement of new plant material as well as the maintenance of existing plant material. The use of native or naturalized plant material provides a more permanent planting scheme that will require less maintenance than exotics that are not native to the locale.

Fig. 10.3 Soften and Blend Built and Natural Environments

10-2 Landscape Objectives

10-2.1 The overall objective of the use of plant material within an installation is to improve the physical and psychological well being of the people who live and work on military installations. This is achieved through the following objectives:

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10-2.1.1 Preserve and enhance urban trees, forest lands and detailed planting features such as shrubs and groundcover (Fig. 10.2) 10-2.1.2 Improve the overall visual quality of the installation through the use of native plant material planted to:

10-2.1.2.1 Blend the built environment with the natural environment (Fig. 10.3). 10-2.1.2.2 Provide scale and comfort to pedestrian environments. 10-2.1.2.3 Reinforce the hierarchy of the circulation systems. 10-2.1.2.4 Screen unsightly views or elements. 10-2.1.2.5 Buffer incompatible land uses.

10-2.1.3 Minimize maintenance through the use of native plant materials that require less maintenance to survive.

10-3 Principles of Landscape Development

10-3.1 Landscape design is based upon the following principles (Figs 10.4 and 10.5)

10-3.1.1 Unity – The selection and placement of plant material can be used to blend, screen, and soften incompatible architectural or other unattractive visual impacts. Plant material as a unifying element can be placed in front of a building or view to act as a screen, or beside the building or view to frame and enhance the visual impact.

10-3.1.2 Balance – Plant material can be selected and placed to provide visual equilibrium or balance through the use of either a symmetrical or asymmetrical planting scheme. Symmetrical plantings are generally more formal while asymmetrical plantings are informal.

Fig. 10.4 Principles of Landscape Design

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10-3.1.3 Contrast – Plant material can be selected and placed to provide differences in size and shape that add visual interest to the environment. Plants can be located to provide a backdrop for other plants such as a hedge behind a bed of annuals or perennials.

10-3.1.4 Rhythm – Repetition of a single plant or a mass of plants provides visual interest and formality to the landscape. Rhythm produces emphasis and unity and is especially effective in articulating main circulation routes with tree planting.

10-3.1.5 Color and Texture – Plants can be selected and placed to provide visual interest according to their color and texture. Colors are classified as either warm (red, orange, yellow) or cool (violet, blue, green). Texture is classified as either coarse or fine.

10-3.1.6 Simplicity – Landscape plans should be broad and simple in form to limit excessive maintenance. Plant material should be grouped in beds with simple edges that are easy to mow. Small turf areas should be avoided because of the difficulty of mowing. The use of annuals should be minimal because of the high maintenance involved.

10-3.1.7 Ultimate Effect – The landscape plan should be prepared to locate the plant material for their ultimate mature size. The spacing of all material should utilize industry standards for mature material to account for spread as well as height. The ultimate height of the material should also be considered in relation to windows and other visual concerns.

10-3.1.8 Spatial Articulation – Plants can be selected and placed to create enclosed spaces or to separate spaces from one another. They can also be used to direct people by visually defining and reinforcing patterns of movement. The degree of enclosure, separation, or

Fig. 10.5 Principles Illustrated

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Shade Provides Temperature Modifcation

Wind Protection

Noise Control

Energy Conservation

Frame and Enhance View

Fig. 10.6 Design for Climatic Impacts

movement is dependent upon the density, form, and type of plants used.

10-4 Sustainable Landscape Development

10-4.1 The use of plant material on an installation promotes the sustainability of the development. Sustainability is enhanced through the use of plant material that is native or naturalized to the installation environs. Trees, shrubs, groundcover, and vines provide aesthetic appeal as well as preservation of fauna and flora, energy conservation, climate modification, erosion control, air purification, and noise abatement. The benefits of the use of plant material are discussed in detail below and illustrated in Figure 10.6:

10-4.1.1 Aesthetics – Trees, shrubs, ground covers and vines provide aesthetic appeal to the installation. They can be utilized to screen and enhance views, soften building facades, blend incompatible architecture styles, and establish visual corridors for circulation systems. 10-4.1.2 Wildlife Conservation – Plant materials support wildlife habitats. 10-4.1.3 Energy Conservation – The placement of plant material can significantly increase the energy efficiency of buildings by shading buildings in summer and allowing heat through in winter. 10-4.1.4 Reduction of Noise – Dense foliage will absorb and deaden noise. Dense plantings of trees can be utilized between noise generators such as a highway and land uses requiring lower noise levels such as residential or school uses. 10-4.1.5 Wind Control – Wind can be either pleasant or unpleasant in the environment dependent upon air temperature, relative humidity, and velocity. Plant material can be used as a wind control

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device to break, guide, deflect, or filter the wind.

