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UNDP AND THE MILLENNIUM

DEVELOPMENT GOALS

By

Karkuzhali V (09AA16)

Nandhini S (09AA24)

Shiny Queen P (09AA36)

Sneha KS (09AA38)



What is UNDP

The United Nations (UN) is a unique international organization of 192 sovereign

states. One of the central mandates of the United Nations is the promotion of development

and economic and social progress. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

is a development organization of the United Nations, focusing on five specific areas. UNDP

is the UN¶s largest provider of grants for human development. UNDP was established in

1965 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. In most country offices, the UNDP

representative serves as the coordinator of development activities for the United Nations

system as a whole. Through such coordination, UNDP seeks to ensure the most effective use

of UN and international aid resources. UNDP¶s headquarters are located in New York

UNDP has liaison offices in Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, Tokyo, and Washington D.C.

UNDP has currently about 7000 staff members on the ground in 166 countries.

What does the UNDP want to achieve?

UNDP¶s mandate is to fight poverty. UNDP works to achieve this through supporting

human development in a sustainable way. Recently, the overarching goal of reducing poverty

has been more concretely defined through the Millennium Development Goals

The Millennium Development Goals

In 2000, the members of the United Nations set the international agenda for the

beginning of the new century. The resulting Millennium Declaration is a broad commitment

of all UN member states.

The goals are time-bound, starting in 1990 and to be achieved by 2015. They

comprise only those elements of the Millennium Declaration which are both related to

development and quantifiable. The first seven goals stress the responsibility of developing

countries to undertake policy reforms and enhance good governance. Goal eight focuses on

the responsibility of developed nations to relieve debt, increase aid and give developing

countries better access to its technologies and markets.

The MDGs also provide a framework for the entire international community to work

together towards a common end ± making sure that human development reaches everyone,

everywhere. If these goals are achieved, world poverty will be cut by half, tens of millions of

lives will be saved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the



global economy. The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured

by 60 indicators.

The eight goals are listed below:

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

R ole of UNDP

UNDP, global development network on the ground in 166 countries, is in a unique

position to advocate for change, connect countries to knowledge and resources, and

coordinate broader efforts at the country level.

y First, campaigning & mobilisation - supporting advocacy for the MDGs and working with

partners to mobilise the commitments and capabilities of broad segments of society to build

awareness on the MDGs.

y Second, analysis - researching and sharing best strategies for meeting the MDGs in terms of

innovative practices, policy and institutional reforms, means of policy implementation, and

evaluation of financing options.

y Third, monitoring - helping countries report advancement towards the MDGs and track

progress.



y Fourth, operational activities - goal-driven assistance to support governments to tailor

MDGs to local circumstances and challenges; address key constraints to progress on the

MDGs.

GOAL 1: ER ADICATE EXTR EME POVER TY AND HUNGER

Target 1a: R educe by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day

1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day

1.2 Poverty gap ratio

1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Target 1b: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including

women and young people

1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed

1.5 Employment-to-population ratio

1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day

1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

Target 1c: R educe by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age

1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

ACTION TAKEN

Efforts are being made to eliminate extreme poverty, measured as $1.25 a day in 2005

prices (revised from the previous $1.08 a day in 1993 prices).

Governments, along with the international community, have made poverty alleviation

a top priority in their development strategies.



The number of people living in extreme poverty fell from 1.9 billion in 1981 to 1.8

billion in 1990, and to about 1.4 billion in 2005.

This significant reduction in poverty disguises large regional differences. Millions of

people are trapped in poverty, most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Poor health and lack of education that deprive people of productive employment;

depleted and spoiled environmental resources; and corruption, conflict, and

misgovernance that waste public resources and discourage private investment also

trap people in poverty.



Viability of the indicator

The magnitude of the poverty eradication challenge is determined not only by the

number of poor people worldwide, but also by how far they fall below the poverty

line.

The increase in average incomes since 2000 has enabled many people to lift

themselves out of poverty and has reduced the depth of poverty of those who remain

extremely poor.

Against a poverty line of $1.25 a day, the poverty gap fell between 1990 and 2005 in

all regions except Western Asia.

