uml

UML Unified Modeling Language

Presented By-

Shah Imran Alam

CDAC- Mumbai

Why We Model ?

What is UML ?

The UML language is for

Visualizing

Specifying

Constructing

Documenting

Three major elements of UML

Building Blocks Rules Common Mechanism

Building Blocks Of UML

Things

Relationship

Diagrams

Four Kinds Of Things In UML

Structural Things Behavioral Things Grouping Things Annotational Things

Structural Things (Nouns of UML)

Class Interface Collaboration Use Cases Active Classes Components Nodes

Structural Things (Cont…)

The nouns of UML models are usually the static

parts of the system in question.

Class - an abstraction of a set of things in the problem-domain that have similar properties and/or functionality.

Notation:

Windoworiginsize

open()close()move()display()


Notation:

Interface - A collection of operations that specify the services rendered by a class or component.

CheckSpelling


Notation:

Collaboration - a collection of UML building blocks (classes, interfaces, relationships) that work together to provide some functionality within the system.

Chain Of Responsibility


Notation:

Use Case - an abstraction of a set of functions that the system performs; a use case is “realized” by a collaboration.

Process

Order


Notation:

Active Class - a class whose instance is an active object; an active object is an object that owns a process or thread (units of execution)

eventManager


Notation:

Component - a physical part (typically manifests itself as a piece of software) of the system.

DML_Parser.C


Notation:

Node - a physical element that exists at run-time and represents a computational resource (typically, hardware resources).

PrintServer

Behavioral Things (Verbs of UML)

Interaction Static machine

Behavioral Things (contd)

Interaction

The verbs of UML models; usually the dynamicparts of the system in question.

some behaviour constituted by messages exchanged among objects; the exchange of messages is with a view to achieving some purpose.

ParseNotation:

Behavioral Things (contd)

State machine

A behavior that specifies the sequence of “states” an object goes through, during its lifetime. A “state” is a condition or situation during the lifetime of an object during which it exhibits certain characteristics and/or performs some function.

Notation:EngineIdling

Grouping Things (Packages)

The organizational part of the UML model, provides a higher level of abstraction (granularity).

A general-purpose element that comprises UML elements - structural, behavioral or even grouping things. Packages are conceptual groupings of the system and need not necessarily be implemented as cohesive software modules.

.

AccountsDepartment

Notation:

Annotational Things (Note)

The explanatory part of the UML model; addsinformation/meaning to the model elements. A graphical notation for attaching constraints and/or

comments to elements of the model.

Notation:Parses user-query and builds expression stack ( invokes ErrorHandler)

A Few Other Example

Relationships In UML

Dependency Association Generalization Realization

Relationships (contd)

Dependency

Articulates the meaning of the links between things.

A semantic relationship where a change in one thing (the independent thing) causes a change in the semantics of the other thing (the dependent thing).

(arrow-head points to the independent thing)Notation:


Association

A structural relationship that describes the connection between two things.

Notation:

Associational (usage) relationships1. multiplicity (how many are used)

* 0, 1, or more

1 1 exactly

2..4 between 2 and 4, inclusive

5..* 5 or more

2. name (what relationship the objects have)

3. navigability (direction)

An Example

Student Courseenroll

advisee

advisorFaculty

6..* 0..*

1

0..*Course

0..*

1

teach

1..*

1

Association Class

Adds attributes and operations to an association– Allows exactly one instance of the association class

between any two objects– Can use an actual class instead, if you need more

PersonCompany0..* 1..*

Job

descriptiondateHiredsalary

employeeemployer

Special cases of Association

Aggregation : "is part of" symbolized by a clear white diamond.

Composition : "is entirely made of“ symbolized by a black diamond.

Aggregation

Special form of association representing has-a or part-whole relationship.

Distinguishes the whole (aggregate class) from its parts (component class).

No relationship in the lifetime of the aggregate and the components (can exist separately).

Aggregate Component

Aggregation Example

room

wall

Composition

Stronger form of aggregation

Implies exclusive ownership of the component class by the aggregate class

The lifetime of the components is entirely included in the lifetime of the aggregate (a component can not exist without its aggregate).

Composition Component

A Composition Example

Document

Paragraph

Sentence

Word

0..*

1..*

1..*

An Example

Department

member-of

Faculty

College

chair-of

Student

1

1 1

1

1 1

1..*

0..*1..*

1..*

University


Generalisation

A relationship between a general thing (called “parent” or “superclass”) and a more specific kind of that thing (called the “child” or “subclass”), such that the latter can substitute the former.

Notation:(arrow-head points to the superclass)

Generalization (inheritance) relationshipshierarchies drawn top-down with arrows pointing upward to parent

line/arrow styles differ, based on whether parent is a(n):

class:solid line, black arrow

abstract class:solid line, white arrow

An Example


Realization

A semantic relationship between two things wherein one specifies the behavior to be carried out, and the other carries out the behavior.

