1

Yogendra M. GuptaDepartment of Physics and Institute for Shock Physics

Washington State University

Key Contributors: J. Asay (WSU), G. Collins (LLNL), M. Knudson (SNL), C. Yoo (LLNL)

Presented at the ERL X-ray Science Workshop 1Cornell University

June 6, 2006

Understanding Condensed Matter at Extreme Conditions: by Integrating Dynamic and Static

Compression Methods

2

Outline

•Extreme states of matter and dynamic compression

•Time-dependence and multiscale measurements

•Shock wave compression – recent highlights

•New developments in dynamic compression

•Unique role of static compression measurements

•Concluding remarks

3

States of Matter (Holmes, LLNL)

4

Features of Shock Wave Compression

• Pressure Range: 10 Kbar - 100 Mbar

• Time Scales: 100 fs - 10 μs• Directionality of loading

• Non-isotropic loading

• Large temperature rise (after thermal equilibration)

• Nonlinear coupling between wave propagation and material response

Final State

Initial State

Supersonic disturbance causing near-discontinuous changes in density, internal energy, particle velocity

5

Time-Dependent Material Response

Material Phenomena- Phase changes- Inelastic deformation- Spall or tensile failure- Chemical reactions

Loading Conditions- Temporal relevance

Real-Time Measurements- Resolution and duration

Incorporation of time-dependent response in shock wave propagation has 40 plus years of history at WSU

6

Measurements at Different Scales

Continuum Scale Mesoscale

MicroscaleAtomic/Molecular Scale

7

Shock Compression – Time Dependence

Freezing of Water

Structure Changes

Wurtzite

Rocksalt

FCT

ps

ns

D. Dolan, Ph.D. Thesis M. Knudson, Ph.D. Thesis

8

Particle Velocity (km/s)

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Sho

ck V

eloc

ity (k

m/s

)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28Fit to previous dataAl'tshulerKormerGlushakSimonenkoVolkovAl'tshuler & ChekinAl'tshuler & KalatkinTruninTruninTrunin

Al'tshulerKormerGlushakSimonenkoVolkovAl'tshuler & ChekinAl'tshuler & KalatkinTruninTruninTrunin

Fit to previous data

Particle Velocity (km/s)

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Sho

ck V

eloc

ity (k

m/s

)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28Fit to previous dataFit to Z dataAl'tshulerKormerGlushakSimonenkoAl'tshuler & ChekinAl'tshuler & KalatkinTruninTruninTruninZ data

Cumulative HE systems

Nuclear driven

~150 GPa

~750 GPa

~1200 GPa

Density Compression

2 3 4 5 6 7

Pres

sure

(GPa

)

0

50

100

150

200TBRossSesame 72LaserDesjarlaisKerley 03Russian (l)Russian (s)van ThielDickNellisZPIMC

Particle Velocity (km/s)

10 15 20 25 30

Shoc

k Ve

loci

ty (k

m/s

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

M.D. Knudson, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 225501 (2001); Phys. Rev. B 69, 144209 (2004)

Gas gun limit

Aluminum Data

D2 Data

Shock Compression (Knudson, Sandia)

9

Shock Compression (Collins et al., LLNL)

Density (g/cc)

P(G

Pa)

1000

100

4 6 8

T (K)

.1

.01

Ref

lect

ance

104 105

Partic le Velocity (km /s)

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Sh

ock

Vel

ocity

(km

/s)

10

15

20

25

30 LiFQ uartz

Sapphire

A lum inum (U s - 2)

7.6 Mbar

14.9 Mbar

2.4 Mbar

12 Mbar

1.8 Mbar

11.8 Mbar

5.7 Mbar

9.1 Mbar

Shocked Silica becomes more compressible and an electronic

conductor above 1 Mbar

10

Dynamic Compression – New Developments

•Magnetic launch – 34 km/s; expected to be 45-50 km/s in the future

•Laser shocks – tens of Mbar; Gbar on NIF

•Precompressed samples (DAC) subjected to laser shocks

•Ramp wave loading (rise times ~ tens to hundreds of ns)

Graded plate

Sample

P

t

P, u, E

HE plane lens

Energy deposition

CL

Magnet compressionXXXX

B

h

Ramp wave loading(Jim Asay)

11

Shock compression produces high-pressure, high-temperature states

Quasi-isentropic compression produces high-pressure, low-temperature states

HED facilities explore ultra-high pressure properties of

materials(G. Collins)

Why Ramp Wave Loading?

(Jim Asay)

12

Ramp Wave Loading -- Challenges

•Analysis of unsteady wave data

•Evolution into a shock wave

•Simulations of unsteady waves require care

0

1

2

3

4

5

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.769 mm

1.166 mm

1.561 mm

Time, μs

Velo

city

, km

/s

~1.7 Mbar

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Density, g/cc

Stre

ss, G

Pa Hugoniot

ICE DataIsentrope

X1

X2

Samples

VISARI

X3

(Jim Asay)

13

Novel properties of extended solids (Yoo, LLNL)

Iota et al., Science 283,1510 (1999) Yoo et al., PRL83, 5527 (1999)

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Lipp et al., Nature-Mat 4, 211 (2005)

High energy density

Polymeric CO

14

Mbar chemistry to exotic states (Yoo, LLNL)

Strong disparity in bonding results in a huge kinetic barrier (metastability); new opportunities for synthesis of exotic materials

Pressure-induced electron delocalization

Solid

Molecularphase

Associatedphase

Molecularmetal

Ionic fluid

FluidAtomic fluid

Extendedphase

Atomicmetal

Tem

per a

t ur e

-ind u

c ed

i on i

z at io

n

Kinetic line

Molecular fluid

Non-molecular metallic fluid

H2-IIIι-N2ε-O2

CO2-II, IV, (III)

NO+NO3 -

CO2+CO32-

Polymeric phasesCO2-Vθ-N2CO

Sym-ice X

Superionicphases

Metallic hydrogen

15

Concluding Remarks – Looking Ahead

•Comprehensive approach to address scientific needs– Shock waves: compression, deformation, temperature, time– Ramp waves: separation of compression, temperature, loading

rates – Static pressure: separation of compression, temperature,

deformation – Theory/computations: provide insights at different length scales

•Need to integrate dynamic and static compression efforts more effectively

•How to carry out dynamic experiments routinely at facilities like CHESS, APS, and LCLS (to take advantage of diagnostics)?

The next twenty years in high pressure science promise to be exciting