In 2005, the depth of poverty was greatest in sub-Saharan Africa, but has fallen since

1999 to reach the level that prevailed in Eastern Asia in 1990.

The global economic crisis as well as high food prices are likely to have reversed

these favourable trends.



GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVER SAL PR IMAR Y EDUCATION

Target 2a: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling

2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education

2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary

2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men

Definition:

Net primary enrolment ratio is the ratio of the number of children of official school

age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in primary school to the

total population of children of official school age.

The indicator is used to monitor progress toward the goal of achieving universal

primary education.

It shows the proportion of children of primary school age who are enrolled in primary

school.

Net enrolment refers only to children of official primary school age. (Gross enrolment

includes children of any age.)

Net enrolment rates below 100 percent provide a measure of the proportion of schoolage children who are not enrolled in the primary level.

This difference does not necessarily indicate the percentage of students who are not

enrolled, since some children might be enrolled at other levels of education.



GOAL 3: PR OMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

Target

Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005,

and in all levels of education no later than 2015.

Indicators

y Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

y Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old

y Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

y Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Gender Parity Index

Gender Parity Index in enrolment at primary, secondary and tertiary levels is the ratio

of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels in public

and private schools to the number of male students

GPI(GER)= GER(Female)/GER(Male)

A GPI of 1 indicates parity between the sexes or no gender disparity. A GPI that

varies between 0 and 1 typically means a disparity in favour of males; whereas a GPI greater

than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of females. Target 4 is intended to achieve GPI of 1 by

2005 for Primary Enrolment and by 2015 for all levels. In general, at the national level, the

number of girls enrolled in all levels i.e. primary, secondary and higher education is less than

their counterparts. However the female male ratio in education has been steadily improving

over the years. In Primary education the GPI ratio has gone up from 0.76 in 1990 -91 to 0.94

in 2006-07, in secondary education the increase is from 0.60 in 1990-91 to 0.82 in 2006-07

and in higher education it is from 0.54 to 0.70 during the same period.

The target for eliminating gender disparity in primary enrolment by 2005 has not been

achieved in India. With steady increase in Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of both boys and

girls in primary grades over the last decade, India attained a reasonably high GPI (GER) for

primary enrolment (0.94) by 2006-07. Compared to female:male enrolment in primary

education of 0.88 in 2006-07, the GPI gives a better gender parity in favour of girls in the

year 2006-07. This is also indicative of on-track progress to eliminate gender disparity in



primary level enrolment by the year 2015. In fact, if the trend is maintained and gross

enrolment of girls continues increasing in the same pace as it has been in the last one decade,

then it is all the more likely that a gender disparity in favour of girls may arise by the year

2015.However, the ups and downs in primary level GPI observed during 1999 -2005 is likely

to recur in the years to come.

Secondary level GPI was 0.82 and Tertiary level GPI was 0.69 in 2006-07. The

observed trend of GPI in the secondary level of enrolment is also suggestive of India¶s

attaining gender parity in secondary level enrolment by 2015. The trend is however, quite

sluggish in case of tertiary level enrolment, where a rise of only 0.04 is expected in the GPI

level during 2005-2015 compared to an expected rise of about 0.20 in the secondary level

GPI during the same period.



The observed GPI based on DISE 2007-08 reports show GPI for primary level to be

0.93 in 2006-07 and 2007-08, GPI for upper-primary classes to be 0.87 in 2006-07 and 0.89

in 2007-08. These observed figures suggest on-track movement of the indicator for attaining

the 2015 target.

Literacy Gender Parity Index

The ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old is defined as the ratio of the

female literacy rate to the male literacy rate for the age group 15-24 years.



The ratio of literate women to men in the age group 15-24 years tends to exceed 1 by

2015, implying attainment of gender parity in literacy by 2015. It also signifies a presumed

outcome of attending school and indicates empowerment of women in the society. This

attainment along with the attainment of gender parity in primary, secondary and tertiary

levels of education can be a major gain for women in acquiring access to wider world of

learning and development of skills, economic independence, authority of decision making

and self-determination.

