Understanding Financial Statements

Chris DroussiotisJune 2011

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Table of Contents

Accounting Definitions, Terms and Concepts Using Financial Statements Financial Ratio Analysis

These slides could be obtain via the Instructor’s Web page at www.celeritymoment.com

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Accounting Definitions and Concepts

A = L + NWA = Assets

L = Liabilities

NW = Net Worth

Own Owe Keep (Value Creation)

Similar Concepts in Other Areas of Finance:

• Consumer finance: Value of the House = Mortgage + Equity

• Corporation Value: Enterprise Value = Net Debt + Equity

• Investments: Value of the Investment: Margin Loan + Equity

How did you pay for the Assets that you own

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Accounting Definitions and Concepts

Book Value Vs Market Value

Book Value

Accounting

Fixed Assets

Corporate Taxation

Market Value

Finance

Financial Assets

Investment Taxation

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Accounting Definitions and Concepts

Income Vs Cash

The Perfect World:

Every business is run like a lemonade Stand

Income Statement Cash Flow Statement

Lemonade Sales Profit 80.00$ Sold 100 cups @ $1 each 100.00$

Expenses Plus Money that we owe $0.00 Box of 100 Cups 5.00$ Less Money owed to us $0.00 Lemonade concetrate 5.00$ 4 Gallons of Water 10.00$ Total Expenses 20.00$ Net Working Capital $0.00

Net Income (Profit) 80.00$ Cash 80.00$

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Accounting Definitions and Concepts

Income Vs Cash

Not So Perfect World:

The world of IOUs

Income Statement Cash Flow Statement

Lemonade Sales Profit 80.00$ Sold 100 cups @ $1 each 100.00$

Expenses Plus Money that we owe $0.00 Box of 100 Cups 5.00$ Less Money owed to us -$1.00 Lemonade concetrate 5.00$ 4 Gallons of Water 10.00$ Total Expenses 20.00$ Net Working Capital -$1.00

Net Income (Profit) 80.00$ Cash 79.00$

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Financial Statements – Other Terms

General Accepted Accounting Standards (GAPP) Who Needs Financial Statements?

IRS and Tax Authorities Public Investors ( regulated by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Financial Analysts – performance review Banks and Financial Institutions Management and Owners

Statements (Public Filing10K, 10Q) Income Statement Balance Sheet Statement Cash Flow Statement

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Income Statement

Measurement of Profit and Loss over a Period of Time Top Line to Bottom Line Revenue (Sales) Less Expenses = Profit or Loss

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Income Statement

Income Statement (000's) 2009 2010

50 Revenues by Geography51 U.S. 800,000 920,000 52 Europe 120,000 140,000 53 Asia 40,000 50,000 54 Total Revenue 960,000 1,110,000 5556 Cost of Revenues by Geography57 U.S. 220,000 270,000 58 Europe 100,000 115,000 59 Asia 25,000 35,000 60 Total Cost of Revenue 345,000 420,000

62 Gross Profit 615,000 690,000 6364 Operating Expenses65 Administrative & General 145,000 165,000 66 Marketing Expenses 75,000 80,000 67 Other Operating Expenses 10,000 12,000 68 Total Operating Expenses 230,000 257,000 6970 EBITDA 385,000 433,000

72 Depreciation & Amortization 60,000 65,000

74 EBIT 325,000 368,000

76 Interest Expense 130,000 120,000

78 EBT 195,000 248,000

80 Taxes 40% 78,000 99,200 8182 Net Income 117,000 148,800

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Balance Sheet Statement

It shows us on a snap shot the Wealth of the Company The statement is set-up in Order of Liquidity

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Balance Sheet Statement

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change % Change

6 Current Assets7 Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800 46.2%8 Accounts Receivable 45,000 60,000 15,000 33.3%9 Inventories 35,000 40,000 5,000 14.3%

10 Prepaid Expenses 10,000 9,000 (1,000) -10.0%11 Total Current Assets 135,000 174,800 39,800 29.5%

13 Property and Equipment14 Land 2,500,000 2,500,000 - 0.0%15 Building 450,000 550,000 100,000 22.2%16 Furniture & Equipment 50,000 75,000 25,000 50.0%17 Total Gross P&E 3,000,000 3,125,000 125,000 4.2%18 Less Accumulated Depreciaition (300,000) (365,000) (65,000) 21.7%19 Net P&E 2,700,000 2,760,000 60,000 2.2%