Fig. 10.7 Erosion Control

10-1.4.6 Temperature Modification – Plant material reduces the ambient air temperature by the cooling effect of transpiration of water through the leaves and also by shading the ground. Natural vegetation covering the ground tends to stabilize temperature, decreasing extremes.

10-1.4.7 Glare and Reflection Reduction – Glare and reflection resulting from man-made materials in the environment cause heat and visual discomfort. Plants can effectively soften glare and reflection while adding aesthetic appeal.

Fig. 10.8 Natural Forests

Fig. 10.9 Urban Forests

10-1.4.8 Erosion and Dust Control – Water is the most significant eroding agent of the soil. The two basic causes of erosion are splash and runoff. Splash erosion is best controlled by ground covers and small shrubs. Runoff or sheet flow erosion is best controlled by grasses and plants with fibrous root systems (Fig. 10.7). Plants control dust by stabilizing soil that is bare of vegetation. Twiggy, dense branching plants are effective wind barriers. Ground covers, grasses, and small plants are effective soil stabilizers.

10-5 Locations of Plant Material

10-5.1 The types of uses of plant material on an installation are defined as follows:

10-5.1.1 Natural Forests – Areas of undisturbed forests should be maintained as natural habitats for the preservation of native animal and plant species (Fig 10.8).

10-5.1.2 Urban Forest – The urban forest includes all of the naturally occurring and planted trees within the area of the installation that is mowed. These are street and other shade trees that provide the primary tree canopy within the developed area of the installation. These trees should be mapped and urban forest programs

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established for their management and enhancement (Fig. 10.9).

Fig. 10.9 Urban Forest

Fig. 10.10 Landscape Softens and Relates Building to Ground

10-5.1.3 Facility Planting – Building facades may be planted according to the location and use of the building. Other plantings not adjacent to buildings add interest, shade and visual screening. Facility planting can be designed and maintained to:

10-5.1.3.1 Add visual interest 10-5.1.3.2 Provide shade 10-5.1.3.3 Define spatial relationships 10-5.1.3.4 Visually relate buildings to the

ground and to one another (Fig 10.10).

10-5.1.3.5 Soften building façades.

Fig. 10.12 Image is Formed by Visual Impressions

Fig. 10.11 Wall and Plants Screen Parking

10-5.1.3.6 Provide more human scale 10-5.1.3.7 Provide visual screen.

10-5.1.4 Parking Lot Planting – Parking lots should be planted with shrubs, together with trees and some groundcover. Planting islands should be included within the parking lot to permit the placement and growth of trees. Trees planted in parking lots become part of the urban forest. Parking lot planting provides the following:

10-5.1.4.1 Screens parked vehicles 10-5.1.4.2 Softens expanses of pavement 10-5.1.4.3 Softens temperature extremes 10-5.1.4.5 Reduce the impact of winds.

10-5.1.5 Screening and Buffering – Plant material is very effective for use in screening unattractive views or to visually separate uses. Typically, evergreen plant material is utilized for screening purposes. Berms and architectural screens may also be used to enhance the vegetative screen or buffer (Fig 10.11).

10-5.1.6 Image Planting – The image of an installation is formed by the visual impressions that exist within the installation.

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The primary locations of highly visible images are at the main gate, along primary circulation systems, and at areas of high concentrations of people. Features such as signs, statues, static displays, and other primary visual images can be improved by the use of trees, shrubs, and groundcover. All installation signage along roadways (Fig 10.12).

Fig. 10.13 Circulation System Planting 10-5.1.7 Circulation System Planting – Plant material can be used to define and direct pedestrian access. Trees planted along vehicular and pedestrian access corridors can be used to create the feel and ambiance that is desired (Fig. 10.13)

Fig. 10.14 Preserve Existing Vegetation

10-5.1.8 Environmental Control Planting - The selection and placement of plant material can be used to mitigate climatic impacts.

10-6 Historic Trees

There are trees that are defined as historic because of their age, character, or because of some historical event that occurred at or near the tree. These trees are designated as historic trees and shall be preserved (Fig 10.14).

Fig. 10.15 Use Native Plants

10-7 Maintenance of Plant Material

10-7.1 The plant material utilized on a military installation should be selected and placed to minimize maintenance requirements and costs. The use of native and naturalized plant material should result in reduced maintenance requirements (Fig. 10.15). Native plants thrive in a region because their requirements for survival and growth meet the climatic and soil conditions of the region. The use of native plant material reduces the requirements to water and fertilize the material, which represent the primary cost in maintenance. Native plant material may require fertilizer and water to become established. However,

Fig. 10.16 Discourage Unnatural Shaping of Trees

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after establishment fertilizer and water are required only during times of unusual conditions such as drought in wet areas or rain in dry areas. Maintenance is further reduced because native plant material is more resistant to insect and diseases.

