unicef in india new challenges and changing role
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UNICEF IN INDIA NEW CHALLENGES AND CHANGING ROLE. Dr . S.K. CHATURVEDI UNICEF. OVERVIEW. Overview of the Situation of Children Changing programming environment for children Major constraints Role of the United Nations and UNICEF in India Summary of results to date. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
UNICEF IN INDIANEW CHALLENGES AND CHANGING ROLE
Dr . S.K. CHATURVEDI
UNICEF
OVERVIEW
•Overview of the Situation of Children
•Changing programming environment for children
•Major constraints
•Role of the United Nations and UNICEF in India
•Summary of results to date
The Situation of Children in India: key findings
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Maharastra
Madhya Pradesh
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Gujarat
Orissa
Kerala
Assam
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Iran
Vietnam
Philippines
Ethiopia
DRC
Thailand
Myanmar
Tanzania
Sudan
Uganda
Canada
60 40 20 0 20 40 60Child population in millions
Many states have child populations similar to large countries
Population: 1,027 million Children 0-18: 380 million (37%)
India : The scale of things...
India’s share of global challenge…
19
25
39
23
14
28
42
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
Summary of trends in India…
• Economic transformation without corresponding change in social development
• Expansion of social opportunities and change uneven, growing disparities (area, sex, caste and other characteristics)
Income Growth vs Child Survival
920 920 921 926 926 926 928 929 928 930 932 934 937 9407321 7212 7433
76908070
84899007
92449650
1007110308
1075411013
11799
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
IncomePer capita Income in Rs
Infant survivalNumber of children reachingThe age of one per 100 live births
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Child malnutrition in India
51.7
55.1
43.9
49.6
28.6
26.936.7
37.7
50.6
45.1
34.5
34.734.6
28.7
54.448.7
54.4
27.7
37.936
20.6
27.5
24.3
24.1
43.6
Per cent
20-3030-4040-47National Average and Above (47 +)
Source: NFHS 1 & 2, 1992-93 & 1998-99
5347
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1992-93 1998-99
India (% children moderately to
severly underweight)
79.3
85.7
73.1
87.3
76.1
71.8
59.2
81.4
Total Male Female Urban Rural SC ST Others
Goal 2: Universal Primary Education
Children age 5-14 years currently attending school
Source: MICS, 2000
Learning achievements in primary schools Pratichi Trust, West Bengal Only 1 in 14 children in class 3 and 4
who was not privately tutored could write their own name
Urban schools in Vadodara and Mumbai
47% children in class IV reached math standard competence of First standard only
Andhra Pradesh Only 12% children in class II to V could do single digit subtraction
Jaunpur, UP age 7-14 in government schools
72% could do no numerical operations and 51% could not read simple sentences
Absence Rates, 2003 (%)
State Primary school teachers
Primary health care workers
Andhra Pradesh 26 n.a.Bihar 39 58Gujarat 15 52Haryana 24 35Karnataka 20 43Kerala 23 n.a.Maharashtra 16 n.a.Orissa 23 35Punjab 37 n.a.Rajasthan 24 39Tamil Nadu 21 n.a.Uttar Pradesh 26 42Uttaranchal 33 45West Bengal 23 43
Out-of-school children are even more concentrated. Nearly three-quarters of all out-of-school children in the country are found in a mere 20% of villages (and 50% of districts).
Cumulative distribution of all out-of-school 6-11 year olds in India across villages and districts, 1999-2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cumulative % of villages or districts (ranked by number of out-of-school 6-11 year olds)
Cum
ulat
ive
% o
f al
l out
-of-
scho
ol 6
-11
year
old
s in
th
e co
untr
y Districts Villages
Rural
Urban
Goal 4. Reduce child mortality: Infant Mortality Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Rural Total Urban
Source : National Family Health Survey 1992-93, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 1995National Family Health Survey 1998-99, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 2000Sample Registration System, Registrar General, India
Contribution of the 21 larger states to national infant deaths, 2000979693
8983
76
67
43
57
25
6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0
9 89
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Utt
ar P
rade
sh
Mad
hya
Pra
desh
Bih
ar
Raj
asth
an
And
hra
Pra
desh
Mah
aras
htra
Ori
ssa
Wes
t Ben
gal
Guj
arat
Kar
nata
ka
Tam
il N
adu
Ass
am
Jhar
khan
d
Chh
atis
garh
Har
yana
Pun
jab
Jam
mu
& K
ashm
ir
Del
hi
Utt
aran
chal
Him
acha
l Pra
desh
Ker
ala
Cum
ulat
ive
cont
ribu
tion
(%)
Cumulative share in total number of infant deaths nationally
Share in total number of infant deaths nationally
51% 21%
% Children not Received Any Vaccine by Selected Characteristics
13
24
33
10
3
30
14
5Residence Education
Standardof living
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Health expenditure, public (% GDP)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Germany
France
Canada
Australia
Japan
UK
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
India
Health expenditure, private (% GDP)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
United KingdomThailand
JapanSri Lanka
FranceAustralia
CanadaGermanyPakistan
India
1998 20001994
> 1% among pregnant women
> 5% among high risk groups
< 5% amonghigh risk groups
Estimated 5.2 million people living with HIV (2005).
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
HIV Prevalence in India
Pondichery
Gujarat
Karnataka
Goa
Lakshwadeep
Dadra Nagar HaveliMaharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Punjab
Rajasthan
Daman & Diu
J & K
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Delhi
Chandigarh
Bihar
West Bengal
Orissa
Andaman & Nicobar
Mizoram
Meghalaya
AssamSikkim
Manipur
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
Nagaland
Source: NACO, 2005
> 1% Antenatal Women
< 1% Antenatal Women
111 high prevalence districts
5.2 m Adults estimated to living
with HIV
Estimated No. of people living with HIV
Source: Report of the global AIDS epidemic
1.2
1.8
3.6
5.25.6
Kenya Zimbabwe Nigeria India South Africa
Regional Specificity
Pondichery
Gujarat
KarnatakaGoa
Lakshwadeep
Dadra Nagar HaveliMaharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Punjab
Rajasthan
Daman & Diu
Jammu & Kashmir
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Delhi
Chandigarh
Bihar
West Bengal
Orissa
Andaman & Nicobar
Mizoram
Meghalaya
Assam
Sikkim
Manipur
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
Nagaland
HIV + U5MR
Percentage of respondents reporting access and satisfaction with government services in rural India
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Primary School Health care Drinking water
Physical AccessSatisfaction
Percent
0.0 - 1.01.1 - 5.05.1 - 20.020.1 - 25.025.1 - 98.1
Percentage of ST PopulationDistricts of India
2001
Summary of Developments with Potential Impact on Children
External debt as % of GNP
14
17
35
45
48
49
57
77
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
China
India
Vietnam
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Union Govt. Expenditure on Social Services as a Proportion of GDP (%)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06RE
2006-07BE
…but this is still low in comparison to other developing countries
% of Central Govt. Expenditure Allocated to Social Sectors (1993-2004)
2 2
7
18
4
11
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Health Education
India
Bangladesh
Developing Countries
Source: State of the World's Children 2006