21 Long-Term Investments 200,000 250,000 50,000 25.0%

23 Total Assets 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800 4.9%

25 Liabilities and Owners Equity

27 Current Liabilities28 Accounts Payable 35,000 40,000 5,000 14.3%29 Accrued Income Taxes 12,000 10,000 (2,000) -16.7%30 Accrued Expenses 10,000 8,000 (2,000) -20.0%31 Current Portion of Long Term Debt 20,000 10,000 (10,000) -50.0%32 Total Current Liabilities 77,000 68,000 (9,000) -11.7%

34 Long-Term Debt: 1,200,000 1,180,000 (20,000) -1.7%

36 Deferred Income Taxes 12,000 17,000 5,000 41.7%

38 Total Liabilties 1,289,000 1,265,000 (24,000) -1.9%

40 Owners' Equity41 Common Stock 1,000,000 1,000,000 - 0.0%42 Paid-in-Capital - 25,000 25,000 43 Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800 19.9%44 Total Owners' Equity 1,746,000 1,919,800 173,800 10.0%

46 Total Liabilities & Owner's Equity 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800 4.9%

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Cash Flow Statement

It shows the Company’s Cash Inflow and Outflow over a period of time

Differences between Income Statement and Cash Flow Statement Timing Differences (Working Capital Activities) Capital Expenses Vs Operating Expenses (Investment Activities) Financing Expenses not included in the Income Statement (Financing

Activities)

Represents the changes from last Year’s Balance Sheet to this Year’s Balance Sheet

Asset goes Up = Cash Negative Asset goes down = Cash Positive Liability goes up = Cash Positive Liability goes down = Cash Negative Owner’s Equity goes up = Cash Positive Owner’s Equity goes down = Cash Negative

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Cash Flow Statement Adjusting Income to Cash

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Current Assets Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800 Accounts Receivable 45,000 60,000 15,000 Inventories 35,000 40,000 5,000 Prepaid Expenses 10,000 9,000 (1,000) Total Current Assets 135,000 174,800 39,800

Property and Equipment Land 2,500,000 2,500,000 - Building 450,000 550,000 100,000 Furniture & Equipment 50,000 75,000 25,000 Total Gross P&E 3,000,000 3,125,000 125,000 Less Accumulated Depreciaition (300,000) (365,000) (65,000) Net P&E 2,700,000 2,760,000 60,000

Long-Term Investments 200,000 250,000 50,000

Total Assets 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Liabilities and Owners Equity

Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 35,000 40,000 5,000 Accrued Income Taxes 12,000 10,000 (2,000) Accrued Expenses 10,000 8,000 (2,000) Current Portion of Long Term Debt 20,000 10,000 (10,000) Total Current Liabilities 77,000 68,000 (9,000)

Long-Term Debt: 1,200,000 1,180,000 (20,000)

Deferred Income Taxes 12,000 17,000 5,000

Total Liabilties 1,289,000 1,265,000 (24,000)

Owners' Equity Common Stock 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Paid-in-Capital - 25,000 25,000 Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800 Total Owners' Equity 1,746,000 1,919,800 173,800

Total Liabilities & Owner's Equity 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Cash Flow Statement (000's) 2010

Net Income 148,800 Plus Depreciation 65,000 Plus Deffered Taxes 5,000 Cash Income 218,800

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Cash Flow Statement

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Current Assets Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800 Accounts Receivable 45,000 60,000 15,000 Inventories 35,000 40,000 5,000 Prepaid Expenses 10,000 9,000 (1,000) Total Current Assets 135,000 174,800 39,800

Property and Equipment Land 2,500,000 2,500,000 - Building 450,000 550,000 100,000 Furniture & Equipment 50,000 75,000 25,000 Total Gross P&E 3,000,000 3,125,000 125,000 Less Accumulated Depreciaition (300,000) (365,000) (65,000) Net P&E 2,700,000 2,760,000 60,000

Long-Term Investments 200,000 250,000 50,000

Total Assets 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Liabilities and Owners Equity

Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 35,000 40,000 5,000 Accrued Income Taxes 12,000 10,000 (2,000) Accrued Expenses 10,000 8,000 (2,000) Current Portion of Long Term Debt 20,000 10,000 (10,000) Total Current Liabilities 77,000 68,000 (9,000)

Long-Term Debt: 1,200,000 1,180,000 (20,000)