Fig. 10.17 Barricades Protect Trees

10-7.2 Plant material should be allowed to conform to its natural shape (Fig. 10.16). This practice allows the plant to mature in a healthy manner, and saves manpower and energy required for trimming. Trimming may be required to eliminate damaged or diseased growth, to correct unsafe limbs, or to maintain growth within limited spaces. 10-7.3 The use of mulch around the base of plant material provides for greater moisture and helps inhibit the growth of weeds and grasses. Mulch should be maintained at a depth of from three to six inches.

Fig. 10.18 Tree Barricade Detail

Fig. 10.19 Plant Pallete

10-8 Protection and Preservation

10-8.1 Existing urban trees and forest trees should be preserved if they are in good health. Construction should be planned to provide for the preservation of significant trees.

10-8.2 During the clearing and construction process, tress should be protected from damage (Fig 10.17). Construction barricades should be erected to protect the existing trees to be preserved. The barricade should be no closer to the trunk of the tree than ½ the distance from the trunk to the drip line (Fig 10.18). Existing trees that cannot be preserved should be considered for transplanting to a different location on-site or to a different site.

10-9 Recommended Plant Material

10-9.1 Plant material includes trees, shrubs, groundcover, vines, and turf. Each

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group includes a myriad of selections that could be made. The listing of plant materials selected is known as the plant palette. A recommended plant palette should be included in the installation design guide (Fig 10.19). The number of materials of each type should be limited to approximately a dozen to simplify selection of plants and to establish a unified planting scheme to establish an installation-wide image. The plant palette should consist of native or naturalized plant material that is available in the local market.

Fig. 10.20 Landscape Asset

Fig. 10.21 Landscape Liability

10-9.2 The use of limited types of plants in mass plantings is recommended for installation planting plans. The consistent use of high quality plant material in limited numbers provides a healthier urban forest with plants that will reach maturity more quickly. It is recommended that larger plants be used and spaced further apart rather than using more, smaller plants located more closely together.

10-10 Landscape Architectural Assets and Liabilities

The information in this chapter should be used to identify the assets and liabilities of the Landscape Architecture within the individual visual zones (Figs. 10.20 and 10.21). This list can than be used to prepare a list of recommended projects to enhance the landscape architecture component of each visual zone.

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CHAPTER 11 SITE ELEMENTS DESIGN COMPONENT

11-1 Introduction

SITE FURNISHINGS

SIGNS

LIGHTING

UTILITIES

Fig. 11.1 Site Elements

11-1.1 Site Elements include all visual elements of the installation that are considered utilitarian in use. These elements include the following four categories of utilitarian amenities:

• Site Furnishings

• Signs

• Lighting

• Utilities

11-1.2 All four of the sub-components that make up the site element component provide dominant visual impacts within the installation. These sub-components and their visual impacts are discussed in detail in this chapter.

11-2 Site Element Objectives

11.2.1 The site element plans for existing and future installation use should be prepared and the site elements selected to enhance the sustainability of the installation. To this end, site elements should meet the following objectives:

11.2.1.1 Provide site elements that are appropriate to their intended function.

11.2.1.2 Establish a coordinated system of site elements that provide consistency and continuity throughout the installation to convey a sense of organization.

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11.2.1.3 The design and location of the various site elements should express an image, character, and scale appropriate to the installation.

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11.2.1.4 New construction and alterations to existing facilities shall be designed to be accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities in accordance with the requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards to apply in the event of conflicts.

11.2.1.5 Use recycled materials wherever possible.

Fig 11.2 Landscaped Roadway with Bollards and Pavers 11.2.1.6 Provide for development that is sustainable.

Fig. 11.3 Negative Visual Impact

11.2.1.7 Minimize maintenance and repair through the use of efficient products that are vandal-proof.

11.2.1.8 Minimize negative visual impacts of all utility systems.

11.2.1.9 Minimize environmental impacts of all utility systems.

11-3 Site Furnishings

Fig. 11.4 Planted Screen Minimizes Visual Impact

Fig. 11.5 Tot Lot

11-3.1 Site Furnishings include all of the utilitarian outdoor amenities found on an installation. These outdoor furnishings should be located in coordinated clusters to provide areas of multi-furnishing amenities, and avoid the haphazard proliferation of furniture elements around the installation. Site furnishings include the following:

• Seating

• Tables

• Walls and Fences

• Trash Receptacles

• Bollards

• Bicycle Racks

• Playgrounds/Tot Lots

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• Tree Grates

• Telephone Booths

• Movable Planters

• Shelters

• Kiosks

• Mailboxes

• Flagpoles

• Monuments, Military Equipment Static Displays

11-3.2 Seating - Seating includes benches and walls, as well as movable chairs. Seating should be designed and located to provide the following:

Fig. 11.6 Statue as Visual Element

Fig. 11.7 Planter Serves as Bench

11-3.2.1 Seating should be oriented to user needs of waiting and resting, adjacent to paved walkways, entry-ways, plazas, courtyards, near the tops and bottoms of major stairs, at bus stops, and at other locations deemed appropriate

11-3.2.2 Locate seating oriented to user needs of socializing, relaxing, or eating in less formal spaces with a pleasant setting and attractive view.