Empowerment of women

The third important indicator is the Share of Women in Wage Employment in the

NonAgricultural Sector, which is defined as the share of female workers in the

non-agricultural sector expressed as a percentage of total employment in the sector. This

measures the degree to which labour markets are open to women in industry and service

sectors, which affects not only equal employment opportunity for women but also economic

efficiency through flexibility of the labour market and, therefore, the economy¶s ability to

adapt to change.

The indicator value can hardly be translated into a quantifiable target in linkage with

achieving the overall target of universalisation of gender equality in primary, secondary and

tertiary enrolment by 2015. It is a matter of lag in time to get the full effect of gender equity



in education on women¶s participation in the labour markets of industry and services. So a

50:50 share between men and women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

cannot be taken as a target for this indicator to be achieved by 2015. The rate of change over

time in India in respect of the Share of women in wage employment in the non -agricultural

sector is rather slow-

about 2 percentage points over a period of 5 years in the recent past. It

is projected that at this rate of progression, the share of women in wage employment can at

best reach a level of about 24% by 2015. Labour markets in industry and services sectors in

India are heavily male dominated and a 50:50 situation for men and women is too ideal to be

true given the market dynamics and existing socio-cultural framework.

Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliament

India is the first country where, since independence, women have the right to vote to

elect representatives for the National Parliament as well as State Assemblies. The women

have equal right to contest any election subject to the fulfilment of other eligibility

conditions.

So far 15 General Elections have been held for the Lok Sabha. The percentage of lady

parliamentarians fluctuates between 8 to 12 % in these elections. In the current Loksabha (as

on 27/1/2010) there are 59 (10.8%) women members out of 545. As on 27/1/2010 there are

21 women members (9.0%) out of 234 in the Rajya Sabha. Overall percentage of lady

parliamentarians stands at 10.3%.



Initiatives Taken

y Providing secondary school stipends for girls in Bangladesh:

The Female Secondary School Stipend programme in Bangladesh has provided

money directly to girls and their families to cover tuition and other costs, on the condition

that they enrol in secondary school and remain unmarried until the age of 18. By 2005, girls

accounted for 56 per cent of secondary school enrolment in the areas covered by the

programme, compared with 33 per cent in 1991.

y Furthering women¶s empowerment in Mexico:

Mexico has developed an innovative federal programme called Generosidad that

awards a ³Gender Equity Seal´ to private firms. Seals are granted through an independent

evaluation that assesses a company¶s achievement of specific standards related to gender

equity, including recruitment, career advancement, training and reducing sexual harassment.

By 2006, 117 companies had obtained the Seal. Similar initiatives have been launched in

Brazil, Costa Rica and Egypt.

y Setting a gender quota for Parliament in Kyrgyzstan:

In 2005, there were no women in the Kyrgyz Parliament and only one woman in a

cabinet position. In 2007, following a nationwide discussion facilitated by the UNDevelopment Programme (UNDP), a 30 per cent gender quota was enshrined in the election

code. By 2008, Kyrgyzstan had the highest proportion of women in Parliament (25.6 percent)

and in Government (21 per cent) in Central Asia.

R ole of UN in attaining the goal

y The UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the UN Children¶s Fund (UNICEF) are

working in a joint programme to reduce female genital mutilation and cutting by

40 per cent between 2008 and 2012 in a number of countries, including Burkina Faso,

Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia,

Sudan and Uganda.

y In Cambodia, an initiatie run by the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM),

in partnership with seven NGOs, provided training in political campaigning and



governing to 919 women candidates. The initiative helped increase the number of

women running for office from 16 per cent in 2002 to 21 per cent in 2007, and the

number of women elected rose from 8.5 per cent to 15 per cent.

y The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) support

teacher training and the development of learning materials that promote gender

equality. Through the UN Girls¶ Education Initiative, UNESCO also develops legal

tools to reduce gender-based violence in schools and supports innovative methods to

bring education to hard-to-reach women, such as through mobile phones.