Deferred Income Taxes 12,000 17,000 5,000

Total Liabilties 1,289,000 1,265,000 (24,000)

Owners' Equity Common Stock 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Paid-in-Capital - 25,000 25,000 Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800 Total Owners' Equity 1,746,000 1,919,800 173,800

Total Liabilities & Owner's Equity 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Cash Flow Statement (000's) 2010

Net Income 148,800 Plus Depreciation 65,000 Plus Deffered Taxes 5,000 Cash Income 218,800

Working Capital Activities Change in Accounts Receivable (15,000) Change in Inventory (5,000) Change in Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Change in Accounts Payable 5,000 Change in Accrued Income Taxes (2,000) Change in Accrued Expenses (2,000) Total Change in Working Capital (18,000)

Operating Cash Flow (OCF) 200,800

Working Capital Activities

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Cash Flow Statement Investment Activities

Cash Flow Statement (000's) 2010

Net Income 148,800 Plus Depreciation 65,000 Plus Deffered Taxes 5,000 Cash Income 218,800

Working Capital Activities Change in Accounts Receivable (15,000) Change in Inventory (5,000) Change in Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Change in Accounts Payable 5,000 Change in Accrued Income Taxes (2,000) Change in Accrued Expenses (2,000) Total Change in Working Capital (18,000)

Operating Cash Flow (OCF) 200,800

Investment Activities Capital Expenditures (125,000) Investments (Change) (50,000) Total Financing Activities (175,000)

Cash Available for Debt Service (CAFDS) 25,800

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Current Assets Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800 Accounts Receivable 45,000 60,000 15,000 Inventories 35,000 40,000 5,000 Prepaid Expenses 10,000 9,000 (1,000) Total Current Assets 135,000 174,800 39,800

Property and Equipment Land 2,500,000 2,500,000 - Building 450,000 550,000 100,000 Furniture & Equipment 50,000 75,000 25,000 Total Gross P&E 3,000,000 3,125,000 125,000 Less Accumulated Depreciaition (300,000) (365,000) (65,000) Net P&E 2,700,000 2,760,000 60,000

Long-Term Investments 200,000 250,000 50,000

Total Assets 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Liabilities and Owners Equity

Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 35,000 40,000 5,000 Accrued Income Taxes 12,000 10,000 (2,000) Accrued Expenses 10,000 8,000 (2,000) Current Portion of Long Term Debt 20,000 10,000 (10,000) Total Current Liabilities 77,000 68,000 (9,000)

Long-Term Debt: 1,200,000 1,180,000 (20,000)

Deferred Income Taxes 12,000 17,000 5,000

Total Liabilties 1,289,000 1,265,000 (24,000)

Owners' Equity Common Stock 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Paid-in-Capital - 25,000 25,000 Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800 Total Owners' Equity 1,746,000 1,919,800 173,800

Total Liabilities & Owner's Equity 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

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Cash Flow Statement Financing Activities

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Current Assets Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800 Accounts Receivable 45,000 60,000 15,000 Inventories 35,000 40,000 5,000 Prepaid Expenses 10,000 9,000 (1,000) Total Current Assets 135,000 174,800 39,800

Property and Equipment Land 2,500,000 2,500,000 - Building 450,000 550,000 100,000 Furniture & Equipment 50,000 75,000 25,000 Total Gross P&E 3,000,000 3,125,000 125,000 Less Accumulated Depreciaition (300,000) (365,000) (65,000) Net P&E 2,700,000 2,760,000 60,000

Long-Term Investments 200,000 250,000 50,000

Total Assets 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Liabilities and Owners Equity

Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 35,000 40,000 5,000 Accrued Income Taxes 12,000 10,000 (2,000) Accrued Expenses 10,000 8,000 (2,000) Current Portion of Long Term Debt 20,000 10,000 (10,000) Total Current Liabilities 77,000 68,000 (9,000)

Long-Term Debt: 1,200,000 1,180,000 (20,000)

Deferred Income Taxes 12,000 17,000 5,000

Total Liabilties 1,289,000 1,265,000 (24,000)

Owners' Equity Common Stock 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Paid-in-Capital - 25,000 25,000 Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800 Total Owners' Equity 1,746,000 1,919,800 173,800

Total Liabilities & Owner's Equity 3,035,000 3,184,800 149,800

Cash Flow Statement (000's) 2010

Net Income 148,800 Plus Depreciation 65,000 Plus Deffered Taxes 5,000 Cash Income 218,800