11-3.2.3 The installation design guide should specify a specific type of bench or benches and other seating types such as chairs to be utilized throughout the installation. This information should include the manufacturer and style name, number, and color.

Fig. 11.8 Wood Deck with Planters, Trellis, Seating and Lighting

11-3.2.4 The installation design guide should include a design for seating along the tops of walls that would be standard throughout the installation.

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11-3.3 Tables - Tables should be included as follows:

11-3.3.1 Locate tables together with seating that is oriented to the user needs of socializing, relaxing, or eating in less formal spaces with a pleasant setting and attractive view.

11-3.3.2 The installation design guide should specify a specific type of table or tables to be utilized throughout the installation. The information should include the manufacturer and style name, number, and color.

Fig. 11.9 Retaining Wall

11-3.4 Walls and Fences - Walls and fences provide the following functions on a military installation:

• Security Fig. 11.10 Screen Wall Hides Mechanical Equipment

• Boundary definition

Fig. 11.11 Berm and Plants Hide Mechanical Equipment

• Wind screening

• Pedestrian and vehicular control.

• Retaining soil at grade changes.

• Recreational ball screens.

• Hiding or enhancing views.

Fig. 11.12 Plants Provide Screening for Chain Link Fence

11-3.4.1 Walls and fences should be designed and located to fulfill their function while in harmony with the character and appearance of the setting. A standard design for walls and fences should be included in the installation design guide together with a listing of where walls should be used and where fences will suffice. The materials, color, and texture recommended for the construction of walls should be compatible with those recommended for buildings.

11-3.4.2 Gates that are part of a wall or fence should be designed to be compatible with the design of the wall or fence.

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11-3.5 Trash Receptacles - Trash receptacles should be located wherever people walk or congregate. Trash receptacles should be located along major walkways, and at all building entrances, seating areas, and vending machines. The size of trash receptacles should be dependent upon the location and use of the receptacle. Fig. 11.13 Trash Receptacle Types

11-3.5.1 The installation design guide should specify a specific type and sizes of trash receptacle to be utilized throughout the installation. The information should include the manufacturer and style name, number, and color.

11-3.5.2 Garbage cans and dumpsters should be located in areas enclosed by walls or plant material that screen the receptacles but provide for access for garbage collection. The installation design guide should include recommendations for the screening of these areas.

Fig. 11.14 Bollard Types 11-3.6 Bollards - Bollards are utilized to separate vehicular and pedestrian traffic, to direct access, or as decorative elements in pedestrian areas. An installation-wide bollard design should be included in the installation design guide. The recommended locations for bollards should also be included.

Fig. 11.15 Recommended Bicycle Rack System

11-3.7 Bicycle Racks - As defined in Chapter 8, Circulation, bikeway systems should be designed with adequate bicycle parking in the right locations. A bicycle rack design should be selected and included in the installation design guide as a standard to be utilized throughout the installation. The installation design guide should specify the manufacturer and style name, number, and color of the recommended bicycle rack system.

11-3.8 Playgrounds/Tot Lots - The playgrounds and tot lots within the installation should utilize equipment that is consistent throughout the installation or that

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meets specific criteria of materials, color, and design. The installation design guide should include either a set of design standards for the selection and placement of playground equipment or a specific manufacturer with style name, style number and color. All installations will have existing equipment that may date from various times and include various styles. The preparation of a set of standards for the equipment would provide a guide as to how the existing material can be updated to blend in color and/or materials.

11-3.9 Tree Grates - Tree grates are used around the base of trees in walkways and other paved pedestrian areas. A standard tree grate should be defined in the installation design guide to be utilized throughout the installation. The tree grate should be identified by manufacturer, style name and number, and color.

Fig. 11.16 Use Recycled Materials in Playground Construction

Fig. 11.17 Movable Planters

11-3.10 Telephone Booths - Telephone booths are located throughout an installation to provide telephone service. A standard telephone booth design should be defined in the installation design guide to be utilized throughout the installation. The telephone booth should be identified by manufacturer, style name and number, and color.

11-3.11 Movable Planters - Movable planters are utilized in paved pedestrian areas to provide screening, shade, or aesthetic appeal. The sizes and design of these planters should be standardized for the installation. The installation design guide should include a standard movable planter to be identified by manufacturer, style name and number, and color. A variety of sizes and styles may be deemed appropriate for an installation. If so, the installation design guide should define the size and style to be used for specific circumstances.

