ulnar entrapment neuropathy and double crush syndrome
DESCRIPTION
my seminar on ulnar entrapment syndrome and double crush syndrome.TRANSCRIPT
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Dina Hazwani binti AzlangOrthopedics Posting
4th Year 28th December 2009
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DefinitionNerve compression/entrapment is the
restriction in the space around a nerve that can occur due to several reasons.
Functioning of the nerve is compromised.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGYWherever peripheral nerves traverse fibro-
osseous tunnels → high risk for entrapment and compression
What condition??1. Soft tissue increase in bulk.
• Pregnacy,myxoedema and RA
2. Local obstruction.• Ganglion, osteophytic spur
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When compressed Epineural blood flowAxonal conduction
Results inNumbnessParaesthesiaMuscle weakness
impaired
symptoms
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Decompression leads to improvement of the symptoms
But, in prolong or severe compression, decompression not resolve the symptoms
It leads to segmental demyelination, target muscle atrophy and nerve fibrosis
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ULNAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT
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Ulnar nerve entrapment occurs when the ulnar nerve in the arm becomes compressed.
> common at the elbow than wrist.Elbow- cubital tunnelWrist - Guyon's canal
Definition
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ANATOMY It travels from under the collarbone and along the
inside of the upper arm. It passes through a tunnel of tissue (the cubital
tunnel) behind the inside of the elbow. Here you can feel the nerve through the skin. It is commonly called the " funny bone. "
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1. Cubital tunnel syndrome
A.k.a cell phone elbow,referred to as ulnar neuropathy at elbow level.
Ulnar n.(UN) easily felt behind the medial epicondyle of humerus.
It can be trapped/compressed: Within the cubital tunnel →by bone abN, ganglion,
hypertropic synovium. Proximal to the cubital tunnel Distal to cubital tunnel.
Causes:Stretched by a cubitus valgus deformity.Holding the elbow flexed in long period s.a driving or
talking on the phone.Swelling of the elbow joint, cysts
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Clinical featurespain in the forearm → radiates in the
distribution of the ulnar nerveNumbness & tingling in the 5th and ulnar
half of 4th fingerswasting or weakness of intrinsic hand
muscles the reproduction of symptoms with elbow
flexion, with or without wrist extension weakness of the abductor digiti mini.Tinel’s test: tenderness over the nerve
behind the medial epicondyle.
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Diagnosis Confirmed by conduction test.However, since the symptoms are often
postural n activity related→ -ve test does not excluded the dx
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Treatment Conservative:
Modification of the posture.Splintage of the elbow in mid-extension
If symptoms persist- surgical decompression.
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2. Ulnar tunnel syndrome(Guyon canal)
Anatomy: This is the triangular
canal at the base of the ulnar side of the palm.
Laterally - hook of the hamate and transverse carpal ligament.
Medially - pisiform and the attachments of the pisohamate ligament.
Both the ulnar nerve and artery traverse the canal to enter the hand.
As the nerve enters the hand, it travels through another tunnel (Guyon's canal).
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CausesRepeated blunt trauma Fractures of the hook of the hamate can
impinge on the nerve. Tumors such as ganglia or lipomas,
anomalous muscle bellies, or hypertrophy of the palmaris brevis.
Aneurysm of the ulnar artery may compress the nerve.
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Clinical featuresNumbness, tingling and paresthesias Pain in an ulnar distribution of the palm and
finger Cold intolerance in the ring and half of small
fingersNormal sensation in the dorsal sensory
cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve A positive Tinel or Phalen sign.
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Thoracic outlet syndrome Condition whereby symptoms are produced
from compression of brachial nerves or blood vessels, or both, because of an inadequate passageway through an area (thoracic outlet) between the base of the neck and the armpit.
The thoracic outlet is surrounded by muscle, bone, and other tissues.
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Clinical features neck, shoulder, and arm pain, numbness,impaired circulation to the extremities
(causing discoloration). Often symptoms are reproduced when the
arm is positioned above the shoulder or extended.
Pains can extend to the fingers and hands, causing weakness.
Adson, Wright,Roos test - +ve
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TreatmentConservative - physical-therapy exercises and
avoiding certain prolonged positions of the shoulder
Surgical treatment indicated if pain is severe, obvious muscle wasting or vascular disturbances.
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Double crush syndromeDouble crush syndrome refers to a situation in which
there is compression or local irritation of a peripheral nerve at several separate sites along its course.
An example of this is coexistent C6 radiculopathy (neck site) and carpal tunnel syndrome (wrist site).
Other examples of the double crush syndrome might be TOS plus CTS and TOS associated with ulnar neuropathy.
Causes : multiple injury sites in repetitive strain injuries
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Double crush theoryThe "double crush" theory proposes that
when the double compression is cumulative and cause impairment of conduction and is sufficient to cause symptoms such as motor or sensory impairment.
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Clinical Manifestationclinical manifestation of double crush is due to
impaired nerve conduction, and consists of neurological deficit such as
muscle weakness , grip deficit, orwasting or sensory deficit, andnot just vague aches or pains.
On examination,Positive Tinel's sign at multiple sites (i.e., Erb'spoint, cubital tunnel as well as the carpaltunnel).
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Managementspine and extraspinal manipulation, myofascial release adjunctive
physiotherapies rehabilitative exercises
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Thank YOU for your
ATTENTION!!!
Good Luck in Examination…