Working Capital Activities Change in Accounts Receivable (15,000) Change in Inventory (5,000) Change in Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Change in Accounts Payable 5,000 Change in Accrued Income Taxes (2,000) Change in Accrued Expenses (2,000) Total Change in Working Capital (18,000)

Operating Cash Flow (OCF) 200,800

Investment Activities Capital Expenditures (125,000) Investments (Change) (50,000) Total Financing Activities (175,000)

Cash Available for Debt Service (CAFDS) 25,800

Financing Activities ST Debt Payments (10,000) LT Payments (20,000) Equity Contribution 25,000 Total Financing Activities (5,000)

Free Cash Flow 20,800

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Cash Flow Statement

Cash Flow Statement (000's) 2010

86 Net Income 148,800 87 Plus Depreciation 65,000 88 Plus Deffered Taxes 5,000 89 Cash Income 218,800

91 Working Capital Activities92 Change in Accounts Receivable (15,000) 93 Change in Inventory (5,000) 94 Change in Prepaid Expenses 1,000 95 Change in Accounts Payable 5,000 96 Change in Accrued Income Taxes (2,000) 97 Change in Accrued Expenses (2,000) 98 Total Change in Working Capital (18,000) 99

100 Operating Cash Flow (OCF) 200,800

102 Investment Activities103 Capital Expenditures (125,000) 104 Investments (Change) (50,000) 105 Total Financing Activities (175,000) 106107 Cash Available for Debt Service (CAFDS) 25,800

109 Financing Activities110 ST Debt Payments (10,000) 111 LT Payments (20,000) 112 Equity Contribution 25,000 113 Total Financing Activities (5,000)

115 Free Cash Flow 20,800

117 Beginning Cash 45,000

119 Ending Cash 65,800

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Current Assets Cash 45,000 65,800 20,800

Balance Sheet (000's) 2009 2010 $ Change

Retained Earnings 746,000 894,800 148,800

Timing Differences (Working Capital Activities)

Investment Activities

Recap

Financing Activities

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Financial Analysis

Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)

Equity & Bond Research – Wall Street Analysts

The Financial Statements could be used by analysts to project the Company’s performance and valuation

For an effective performance of the Company, you need to ask the three following questions:1. How is the Company doing versus Last Year2. How is the Company doing versus its competitors / piers/ market3. How is the Company doing versus expectations

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Financial Ratio Analysis

Trend Analysis

2010 Definition

Trend Analysis Ratios U.S. Revenue Growth 15.0% (Rev 2010/Rev 2009) -1 Europe Revenue Growth 16.7% Asia Revenue Growth 25.0%Total Revenue Growth 15.6%

EBITDA Growth 12.5% (EBITDA 2010/EBITDA 2009) -1

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Financial Ratio Analysis

Liquidity Ratio How well the Company manages Cash

2010 DefinitionLiquidity Ratios Current Ratio 2.57x CA/CL Quick ratio 1.85x (Cash + A/R) / CL Accounts Receivable Turnover (ART) 21.14x Revenue/Avg AR Accounts Receivable Days 17.26 365 / ART

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Financial Ratio Analysis

Solvency Ratio How well the Company manages Debt

2010 DefinitionSolvency Ratios LTD / Total Capitalization 38.1% LTD / (LTD + Equity) EBITDA / Interest (Coverage Ratio) 3.61x EBITDA / Interest LTD / EBITDA (Leverage Ratio) 2.73x LTD / EBITDA

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Financial Ratio Analysis

Activity and Operating Ratios It measures productivity and efficiency for running the business

2010 DefinitionActivity Ratios / Operating Ratios Inventory Ratio (IR) 11.20x Cost of Revenues/Avg InventoryInventory Ratio - Days 32.59 365 / IR

Please note that there are a lot of ratios establish by specialization (i.e. for a Hotel company is Occupancy Rate or for a Cable company is revenue per subscriber)

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Financial Ratio Analysis

Profitability Ratio How profitable is the company

2010 DefinitionProfitability RatiosGross Margin 62.2% Gross Margin / RevenuesEBITDA Margin 39.0% EBITDA / RevenueEBIT Margin 33.2% EBIT / RevenueReturn on Assets (ROA) 4.8% NI / Avg AssetsGross Return on Assets 11.8% EBIT / Avg AssetsReturn on Equity (ROE) 8.1% NI / Avg Equity