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11-3.12 Shelters - There are many different types of shelters that are utilized on a military installation. Shelters are provided for those waiting for buses. They also may be provided in areas where people congregate to socialize or eat such as in courtyards or picnic areas. A specific type of shelter should be defined to be utilized installation-wide for bus shelters. A separate type of shelter may be appropriate for picnic use. Picnic shelters should be strategically located and sized for shared use to discourage the proliferation of small shelters scattered throughout the installation.

Fig. 11.18 Trellis and Vines Provide Shelter

Fig. 11.19 Signs Communicate Information

11-3.12.1 Shelters should be identified in the installation design guide with reference to the manufacturer, style name and number, and color of the shelter.

11-3.13 Kiosks - Kiosks are provided as information centers in areas of high pedestrian traffic. A standard kiosk design to be utilized installation-wide should be included in the installation design guide.

11-3.14 Mailboxes - All mailboxes should be located in close proximity to the facility they serve. The locations should be coordinated with the Postal Services and type of delivery. If group mailboxes are required, provide central locations for them adjacent to hard-surface walkways but not to impede pedestrian movement.

11-3.15 Flagpoles - A standard design flagpole should be utilized throughout the installation. The number and locations of flags should be limited to prevent proliferation of flags. Refer to specific guidelines for each service regarding the placement of flagpoles.

11-3.16 Monuments, and Military Equipment Static Displays - Monuments and static displays should be carefully designed and placed in prominent locations to serve as visual focal points within the installation. Static displays of equipment Page 11-7

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should be consolidated in one location to create a central museum or exhibition facility within the installation.

11-4 Signs

11-4.1 Signs are used to visually communicate information. Signs are highly visible features and should be attractive and compatible with their surroundings. Therefore, consideration must be given to not only what a sign says, but also how it says it, its visual appearance and organization, its location, its structural support system, and its relation to other signs within an installation.

Fig. 11. 20 Viewing Distance

11-4.2 A signage system should be created for every installation to provide for a well thought out, attractively designed series of signs that can be utilized for all signage requirements throughout the installation. 11-4.3 A sign system design including the types and design of all signs that will be required on an installation should be included in the installation design guide. The sign system should be planned to include drawings and specifications of all elements that comprise the signing system, including text, type style and size, color, illumination, support system, and other standardized components.

Fig. 11.21 Signs Should Complement the Surroundings

11-4.4 Types of Signs - There are three types of signage within the sign system. They are:

11-4.4.1 Information / Identification Signs – These are signs that identify entrances to the installation, areas within the installation, major tenants, buildings and organizational or functional components. They identify a location, and greet the visitor to that location. They should be compatible in scale and character with the architecture and also blend with the natural surroundings.

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11-4.4.2 Directional Signs – These signs guide the motorist or pedestrian in, around, and out of the installation. The legibility and placement of these signs as well as the ordering of information is critical to their effectiveness.

Confusing Consistent

Fig. 11.22 Regulatory Sign

11-4.4.3 Regulatory Signs – These signs provide the rules for travel and parking on the installation. They include speed signs, turning and lane use signs, warning signs, parking control signs, etc. Related to these signs are pavement markings and traffic signals. These signs should conform to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices by the Federal Highway Administration.

11-4.5 Sign System Characteristics - An installation sign system should include the following attributes:

11-4.5.1 Consistency – The sign system should be designed to conform to standards appropriate to the installation that are applied consistently throughout the installation. These standards include sign size, location, shape, typeface, symbols, colors, materials, and mounting details.

11-4.5.2 Simplicity – The sign system should be efficient and not overload the user with unnecessary information. It should eliminate redundant signing and over-signing to reduce clutter, confusion, or hazardous conditions, especially at intersections.

Fig. 11.23 Signs Should be Simple and Legible

11-4.5.3 Visibility – Signs should be located at significant decision points and positioned to provide a clear line-of-sight for the viewer. The sign should be designed to attract the attention of the user.

11-4.5.4 Legibility – The type, style, size, spacing of lines and lettering, and color should be carefully selected to produce a sign that is legible to the user.

11-4.5.5 Hierarchy and Sequence – In terms of their wording and size of the Page 11-9

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message, signs should provide a hierarchy of information whose sequence is most beneficial to the viewer.

11-4.5.6 Coordination – The design of a sign system may be coordinated and integrated with the design of lighting and site furnishings to minimize the number of individual streetscape elements and reduce clutter.

Coordinate High Quality Finishes

11-4.5.7 Compatibility – Entrance signs, building identification signs, and all free- standing signs should be well designed and constructed of quality materials in keeping with the architectural and natural site character of the installation.

