Spread of IslamSpread of Islam

Expansion under the Expansion under the UmayyadsUmayyads

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ObjectiveObjective

Describe the role of Muslim leaders Describe the role of Muslim leaders in the spread of Islam after the death in the spread of Islam after the death of Muhammad.of Muhammad.

The Umayyad EmpireThe Umayyad Empire

The Umayyads ruled until 750 CE The Umayyads ruled until 750 CE providing the next 14 caliphsproviding the next 14 caliphs

The first caliph of the Umayyad Empire The first caliph of the Umayyad Empire was Muawiya – when he took control he was Muawiya – when he took control he moved the capital of the Empire from moved the capital of the Empire from Medina to Damascus in Syria where his Medina to Damascus in Syria where his supporters and armies were locatedsupporters and armies were located

Once the Umayyads had control they Once the Umayyads had control they began to conquer new landsbegan to conquer new lands The empire spanned parts of three continents: The empire spanned parts of three continents:

Africa, Asia, and Europe in less than 100 yrs.Africa, Asia, and Europe in less than 100 yrs.

The Umayyad EmpireThe Umayyad Empire

The Expansion of the EmpireThe Expansion of the Empire When the Umayyad’s When the Umayyad’s

took power in 661 CE took power in 661 CE the Empire’s eastern the Empire’s eastern boundary extended into boundary extended into Persia and pushed the Persia and pushed the border further into border further into Central AsiaCentral Asia

The expansion began The expansion began with hit and run raids with hit and run raids attacking the cities of attacking the cities of Bukhara and Smarkland Bukhara and Smarkland – both major trade cities – both major trade cities of the region (located in of the region (located in modern Uzbekistan modern Uzbekistan

Umayyad ArmiesUmayyad Armies Hit and run raids soon Hit and run raids soon

turned into organized turned into organized compaigns for conquest compaigns for conquest which allowed them to which allowed them to control most of Central control most of Central Asia by 700’s Asia by 700’s

By 710 they controlled By 710 they controlled North Africa from the Nile North Africa from the Nile to the Iberian Peninsulato the Iberian Peninsula

By 711 they moved North By 711 they moved North across the Mediterranean across the Mediterranean Sea and into the Iberian Sea and into the Iberian Peninsula (modern nations Peninsula (modern nations of Spain and Portugal)of Spain and Portugal)

Uniting Many PeoplesUniting Many Peoples

Umayyad’s Success Umayyad’s Success

The Umayyads’ ruled successfully for awhile:The Umayyads’ ruled successfully for awhile: Expanded into a vast area of landExpanded into a vast area of land They build Mosques (Dome of the Rock)They build Mosques (Dome of the Rock) Allowed their people to bring their problems to Allowed their people to bring their problems to

them and consulted advisers about their policiesthem and consulted advisers about their policies Had a postal serviceHad a postal service Arabic replaced Greek and Persian as the Arabic replaced Greek and Persian as the

language of the captured territorylanguage of the captured territory Developed Arab coinage called the Dinar (gold) or Developed Arab coinage called the Dinar (gold) or

Diraham (silver)Diraham (silver)

Challenges to SuccessChallenges to Success

The Umayyad controlled a vast empire, The Umayyad controlled a vast empire, and with so much land under their and with so much land under their control they faced many challengescontrol they faced many challenges How would the Umayyads rule such a vast How would the Umayyads rule such a vast

empire?empire? How would the Caliphs communicate with How would the Caliphs communicate with

their subjects hundreds of miles away?their subjects hundreds of miles away? How would the subjects of the How would the subjects of the

Ummayyads pay for goods? Ummayyads pay for goods?

Umayyad GovernmentUmayyad Government In order to control the vast In order to control the vast

territory the Umayyads territory the Umayyads patterend their patterend their government on the government on the bureaucracy used in the bureaucracy used in the lands they won from the lands they won from the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

The bureaucracy allowed The bureaucracy allowed the Umayyads to control the Umayyads to control the entire empire from the the entire empire from the capital, Damascuscapital, Damascus

The caliphs appointed The caliphs appointed Emirs, or govenors, to rule Emirs, or govenors, to rule the outlying provincesthe outlying provinces

LanguageLanguage

The population of the Umayyad The population of the Umayyad empire was very diverse which was a empire was very diverse which was a challenge in uniting the populationchallenge in uniting the population

Abd al-Malik, who became caliph in Abd al-Malik, who became caliph in 685, declared Arabic as the language 685, declared Arabic as the language of the government for all Muslim of the government for all Muslim landslands

A Common CoinageA Common Coinage

Trade was another Trade was another issue the Umayyads issue the Umayyads facedfaced

In 700 Abd al-Malik In 700 Abd al-Malik further unified the further unified the Empire by introducing a Empire by introducing a common coinagecommon coinage

The coins helped spread The coins helped spread acceptance of Islam and acceptance of Islam and the Arabic languagethe Arabic language

Commerce was also Commerce was also made easiermade easier

The Decline of the UmayyadsThe Decline of the Umayyads Over time the Umayyads Over time the Umayyads

started to neglect the rules of started to neglect the rules of IslamIslam

They did not base their laws They did not base their laws on the Qur’anon the Qur’an

Built lavish palaces outside of Built lavish palaces outside of the towns where they spent the towns where they spent their time hunting, drinking, their time hunting, drinking, or dancing surrounded by or dancing surrounded by beautiful women, poets and beautiful women, poets and musiciansmusicians

The Umayyad clan was Sunni. The Umayyad clan was Sunni. Which meant they supported Which meant they supported the election of caliphs. the election of caliphs. However, each Umayyad However, each Umayyad caliph named a relative as a caliph named a relative as a successor before he died. successor before he died. This was creating a ruling This was creating a ruling family.family.

Unrest Unrest

The followers of the Umayyads became The followers of the Umayyads became unhappy – especially the Shi’itesunhappy – especially the Shi’ites

Jews and Christians became unhappy: they Jews and Christians became unhappy: they didn’t like paying the more taxes than the didn’t like paying the more taxes than the MuslimsMuslims

Persians didn’t like the substandard Persians didn’t like the substandard treatmenttreatment

Umayyad soldiers no longer wanted to Umayyad soldiers no longer wanted to fight – they had become comfortable with fight – they had become comfortable with their lives and familytheir lives and family

The AbbasidsThe Abbasids

One group of Muslims, the Abbasids, One group of Muslims, the Abbasids, gained support from other Muslims gained support from other Muslims who opposed the Umayyadswho opposed the Umayyads

By 750 the combined forces devised By 750 the combined forces devised a plan to overthrow the Umayyadsa plan to overthrow the Umayyads

According to some historians, the According to some historians, the Abbasids invited the Umayyad Abbasids invited the Umayyad leaders to a meeting to talk about leaders to a meeting to talk about peace. At the meeting the peace. At the meeting the Umayyad’s were murderedUmayyad’s were murdered