GOAL 4: R EDUCE CHILD MOR TALITY

Target

Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

Indicators

y Under-five mortality rate

y Infant mortality rate

y Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

Under 5 Mortality R ate

The Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1000

live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if

subjected to current age specific mortality rates. U5MR at national level has declined during

the last decade. The trend for projecting estimates for 2015 suggest India is likely to fall short

of the U5MR level of 42 by about 28 percentage points. By UNSD estimates based on

country adjusted data, the shortfall is likely to be less, of the order of 12 percentage points

only. The observed U5MR by NFHS-III for 2005-06 is 74.6 per µ000 live births, and the

projected measure for 2015 is about 70 per µ000 live births.



Infant Mortality R ate (IMR )

The number of infant deaths in less than a year of births per thousand live births

(p.t.l.b) is referred to as IMR. Data is expressed as number of deaths per 1000 live births. The

country has observed a continuous decline in IMR. It stood at 192 during 1971, 114 in the

year 1980 and 57 in 2006 and 53 in 2008. The decline in IMR has been noticed both for male

and female during the period. However, the rate of decline is more pronounced in the case of

male as compared to female.



With reference to the base year (1990) IMR value of 80 p.t.l.b, India has to reduce the

IMR to 26.7 p.t.l.b by 2015. At the rate of decline experienced during 1990 to 2007, India¶s

IMR is likely to come down to about 46 p.t.l.b. Thus the target for IMR is not likely to be

achieved unless comprehensive improvement in infant mortality takes place in the

particularly lagging States and with respect to neo-natal deaths. Early neo

-natal deaths

(deaths occurring to newborns within seven days of life) constitute as high as 51.6% of total

number of infant deaths in 2007. The share of neo-natal deaths (deaths occurring to infants

within the first month of life) is 65.5% of total number of infant deaths in 2007. Incidence of

early neo-natal deaths during 2001 to 2007 in some states viz. Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,

Rajasthan and Orissa has not declined and for a few of them is on rise. On the whole, infancy

deaths constitute 17.2% of total deaths in 2007.

Immunization

MDG target for reducing child mortality does not envisage explicit target towards

universal coverage of immunisation, particularly immunisation against measles in the age

group 12-23 months. Proportion of one-year old (12-23 months) children immunised against

measles is the prescribed statistical indicator for measuring the coverage of immunisation in

the country.



The national level measure of the proportion has been 42.2% in 1992-93, 50.7% in

1998-99 and 58.8 in 2005-06%. At this historical rate of increase, India is expected cover

about 97% children in the age group 12-23 months for immunisation against measles by

2015. Thus India is likely to fall short of universal immunisation of one-year olds against

measles by about 3 percentage points in 2015. According to DLHS-3 for 2007

-08, national

coverage of immunisation of 1- year -olds has reached 69.6% with 77.6% in urban and 66.6%

in rural areas.

Initiatives Taken

y Expanding immunization programmes in Egypt, VietNam and Bangladesh:

Egypt has already surpassed the MDG target for reducing child mortality in children

under five. This achievement has been aided by a significant expansion in measlesvaccination coverage, which stood at 92 per cent in 2008. Viet Nam¶s Expanded Programme

of Immunization has benefited more than 90 per cent of children and pregnant women. The

mortality rate of under-fives in the country was more than halved, from 56 per 1,000 live

births in 1990 to 14 per 1,000 live births in 2008. And in 2006, Bangladesh conducted the

world¶s largest-ever measles campaign, vaccinating 33.5 million children between the ages of

nine months and 10 years, over a 20-day period.

y Promoting breastfeeding in Cambodia:

The Cambodian Ministry of Health¶s Baby-Friendly Community Initiative, a network

of community support groups that promote exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas, increased

the rate of breastfed babies from 13 to 60 per cent between 2000 and 2005. Originally

launched in 50 villages, the initiative has since expanded to 2,675 ² or 20 per cent of all

villages in the country. Breastfeeding strengthens children and reduces their vulnerability to

disease.

y Providing mosquito nets in the R epublic of Congo, Gabon, Mali, Nigeria and

Zimbabwe:

Through the ³Nothing But Nets´ campaign, initiated by a number of foundations and

corporate, sports related and religious partners, more than three million insecticide-treated

anti-malaria nets have been distributed to children, pregnant women and refugees in Africa

since the campaign¶s inception in 2006. The effectiveness of such mosquito nets has been

shown by a previous distribution programme in Kenya, where a ten-fold increase in the



number of young children sleeping under nets between 2004 and 2006 resulted in 44 per cent

fewer deaths from malaria than among children not protected by them.


y UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, together with leaders from governments,

foundations, NGOs and business launched in 2010 a Global Strategy for Women¶s

and Children¶s Health, setting out key actions to improve the health of women and

children worldwide, with the potential of saving 16 million lives by 2015. The Global

Strategy spells out steps to enhance financing, strengthen policy and improve service

delivery, and sets in motion international institutional arrangements for global

reporting, oversight and accountability on women¶s and children¶s health.

y In partnership with governments, the World Health Organization (WHO) and others,

the UN Children¶s Fund (UNICEF) provides high-impact, cost-effective health and

nutrition interventions to reduce the number of neonatal and young child deaths from

preventable and easily treatable causes. UNICEF purchases vaccines, negotiates

favourable prices and forecasts vaccine requirements to ensure sustainable supplies.

When delivering vaccines, UNICEF adds micronutrient supplements to offset

malnutrition, another critical factor in child survival.

GOAL 5: IMPR OVE MATER NAL HEALTH

Target

Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Mortality Ratio

Indicators

y Maternal Mortality Ratioy Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Maternal Mortality R atio (MMR )

The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of women who die from any

cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or



incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of

pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. The

incidence of maternal deaths is too rare an event to provide a robust estimate of the MMR by

sample survey method. The present estimates are available from SRS- based studies 20 taking

into account the requirement of large sample size for sub-national estimates of MMR.

The national MMR level has come down from 398 per 100,000 live births in 1997-

98to 254 per 100,000 live births in 2004 -06, a 36% decline over a span of seven years as

compared to a 25% decline in the preceding eight years from 1990-1997. Given to achieve an

MMR of 109 per 100,000 live births by 2015, India tends to fall short by about 26 points as it

tends to reach MMR of about 135 per 100,000 live births in 2015. The States which seem to

have done considerably well in arresting incidence of maternal deaths and tend to reach their

respective targets before 2015 are Kerala and West Bengal.

Safe Motherhood

Life risk in motherhood is gradually diminishing across the country mainly due to

promotion of reproductive health care facilities through government-run programmes.

Towards attaining Target 5, the MDG indicator for measuring progress is proportion of births

attended by skilled health personnel. There is no explicit target in MDG framework for this to



be attained by 2015. Obviously universality of deliveries being attended by skilled health

personnel is the most ideal objective.

Initiatives Taken

Widening access to maternal health services in Egypt:The Ministry of Health and Population significantly increased access to obstetric and

neonatal care, in particular to vulnerable populations in Upper Egypt. About 32 maternity

homes were constructed in rural areas. The number of births attended by trained healthcare

workers in rural areas has since doubled to 50 per cent.

Fighting fistula in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Arab States:

In 2003, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), together with government and private

partners, launched the Campaign to End Fistula, a childbirth injury that leaves womenincontinent, isolated and ashamed. The campaign is now active in 49 countries across sub-

Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Arab States. More than 28 countries have integrated the

issue into relevant national policies and more than 16,000 women have received fistula

treatment and care.



Investing in mobile maternal health units in Pakistan:

UNFPA-supported mobile clinics were set up in Pakistan in 2005 and had received

nearly 850,000 patients by 2008. Women can use them for antenatal consultations, deliveries,

post-miscarriage complications and referrals for Caesarean section. The mobile units

managed to provide skilled birth attendance to 43 per cent of pregnant women in remote

areas, 12 per cent higher than the national average.


y UNFPA, the UN Children¶s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO),

and the World Bank, as well as the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),

have joined forces as Health 4+ (H4+) to support countries with the highest rates of

maternal and newborn mortality. The H4+ partners support emergency obstetric and

neonatal care needs assessments and help cost national maternal, newborn and child

health plans, mobilize resources, increase the number of skilled health workers, and

improve access to reproductive health services.