11-4.5.8 Flexibility and Economy – A signing system should be designed to be expanded, contracted, or modified over time in response to mission changes, new buildings, demolition of buildings, or relocation of building occupants. Modular sign systems with interchangeable components greatly facilitate these changes.

Coordinate Styles

Coordinate Materials

Meet ADA Standards

11-4.6 Sign System - The installation design guide should include recommendations for the types and hierarchy of signs to be utilized on the installation. The recommendations should include type and symbol style, size and spacing, color, and placement. The sign system is to be developed in accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflicts.

11-5 Lighting

11-5.1 There are five primary types of lighting on military installations. They are:

• Roadway Lighting Fig. 11-24 Installation Design Guide Sign System

• Pedestrian Lighting

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Fig. 11.26 Pedestrian Commercial Fixture

Fig. 11.25 Outdoor Architectural Lighting

• Parking Lot Lighting

• Outdoor Architectural Lighting

• Security Lighting

11-5.2 The primary visual problem that exists with exterior lighting on most military installations has been the lack of overall coordination of a lighting system. The style, scale, level of illumination and lamp style has often been inconsistent and piecemeal.

11-5.3 A lighting system should be designed for an installation and presented in the installation design guide. The design should be prepared by a lighting specialist with experience in the design and location of lighting systems. The system should provide the required illumination levels for various uses on the installation, promote safety and security, and minimize maintenance and repair. The system should also convey a sense of organization through the use of similar fixtures and lighting styles.

11-5.4 Types of Exterior Lighting

11-5.4.1 Low Level Lighting – Lighting that is provided by fixtures mounted at heights below eye-level. It is typically used for special pedestrian walkways such as a stairways, ramps, or secondary pathways.

11-5.4.2 Walkway and Plaza Lighting – This type of lighting is provided by fixtures located between 12 to 15 feet high, and is used primarily to light primary pedestrian walkways and plazas.

11-5.4.3 Special Purpose Lighting – This type of lighting is provided by fixtures mounted at an average height of between 20 and 30 feet, and is used in recreational, commercial, and industrial applications.

11-5.4.4 Parking and Roadway Lighting – This type of lighting is used in large

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Fig. 11.27 Pedestrian Residential Fixture

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recreational areas, parking lots, and roadways. The fixtures are mounted an average 30 to 50 feet in height.

Fig. 11.28 Roadway and High Mast Special Purpose Lighting

11-5.4.5 High Mast Lighting – This type of lighting is used for large areas such as parking lots, recreational areas, and highway interchanges. The fixtures are mounted between 60 and 100 feet.

11-5.6 Lamp Characteristics - Selection of a lamp involves evaluating its optical control, efficiency, lamp color rendition, lamp life, cost and maintenance. The following is a summary of the characteristics of typical lamp types.

Fig. 11.29 High Mast Special Purpose Lighting

11-5.6.1 Incandescent

• Superior color rendition

• Inexpensive

• Good optical control

• Short life span

• Lowest efficiency

11-5.6.2 Mercury Vapor

• Good color rendition

• Good foliage lighting

Fig. 11.30 Parking Lot Lighting

• Good life span

• Good efficiency

• Inexpensive

11-5.6.3 High Pressure Sodium

• Poor color rendition

• Broad application

• Low maintenance

• Superior optical control

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• Superior life span

Fig. 11.31 Standard Lighting Heights

• Excellent efficiency

• Expensive

11-5.6.4 Florescent

• Good color rendition

• Poor optical control

• Good life span

• Good efficiency in mild climates

• Produces glare

Fig. 11.32 Proper Illumination Provides Safety

11-5.6.5 Metal Halide

• Superior color rendition

• Superior optical control

• Efficiency better than mercury vapor but poorer than pressure sodium.

• Expensive

11-5.6.6 Low Pressure Sodium

• Poor color rendition

• Good optical control

• Superior life span

• Expensive

11-5.7 Lighting Support Structures - Light fixtures can be mounted on a variety of types of poles. Typically, light fixtures along roadways are mounted to existing utility poles to limit expense and additional clutter. Wherever possible, exterior lighting should be provided with standards, or poles, that provide the proper spacing and mounting height ratios for a given light problem. The type of individual standard

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used for lighting should be coordinated throughout the installation to provide a more visually pleasing lighting system.

Fig. 11.34 Overhead Lines are Unsightly

Fig 11.33 Place Utilities Underground

11-5.8 Information and Orientation - A well-designed street lighting system should define the circulation hierarchy of the installation, expose traffic conditions, and provide visual orientation to help both pedestrians and drivers find their way at night. During the day, the repetitive lighting standards should contribute to this hierarchy and sense of order.