Notation:

(arrow-head points to the thing being realized)

Realization (representations)

Another example

Diagrams with UML

UML includes nine diagrams - each capturing a different dimension of a software-system architecture.

Class DiagramObject DiagramUse Case DiagramSequence Diagram Collaboration Diagram

Statechart DiagramActivity DiagramComponent DiagramDeployment Diagram

Common Mechanism

Mechanisms/elements that apply consistently throughout the language:

Specifications

Adornments

Common Divisions

Extensibility Mechanisms

Adornments

visibility: + public

# protected- private/ derived

underline static methods/attributes

parameter types listed as (name: type)

Italics Abstract Class

Common Division

There is a division of class and objects

Customer Joe : Customer

: Customernameaddressphone

Joe

Common Division

There is a separation of Interface and Implementation

Spellingwizard.dll

IUnknown

ISpelling

Extensibility Mechanism

Stereotype : Extends the vocabulary of the UML

Tagged value : Extends the properties of the UML

Constraints : Extends the semantics of the UML

EventQueue {version=3.4 author =sia}

add()removeflush()

<<exception>>Overflow {ordered}

Another Example (Stereotype)

Another Example (Tagged value)

Another Example (Constraints)

Revisiting Classes (Modeling advanced features)

Abstract, root and leaf elements

Multiplicity

Attributes

The Syntax of an attribute in the UML is

[visibility] name [multiplicity] [:type] [=initial-value] [{property-string}]

Example-

+ name [0..1] :String

origin : Point = (0,0)

id : integer {frozen}

Can be one ofchangeable, addOnly, frozen

Operations

visibility name ( parameter-list ) : return-type { property-string }

can be: isQuery (does not change state of the object) sequential (should not be called concurrently) guarded (like synchronized)concurrent (canbe executed concurrently)

Parameters can be marked as in, out, inout

Modeling static types (role-change)

Revisiting Association (Modeling advanced features)

Navigation

Unless otherwise specified, navigation across an association is bidirectional.

Navigation could be limited to one direction. By specifying the direction of traversal.

Visibility

Qualification

Interface Specifier

Class Diagrams

DVD Movie VHS Movie Video Game

Rental Item

Rental Invoice

1..*1

Customer

Checkout Screen

0..1

1

Simple

Association

Class

Abstract

Class

Simple

Aggregation

GeneralizationComposition

Multiplicity

Modeling a schema

Object Diagram

Interaction Diagram

Model the dynamic behaviour of the system; the flow of control within an operation.

Describe the interaction between objects; objects interact through messages to fulfill tasks.

Interaction provides behaviour and typically implements a Use Case.

Two types of interaction diagrams in UML– Sequence Diagrams (temporal dimension)– Collaboration Diagrams (structural dimension)

Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time-ordering of messages in an interaction.

Models interaction as a two-dimensional chart.

Objects participating in the interaction are plotted along the X-axis, time on the Y-axis.

Y-axis models the objects lifeline.

Messages passed between objects manifest the interaction.

An Example

Collaboration diagram

Collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the structural organization of objects participating in an interaction.

It showsobjects / classes

links between them

message flow along links

Messages are numbered to show sequence

An Example

Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagrams is the UML mechanism for requirements capture.

Use Case Diagrams are a graphical presentation of the “actors” in the domain and the “use cases” initiated by them.

“Use cases” are abstractions of discrete behavior exhibited by the system; perform a specific goal for an “actor”.

An “actor” is an abstraction of a role played by anyone or anything interacting with the system.

Common Uses

To Model the context of the system To Model the requirements of the system.

Modeling the context of the system

Modeling the requirements of the system

Another Example (A complete picture)

Use Cases and Scenarios

A Use Case actually describes a set of sequences [of actions].

Each sequence represents one possible flow of actions in using the system.

Each sequence is called a Scenario.

A Scenario is basically one instance of a use case.– a Scenario is to a Use Case, what an Object is to a Class.

Use Case Realization

The use case diagram is an external view of the system

A use case is realized in a collaboration

A collaboration shows an internal implementation- dependent solution of a use case in terms of:

– classes/objects– their relationships– their interaction

Realization (A Higher level of Abstraction)

Realization

Use Case A:ClassA :ClassB

:ClassC :ClassD

1: msg1

2: msg2

3: msg3

A Collaboration

Class A

Oper1()...

Class B

Oper2()...

Class C

Oper3()...

<<implements>> <<implements>> <<implements>>Use Case A description1. Step 12. Step 23. ...

uml

Documents

set of things

kinds of things

structural relationship

c structural things

aggregate class

uml elements structural

errorhandler notation

window notation