y In 2009, WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA partnered with the African Union Ministers of

Health as well as bilateral aid and non-governmental organizations to launch the

Campaign on Accelerated R eduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa

(CARMMA). The campaign aims to save the lives of mothers and newborns. It is

active in 20 African countries, including Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Swaziland.

y UNFPA¶s Global Programme to Enhance R eproductive Health Commodity

Security and WHO¶s evidence-based guidance in family planning have helped

improve access to reproductive health supplies in more than 70 countries, including in

Ethiopia, where the contraceptive prevalence rate has more than doubled since 2005,and in Laos, Madagascar and Mongolia, where significant progress in the use of

voluntary family planning was also noted.



GOAL OMBAT /AIDS, MALA IA AND OT ER DISEASES

T 1:

Have halted by 2015 and begun t reverse the spread of HIV/¡

IDS

Indi :

HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years

Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate.

Condom use at last high r isk sex.

Percentage of Population aged 1524 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of

HIV/¢

IDS.

Contraceptive

P

revalence R ate

PRE ALENCE O HIV/AIDS

HIV situation in the country is assessed and monitored through regular annual sentinel surveillance

mechanism established since 1992. As the HIV prevalence among the high r isk group is very high

compared to that among the general population, India continues to be in the category of concentrated

epidemic. The sexual mode of transmission continues to be the ma jor transmission mode, though

transmission through in jecting drug and men having sex with men is very high in a few pockets.

According to the recent estimates, using the international comparable work method data book and

using multi ple data sources (expanded sentinel surveillance system, National Family Health Survey ±

III, Integrated Bio-Behavioral Assessment and Endline Behavioral Surveillance Survey), there were

2.31 million people living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2007.

Thus the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country shows a downward trend i.e., from 2.73 million (0.45%)

people living with HIV/AIDS in 2002, the number has declined to 2.31 million (0.34%) by 2007.



The states of A.P, Goa, Karnataka, T.N continues to be the ma jor prevalence areas. However 2007

estimates indicate drop in T.N and other southern states. New areas showing a r ise are nor thern and

eastern regions. Some distr icts have been identif ied with high prevalence, largely in the states of

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Or issa, R a jasthan and Bihar.

HIV prevalence continues to be higher among vulnerable groups. For instance, there is a signif icant

population living with HIV and AIDS among IDUs in four of India¶s biggest cities ± Chennai, Delhi,

Mumbai and Chandigarh.

T 2:

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malar ia and other ma jor diseases

Indi :

Incidence and death rates associated with malar ia

Propor tion of Population in Malar ia r isk Areas using Effective Malar ia Prevention and

Treatment Measures.

Prevalence and Death R ates Associated with Tuberculosis.

Propor tion of Tuberculosis Cases Detected and Cured under DOTS.

PREVALENCE O MALAR IA AND MORTALIT DUE TO IT:

In India the epidemiology of malar ia is due to geo-ecological diversity, multi-ethnicity, nine

anopheline vectors transmitting 3 Plasmodium species: P.falci parum, P.vivax and P.malar iae. 75

million malar ia cases in a population of 330 million were estimated in 1947. However incidence of

malar ia has declined from 1.74 in 2005 to 1.52 in 2009(till September), but percentage of deaths of

malar ia patients has not decreased.



In states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tripura, and West Bengal, where deaths are

associated with malaria are generally high compared to other states

PR EVALENCE OF TUBER CULOSIS AND MOR TALITY DUE TO IT:

India is the highest TB burden country accounting for one fifth of the global incidence which means

India is 17th among 22 High Burden Countries in terms of TB incidence rate (Source: WHO global

TB report 2008). The Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), based on the

internationally recommended Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) strategy, was

launched in 1997 expanded across the country in a phased manner with support from the World Bank

and other development partners.