11-5.9 Safety and Security - The primary purpose of exterior lighting is to provide a safe and secure nighttime environment. Illumination requirements should vary with the activities being performed and the needs of the user.

11-6 Utilities

11-6.1 Utility systems provide the basic infrastructure of power, communication, water, and sewer services necessary for the operation of the installation. Utilities play a key role in the visual quality on an installation. Their primary impact on the visual quality is the result of the clutter of overhead utility lines and poorly designed storm drainage systems. The visual impact and environmental impact of utilities should be minimized on an installation. Also, the systems should be designed to minimize maintenance and repair. The result is a more sustainable utility system that will promote the overall sustainability of the installation.

Fig. 11.35 Soften Impact of Overhead Lines

11-6.2 The installation design guide should include recommendations for improvements to the visual and environmental quality of the utility system.

11-6.3 The primary components of the utility system and recommendations for their location and design are included below:

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11-6.4 Overhead Transmission Lines - Unsightly overhead utilities should be relocated underground wherever possible. This especially applies to areas with high storm probability to not only reduce negative visual impacts, but also reduce maintenance and repair requirements. When underground locations are not possible, the negative visual impacts should be minimized by using the following design techniques:

11-6.4.1 Land Use – Overhead transmission lines should be aligned along edges of land use areas to avoid dividing an area and creating gaps or unusable areas. Alignments should also avoid scenic areas.

Fig. 11.36 Screen Utilities to Reduce Negative Impacts

11-6.4.2 Landform – Overhead transmission lines should conform to the natural landforms which should be utilized to screen them from public view. Hills should be crossed obliquely rather than at right angles. Alignments along hillcrests or steep grades should be avoided.

11-6.4.3 View Screening – Minimize long views or silhouette views of overhead transmission lines from along roads and other public viewing areas. Avoid the “tunnel effect” of long, straight, uninterrupted views along the alignment by clearing vegetation only within the right-of-way that threatens the overhead lines. Jog the alignment at road crossings and periodically undulate and feature plant materials along the edges of the right-of-way.

Fig. 11.37 Screen Existing Utilities to Decrease Visual Impact

11-6.5 Distribution Lines - Power distribution lines should be located underground. If overhead, they should be located out of view from main public visibility areas or screened to be as unobtrusive as possible. Avoid alignments of overhead lines along major circulation corridors. Use minor streets, alleyways, rear lot lines, and vegetation or topography that provide screening and minimize their visual impact. Minimize the number of poles and pole

Fig. 11.38 Screened Transformer

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height, and use poles that blend into their surroundings to reduce visual impact. Poles should also be multi-functional for power, telephone, cable television, street lighting, etc, to reduce visual clutter.

Fig. 11.39 Treatment Plant Screened by Natural Vegetation

11-6.6 Substations and Transformers - Substations and transformers should be designed and located to minimize their visual impact and be compatible with the character of their setting. Substations are best located in industrial use areas rather than in major public circulation areas. They should be screened from public view by using plant material, berms, and walls.

11-6.7 Sewer and Water - All sewer and water lines should be underground. Treatment facilities should be screened from view of major roads and other installation facilities by plant material, berms, walls, and fences. A water storage tank that has visual strength in its form can be used as a focal point or identifying landmark that can provide a sense of orientation within the installation. Fire hydrants should be highly visible and free of any screening. They should also be of a uniform design throughout the installation. Fig. 11.40 Water Tank as Landmark

11-6.8 Storm Drainage - Installation storm drainage systems should be appropriate to the character of development they serve. Storm drainage systems in densely developed areas require curbs, gutters, and underground lines. Storm drainage systems in low density areas can utilize drainage swales and ditches that are contoured to be compatible with the natural landform. Where retention ponds are required, they should be designed to appear as a natural amenity that is part of the natural contour of the land, rather than a square or rectangular hole in the ground. Retention ponds that are designed to be dry most of the time can be utilized for recreational purposes or as open space. In either case, the areas should be designed to conform with the natural contours of the land. Page 11-16

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11-6.9 Utility System Maintenance & Repair - Utility systems should be designed and constructed to minimize required maintenance and repair. They should provide access for maintenance and repair vehicles and minimize the disruptive effects of maintenance and repair operations.

Fig. 11.41 Avoid Open Concrete Drains

11-7 Site Element Assets & Liabilities

The information included in this chapter should be utilized to prepare a list of site element visual assets and liabilities within each visual zone. This list can then be utilized to prepare project recommendations for the improvement of the visual impact of site elements.

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CHAPTER 12 FORCE PROTECTION DESIGN COMPONENT

12-1 Introduction

Fig 12.1 Installation Security Gate

12-1.1 All installations should have Security Force Protection Standards that are part of the IDG. The intent of force protection is to minimize the risk to personnel and property from terrorist attacks without unnecessarily restricting operations. 12-1.2 Force Protection requirements are design standards that should be included in the location and design of facilities. These design standards should be instituted with concern for their visual impact (Fig. 12.1) .

