under the esteemed guidance of
TRANSCRIPT
LOGO
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Dr.Smt.G.Prasanthi,
Associate professor,
Head of Mechanical Engg Dept,
JNTUACEA
B.Venkatesh
Advanced I.C Engines
09001D7910
EMISSION CONTROL USING WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL
IN DIESEL ENGINE
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 2
Contents
Abstract1
Meaning of emulsion 2
Selecting of solvent3
Graphs and Tables4
Conclusion5
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 3
Abstract
In this modern world of industries and technology the diesel engine plays a major role in various fields. It may be for transportation (or) production e.t.c., with the increase in population and by various applications to the diesel resources are depleting day by day. These have also been hike in the prices. Diesel is causing a harmful effect on the environment leading to effect like green house.
To compensate the above said effects caused by diesel, research work is going on at a fast pace to add diesel and some additives to decrease the emission. In this project focus is on the effect of water emulsified diesel fuel combustion on brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) and Hydrocarbon emissions in a diesel engine. The experiment is to be conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle direct injection diesel engine at constant speed. Tests are going to be conducted using commercial diesel fuel and diesel fuel with 10%, 20% and 30% water by volume and 0.1% tween® 20 .
The present work is induced with the improvement in brake thermal efficiency and to reduce brake specific fuel consumption. The Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) and hydrocarbon emissions are to be calculated w.r.t the proportion water in diesel.Keywords: Brake thermal efficiency, Diesel engine, Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) emission, Hydrocarbon emission, Tween® 20 and Water emulsified diesel.
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 4
Meaning Emulsion
An emulsion is defined as a mixture of two or more generally insoluble liquids. A permanent emulsion exists when sufficient droplet sizes have
been reached to prevent the separation of the insoluble materials. Why instead of water we using Distilled water ?
In water so many active ions particles. The minerals and ions typically found in tap water can be corrosive to internal engine components, and can cause a more rapid depletion of the anti-corrosion additives found in most antifreeze formulations. So that we use instead of water we use distilled water.
Advantages & History
1. A high-volume pump can create the high-pressure needed for the fuel injectors at less expense
2. Recirculation warms the fuel and helps resist gelling at low temperatures
3. The warmed fuel improves combustion
Unstabilized emulsions require high shear to suspend small droplets of water in the fuel (Greeves et al., 1976). An advantage of unstabilized emulsions is reduced fuel costs, due to lack of additives needed and reduced emissions from not combusting surfactants or other emulsifying agents
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 5
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 6
Selecting of solvent
sodium dodecyl sulfatei
Tween 80 or polysorbate 80iii
Tween 20 or polysorbate 20ii
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 7
Sodium lauryl sulfate or Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polysorbate 20 or Tween 20 and Tween 80
Tween80 Molecular formula : C64H124O26 AppearanceClear : Amber colored
viscous liquid . Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate) Flash point : 113 °C Boiling point : > 100°C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed
oil, corn oil, ethyl acetate
Tween 20 Molecular formula : C58H114O26 AppearanceClear : yellow to yellow-green viscous
liquid. Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate) Boiling point : > 100 °C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil,
corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol Flash point : 110 °C
SDS Molecular formula : C58H114O26 AppearanceClear : white. Density : 1.01 g/cm³ Boiling point : > 100 °C Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed
oil, corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol
Flash point : 110 °C Molar mass : 288.38 g mol−1 Melting point : 206 °C
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 8
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Iteam Specifications
Name : Alamgar
Speed : 1500 rpm
Diameter of cylinder : 0.102m
Gen. set : 5 Kva
Phase : single
Load :up to 5000
No. of cylinder : single
Engine power :6.6Kw
Cylinder bore :102MM
Stroke length :116MM
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 9
Graphs
FIG1. Brake power Vs Brake specific fuel consumption
As water emulsion increases Brake specific fuel consumption decreases
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 10
Graphs
FIG2. Load Vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 11
Graphs
FIG3. Brake power Vs Mechanical efficiency
The Mechanical efficiency decreases at all conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in Figure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 12
Graphs
FIG4. Brake power Vs Brake thermal efficiency
The effect of water percentage in diesel-water emulsion on brake thermal efficiency and indicated efficiency is shown in Figure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 13
Graphs
FIG5. Brake power Vs Indicated thermal efficiency
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 14
Graphs
FIG6. Brake power Vs Brake Mean Effective Pressure
The brakes mean effective and indicated are decreases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 15
Graphs
FIG7. Brake Power Vs Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 16
Graphs
Fig8. Brake power Vs volumetric efficiency
The Volumetric efficiency increases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 17
Graphs
Fig9. Load Vs volumetric efficiency
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 18
Graphs
Fig10. Load Vs Exhaust gas temperature
The Exhaust gas temperature decreases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 19
Emission Standards for Diesel Engines ≤ 800 kW for Generator sets
Engine Power (P) Date CO g/kWh
HCg/kWh
PMg/kWh
Smoke1/m
P ≤ 19 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.6 0.7
2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7
19 < P ≤ 50 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.5 0.7
2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7
50 kW < P ≤ 176 kW
2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7
176 kW < P ≤ 800 kW
2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 20
Graphs
Fig11. Load Vs Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu).
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 21
Graphs
Fig12. Load Vs HC PPM
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 22
Graphs
Fig13. Load Vs CO %Vol
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 23
Graphs
Fig14. Load Vs CO2 %Vol
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 24
Graphs
Fig15. Load Vs O2 %Vol
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 25
DIESEL: DENSITY : 850 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 42,300KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 480 C FIREPOINT : 510 C
WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL:10% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 89.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 831 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 41,425KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 510 C FIREPOINT : 530 C20% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 79.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 828 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 43,595KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 470 C FIREPOINT : 490 C
30% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 69.9 % Diesel DENSITY : 820 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER CALORIFIC VALUE : 4,978KJ/KG FLASHPOINT : 450 C FIREPOINT : 480 C
FUEL SPECIFICATIONS
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 26
Drawbacks
A drawback to water—fuel emulsions is the amount of air bubbles reportedly contained in the emulsion mixture. Sawa and Kajitani (1992) evaluated the effect of water—fuel emulsions on diesel engine performance and emissions under transient conditions. They conclude that air bubbles in the fuel and its variability contributes to fluctuation in the injection timing and a poorer performance under transient conditions. They recommend removal of bubbles from the water—fuel emulsion
Advanced I.C Engines JNTUA Mechhnical Dept. 27
Conclusion
From the experimental result reported here, it is concluded that use of water emulsified diesel fuel has a potential to improve the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The test results show good agreement with previous study for emulsified fuel referred in the literature. Switching to emulsified fuel combustion does not require any engine modification. The corrosion of engine components due to water presence in the emulsion could be a problem in long run operation of the engine. But, Kweonha Park et al., [7] argued that water in the oil was quickly evaporated by micro-explosion into extremely tiny droplets; this would make the water droplets not to reach directly to the combustion chamber wall, so there would be no corrosion on the cylinder surface.
LOGO
BYB.Venkatesh