The objectives of the programme were (a) to achieve and maintain cure rate of atleast 85% among

New Sputum Positive (NSP) patients; and (b) to achieve and maintain case detection of at least 70%



of the estimated NSP cases in the community. Full nation wide coverage was achieved in March 2006

cover ing over a billion population (1114 million) in 632 distr icts / repor ting units. In terms of

treatment of patients, R NTCP is the largest and the fastest expanding programme in the wor ld. The

prevalence of TB in the country has steadily declined from as high as 586 per 1,00,000 population in

1990 to 283 per 1,00,000 population in 2007

TB patients declared and registered for treatment under DOTS were 1,517,602 of which 6,

16,053 were new smear positive cases.



GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIR ONMENTAL SUSTAINABILIT

T 1

Integrate the pr inci ples of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and

reverse the loss of environmental resources

Indi :

Propor tion of Land Area covered by Forest.

R atio of Area Protected to Maintain Biological Diversity to Surface Area.

Energy use (Kg Oil equivalent) per unit of GDP (R upee).

Carbon Dioxide emissions per capita and Consumption of Ozonedepleting Chlorof luoro

Carbons (ODP Tons)

Propor tion of the Population Using Solid Fuels.

India¶s N £ ti¤ ¥ £ l E ¥ vi¦ ¤ ¥ § ¨ ¥ t P ¤ lic© , 2006 (NEP2006) seeks to extend the coverage of all the existing

policies and f ill in gaps that still exist. In response to the national commitment to a clean environment,

mandated in the Constitution in Ar ticles 48 A and 51 A(g), and as strengthened by judicial

interpretation of Ar ticle 21, the NEP 2006 intends to mainstream environment concerns in all

development activities.



FOREST AND TREE COVER :

The Eleventh FiveYear Plan (20072012) of India envisages 5 percentage point increase in forest and

tree cover by the end of the Plan per iod, apar t from a few other monitorable targets for pr ior ity actions

in environment related areas. The forest cover -increased considerably dur ing the last two decades. In

the past 10 years, forest cover has increased by 3.31 million hectares, showing an average 0.46%

increase every year.

YEAR AREA UNDER

FOREST SQ.KM)

1995 639,600

2005 677,171

2007 690,899

PR OTECTION OF BIODIVER SITY

India, a mega diverse country with only 2.4 per cent of the land area, accounts for 78 per cent of the

recorded species of the wor ld. The total area covered under National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuar ies,

which constitute ma jor par t of the protected areas in India, has increased from 155,961.06 sq.km in

1999 to 155,980.15 sq.km in 2006 (4.74% of country¶s GA)



CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION:

In spite of a reasonable growth in GDP and dependence on fossil fuels to meet the energy needs for

industr ial development and better living of the people of the country, carbon dioxide emission per

capita in India is still low compared to most of the developed countr ies

In terms of CO2 emission per unit of Total Pr imary Energy Supply (in MT/tera joule) India has

comparatively low intensity of emission (53.2 in 2007) as compared to developed countr ies:

China(73.6), R ussia(56.4), UK(59.1), France(33.4), Germany(57.6), Canada(50.8), USA(58.9) and

Australia(76.3).

OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL:

India became par ty to the Montreal Protocol in 1992. As per Ar ticle 7 of the Montreal Protocol, India

maintains and repor ts Ozone Depleting substance (ODP) data on year to year basis. The per capita

consumption of ODS in India did not cross 20 g between 199597 (base line) as against 300 g

permitted under the Protocol. India was self suff icient in production of Cloro Fluro Carbons (CFCs)

and was mainly producing and using nine of the 95 substances controlled under the Montreal

Protocol. India is in the process of phasing out ODS both in the end use consumption sector and in

production sector. As on 31 August 2009, India has 299 ODS phase out pro jects to phase out 47,085

ODP tonne.



EFFICIENT ENER GY USE:

Lower ing energy intensity of GDP growth through higher energy eff iciency is key to meeting India¶s

energy challenge and achieving its energy secur ity. The industry sector is the largest user of

commercial energy in India, accounting for 42% of the country¶s total commercial energy use dur ing

200405 (NAPCC 2008).