Fig. 12.2 Trees Obscure Observation from Outside

12-2 Security Recommendations

12-2.1 The following design concepts should be incorporated in all new construction to the maximum extent possible: 12-2.1.1 Orient buildings with vulnerable areas away from potential threats. 12-2.1.2 Locate screens to block direct lines of sight from locations where aggressors can fire weapons at a building. Trees, fences and walls along the fence line or around buildings tend to obscure observation from outside the installation (Fig 12.2).

Fig. 12.3 Berms Provide Force Protection

12-2.1.3 Position exterior doors so as to not be easily targeted from the perimeter of the installation. 12-2.1.4 Design facilities to resist the effects of explosive blast through structural design, site layout, or the use of berms, revetments, and blast walls (Fig 12.3). 12-2.1.5 Design vehicular flow to minimize vehicle bomb threats, avoid high-speed approach into any critical or vulnerable area. Page 12-1

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APPENDIX A REFERENCES

A-1 Books • “A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning”, Harvey M. Rubinstein, 1968. • “Architectural Graphic Standards, Sixth Edition”, Ramsey and Sleeper, 1970. • “Graphics for Architects and Planners”, James E. Russell, 1986. • “Landscape Construction Details”, Charles W. Harris & Nicholas T. Dines, 1998. • “Planning Design Criteria”, Joseph De Chiara & Lee Kopelman, 1969. • “Site Planning”, Kevin Lynch, 1962. • “Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture”, Charles W. Harris & Nicholas

T. Dines, 1988. • “Urban Design: The Architecture of Towns and Cities”, Paul D. Spreiregen, 1964. A-2 Other Publications • “Guide for the Preparation of Technical Manuals”, USACE,1997. • “Installation Design Guide for Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico”, Parsons Harland

Bartholomew and Associates, Inc., August 1994. • “Installation Design Guide, Fort Clayton, Panama”, Parsons Harland Bartholomew

and Associates, Inc., September 1990. • “Installation Design Guide for Redstone Arsenal, Alabama”, Parsons Harland

Bartholomew and Associates, Inc., August 1990. • “Design Guidelines, Installation Design Guide for Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia”,

Parsons Harland Bartholomew and Associates, Inc., June 1990. • “Installation Design Guide for Fort Stewart, Georgia”, Parsons Harland Bartholomew

and Associates, Inc., June 1990. • “Ansbach Installation Design Guide”, Edward D. Stone, Jr. and Associates, June

1989. • Fort Bragg, Installation Design Guide”, 1997. • “Camp Carroll Installation Design Guide”, USACE, Fort Worth. • “Aberdeen Proving Ground Installation Design Guide”, October 1996. • “USAF, Environmentally Responsible Facilities Guide”, June 1998. • “Installation Architectural Compatibility Plan”, AFCEE, February 1998. • “Multimedia General Plan Guide”, USAF, AFCEE.

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• Department of Interior, National Park Services Home Page, “Guiding Principles of Sustainable Design”, 1994.

• The US Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

Green Building Rating System Criteria Home Page. • The Environmental Protection Agency, “Green Communities, How Do We Get

There?” • Installation Design Guide Requirements, T1800-01, Design Criteria, Chapter 3, Site

Planning and Design Criteria. • Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention, Executive Order 13101. • Part V, EPA, 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 247, “Comprehensive

Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials, Final Rule, “Federal Register, Vol. 62, No. 219, Thurs., November 13, 1997.

• Part V, EPA, 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 247, “Comprehensive

Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials, Proposed Rule”, Federal Register, Vol. 63, No. 165, Wed., August 26, 1998.

• Part V, EPA, 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 247, “Comprehensive

Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials, Final Rule”, Federal Register, Vol. 60, No. 83, Mon., May 1, 1995.

• Part VI, EPA, “Recovered Materials Advisory Notice”, Federal Register, Vol. 60, No.

83, Mon., May 1, 1995. • Part VI, EPA, “Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III”, Federal Register, Vol. 65,

No. 165, Wed., August 26, 1998. • Office of the Federal Environmental Executive; “Guidance for Presidential

Memorandum on Environmentally and Economically Beneficial Landscape Practices on Federal Landscaped Grounds”, Federal Register, Vol. 60, No. 154.

• CEHNC, Form 7 (Revised), Design Review Comments. • Metric in Construction Newsletter, “Conversion and Rounding”, Vol. 3, Issue 4, dated

Jul-Aug 1994, Construction Metrication Council of the National Institute of Building Sciences.

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• “Interim Department of Defense Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction Standards”. December 16,1999. Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations.

• “Installation Force Protection Guide”, United States Air Force, no date.

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