understanding regional park visitation habits of a culturally diverse community ed souza, cprp santa...
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Understanding Regional Park Understanding Regional Park Visitation Habits of a Culturally Visitation Habits of a Culturally Diverse Community Diverse Community
Ed Souza, CPRPSanta Clara County Parks
Graduate Student- SJSU
Dr. Gonzaga da GamaSan Jose State University
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreation
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreationA changing culturally diverse
community
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreationA changing culturally diverse
communityCurrent research on the topic
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreationA changing culturally diverse
communityCurrent research on the topicGaps in the research and possible
future research
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreationA changing culturally diverse
communityCurrent research on the topicGaps in the research and possible
future research studiesWhat can P&R Professionals do?
Presentation GoalsPresentation Goals
The benefits of outdoor recreationA changing culturally diverse
communityCurrent research on the topicGaps in the research and possible
future research studiesWhat can P&R Professionals do?What’s next for P&R Professionals?
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community Individuals learn new skills
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community Individuals learn new skills Development of new relationships
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community Individuals learn new skills Development of new relationships Builds family and community
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community Individuals learn new skills Development of new relationships Builds family and community Exposes people to natural resources
Benefits of Outdoor RecreationBenefits of Outdoor Recreation
Outdoor Recreation has been linked to: General well-being of the community Individuals learn new skills Development of new relationships Builds family and community Exposes people to natural resources Bolsters local economies
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2000)
Ethnic Trends in Santa Clara CountyEthnic Trends in Santa Clara County
Santa Clara County Ethnic Diversity
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Whites Afro-Am. Hispanics Am-Indian Asian Haw.-Pac.Is.
Other
1980
1990
2000
A Changing Ethnic LandscapeA Changing Ethnic Landscape
Population changes in California by the year 2020:
• 58% increase in Hispanics • 55% increase in Asians/ Pacific Islanders • 29% increase in Native Americans• 20% increase in African Americans• 4% decrease in persons of European descent
California State Parks (2006)
A Changing Ethnic LandscapeA Changing Ethnic Landscape
“More than a third of all Asians and nearly a third of all Hispanics will live in California. By 2030, the Hispanic population will reach 43% and Spanish has the potential of being spoken in nearly half of California households.”
California State Parks (2006)
Racial and Ethnic Groups Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Groups Underrepresented as Visitors to Parksas Visitors to Parks
… “although the ethnic and racial make-up of the American population is fast growing, African-American and Latino visitors are “effectively absent from major parks” (p. 20).
Goldsmith (1994)
Constraints to VisitationConstraints to Visitation
Marginality- the lack of socio-economic resources and historical discrimination limit park visitation
Subcultural- visitation patterns reflect differences in values, norms and socialization patterns
Assimilation- park use reflects an acquisition of the dominant culture
Discrimination- park visitation is affected by perceived, actual, or institutional discrimination
Floyd (1999)
Studied GroupsStudied Groups
Early research focused on outdoor recreational behavior differences between African-Americans and whites. More recently, researchers have studied a greater racial, ethnic and culturally diverse sampling of communities.
What’s the NPS finding out?What’s the NPS finding out? Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004) Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004)
Constraints facing Latinos and African-Americans go beyond ethnicity- social and economic considerations need to be made.
What’s the NPS finding out?What’s the NPS finding out? Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004) Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004)
Constraints facing Latinos and African-Americans go beyond ethnicity- social and economic considerations need to be made.
Need to understand the residual affects of discrimination as it relates to perceptions and experiences of discrimination in the outdoors.
What’s the NPS finding out?What’s the NPS finding out? Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004) Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004)
Constraints facing Latinos and African-Americans go beyond ethnicity- social and economic considerations need to be made.
Need to understand the residual affects of discrimination as it relates to perceptions and experiences of discrimination in the outdoors.
There is a perception that national parks are an “exclusive club” for middle-upper class white people and not “welcoming” to minorities.
What’s the NPS finding out?What’s the NPS finding out? Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004) Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004)
Constraints facing Latinos and African-Americans go beyond ethnicity- social and economic considerations need to be made.
Need to understand the residual affects of discrimination as it relates to perceptions and experiences of discrimination in the outdoors.
There is a perception that national parks are an “exclusive club” for middle-upper class white people and not “welcoming” to minorities.
Perception of “institutional” discrimination.
What’s SCCO Parks Finding?What’s SCCO Parks Finding?
For what specific activity are you likely to use a Santa Clara County Park?