As a par ty to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto protocol,

India played an active role in multilateral cooperation to address climate change. The Global

Environmental Facility (GEF) f inances implementation of pro jects in developing countr ies under the

Convention. Additionally, the Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),

which allows developed countr ies to meet par t of their emission reduction commitments by

purchasing credits from emission reduction pro jects in developing countr ies. India accounts for about

32% of the wor ld total 1081 pro jects registered with the CDMEB, followed by China (20%), Brazil

(13%) and Mexico (10%) (Source: UNFCCC). While per capita energy consumption increased from

2337.47 KWH in 198990 to 3928.16 KWH in 200708, the energy consumption per unit (R upee) of

GDP at 19992000 pr ices decreased from 0.17 in 198990 to 0.13 in 200708

T 2

Halve, by 2015, the propor tion of people without sustainable access to safe dr ink ing water and

basic sanitation



Indi

y Propor tion of Population with Sustainable Access to an Improved Water Source, Urban and

R ural.

y P

ropor tion of population with Access to Improved Sanitation, Urban and R ural.

ACCESS TO IMPR OVED DR INKING WATER SOUR CES:

In terms of actual estimates from NFHS and DLHS, the coverage of households having access to

improved water sources gives a clear trend in attainment of MDGtarget. The overall propor tion of

households having access to improved water sources increased from about 68.2% in 199293 (about

60.9% for rural and 87.6% for urban) to 84.4% in 200708 (79.6% for rural and 94.4% for urban).

The latest estimates based on DLHS 200708 show a down turn following the NFHS estimates for

200506 register ing a much better situation with the overall propor tion of about 88% (84.5% for rural

and 95% for urban)

The propor tion of rural households having access to improved dr ink ing water sources is likely to

reach 99% by 2015 (against target of 79.5%) and that of the urban households is likely to reach

98%(against the target of 94%).

ACCESS TO IMPR OVED SANITATION FACILITIES:

India, one of the most densely populated countr ies in the wor ld, has the lowest sanitation coverage. Households without any sanitation facility at 76% (1990) were required to reduce that propor tion to

38% by 2015. But the expected rate is 46% by 2015 and India is missing the target by about 8

percentage points.

T 3

By 2020, to have achieved a signif icant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slumdwellers

Indi :

Propor tion of households with access to secure tenure

India is home to 63% of all slum dwellers in South Asia. This amounts to 170 million people, 17% of

the wor ld¶s slum dwellers. In India, slum data have been collected for the f irst time in Census 2001



for towns/cities having urban population of 50000 or more. Comparative figures for any other period

is not available for assessing any progress in the situation.

SLUM POPULATION 1991 (TCPO

ESTIMATES)

46.26 MILLION

SLUM POPULATION 2001 (TCPO

ESTIMATES)

61.82 MILLION

NO. OF TOWNS R EPOR TING SLUMS IN

CENSUS 2001

640(TOWNS WITH POPULATION OF 50000

OR MORE)

R EPOR TED SLUM POPULATION IN 640

TOWNS, 2001

42.58 MILLION

POPULATION OF TOWNS/CITIES

R EPOR TING SLUMS, 2001

184.35 MILLION

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PAR TNER SHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

Target 1

in cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially

information and communications

Indicators

y telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

y personal computers in use per 100 population internet users per 100 population

India has emerged as one of the major development partner for nurturing techno economic and

intellectual assistance to various developed countries across the different regions of the world. Indian

ICT is well known and provides reputed ICT solutions across the world. Government of India plans

to raise internet subscriber base to 100 million, provide internet connectivity to all villages in the

country by 2014.Currently India has about 45 million internet users.

The broadband connectivity at

present is available to only 2% of the country¶s population and PC penetration is just 3%.



By end of September 2009 Total telephone subscr i ber base has reached to 509.03 million with 471.03

million wireless connection and 37.31 million wire line connections. The rural subscr i ber base is

151.81 million against the urban base of 357.22 million. The tele density in the urban areas of the

states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal, Pradesh, Kerala, and R a jasthan is more than 100, which

signify more than one telephone per head in these areas.

undp,mdg,global compact

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