5.94
40.6
9
21.9
10.66.4
26.7
5.3
28.7
1317.4 16.9
6.2
20.1
3
7.4
16.6
6.1
34.4
0
1020
3040
50
Bring kids toplay
Family outing Hike/Walk Bike Picnic
Caucasian/White
Asian
Hispanic/Latino(a)
Other
What’s SCCO Parks Finding?What’s SCCO Parks Finding?
Why are you unlikely to use a Santa Clara County Park?
10
5.1
23.6
5.1
10.27.6 7.7 7.7
0
23.1
26.123.8
7.1
11.9
00
18.5 18.5
0
31.7
0
10
20
30
40
Disabled/limitedmovement
Inconvenientlocation
Not interestedin outdoorrercreation
Poorlymaintained
Unaware of theirexistence
Caucasian/WhiteAsianHispanic/Latino(a)Other
What’s SCCO Parks Finding?What’s SCCO Parks Finding?
Are you aware there is overnight camping in Santa Clara County?
41.1
57.9
18.9
78.4
24.9
74.3
21.3
78.7
020406080
100
Yes No
Caucasian/White
Asian
Hispanic/Latino(a)
Other
What’s SCCO Parks Finding?What’s SCCO Parks Finding?
If you received information about County Parks in your native language would you
be more likely to use the information?
27
62
12
58
36
60
20
40
60
80
Yes No DK
Voters
Non-Voters
Communicating About ParksCommunicating About Parks
Asian groups studied relied heavily upon ethnic media sources, both print and broadcast, to receive information about recreational opportunities
Winters, Jeong and Godbey (2004)
Park Preferences Within Racial GroupsPark Preferences Within Racial Groups
Use patterns and preferences varied within racial groups as well as between them.
Gobster (2002)
Challenges to Studying Racial GroupsChallenges to Studying Racial Groups
Some groups may experience entirely different types of constraints and the normal assumptions of constraints believed to hold for one racial or ethnic population may require modifications before they can be successfully applied to other minority populations.
Rodriguez, Bright & Roberts (2004)
Gaps in the Research/future StudyGaps in the Research/future Study
Understanding of immigrants and their convergence into the mainstream with cultural assimilation
Gaps in the Research/future StudyGaps in the Research/future Study
Understanding of immigrants and their convergence into the mainstream with cultural assimilation
Study of groups within groups
Gaps in the Research/future StudyGaps in the Research/future Study
Understanding of immigrants and their convergence into the mainstream with cultural assimilation
Study of groups within groups Park use preferences as it relates to age
and gender differences of ethnic and racial communities
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys2. Focus Groups
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys2. Focus Groups3. Customer Comment Cards
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys2. Focus Groups3. Customer Comment Cards
Diversity training for your staff
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys2. Focus Groups3. Customer Comment Cards
Diversity training for your staff
Recruit a diverse workforce
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Ask your community1. Surveys2. Focus Groups3. Customer Comment Cards
Diversity training for your staff
Recruit a divers workforce
Communicate to your customers in their native language
What can P&R Professionals do? What can P&R Professionals do?
Learn about your community’s attitudes, perceptions and experiences of discrimination regarding your parks
What’s Next for P&R Professionals?What’s Next for P&R Professionals?
Parks and recreation professionals will be increasingly challenged to meet the needs of diverse communities
What’s Next for P&R Professionals?What’s Next for P&R Professionals?
Parks and recreation professionals will be increasingly challenged to meet the needs of diverse communities
How will parks and recreation professionals use the data gathered by researchers regarding the behavior and habits of a racially and culturally diverse community?
What’s Next for P&R Professionals?What’s Next for P&R Professionals?
Parks and recreation professionals will be increasingly challenged to meet the needs of diverse communities
How will parks and recreation professionals use the data gathered by researchers regarding the behavior and habits of a racially and culturally diverse community?
What actions, strategies, policies and plans will park and recreation professional employ for the inclusion and incorporation of a rich racially and culturally diverse community into parks?
ConclusionConclusion
“Park professionals need to better understand why the parks do not appeal to ethnic minorities as much as they do to the traditional white user. What are the participation patterns and trends? What perceptions exist? What barriers continue to impede visitation and enjoyment? Why do national parks appeal to internationally diverse people, yet have seemingly limited appeal among ethnically diverse domestic audiences?”
Roberts and Rodriguez (2001)
Questions?
