1. Describe ways in which reptiles are more functionally or structurally suited for terrestrialityFunctionally or Structurally of Terrestriality reptile is usually has body shape that are elongated. The body is covered by a bulge epidermal scales with the addition of a layer of bony plates dermal. Animal ektothermal, has some habits to maintain body temperature. They usually has two nostrils on the snout. Large lateral eyes, having upper and lower eyelids. Niktitans translucent membrane. Closed ear hole by folds of skin. This is the describe in each organ and the structurally function :

Skin and integument system : Reptile skin contains keratin, a water-resistant substance that maintains hydration. Reptiles also have scales to keep in moisture and help avoid skin damage, though the scales are sometimes too small to be visible. Cranium and the nervous system : The nervous system is equipped with an optical lobes on the dorsal part of the brain, 12 pairs of cranial nerves at the nerve terminal addition. Panizzae foramen and circulatory system : Closed circulatory and double system . Heart with 3 rooms (2 atria, 1 ventrikel), specifically in order Crocodilia 4 space and there panizzae foramen. Has one pair of aortic arch. Kidney and Excretion system : Tool in the form of a pair of renal excretion metanephros, results is acid excretion of uric especially residual nitrogen . The kidney living on land means limited access to drinking water, so reptiles kidneys have adapted. They conserve water by producing less urine in more concentrated forms. Genitalia organ and he Reproduction is separate genitals with internal fertilization. Laying soft-shelled eggs is safe in water, but land-dwelling creatures require a different reproductive strategy. The eggs are covered by a hard shell or limestone, extra embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion and allantois), there is no larval stage that lives in water Lung and the respiration system : The reptile breathe with lungs, no gills, presence of arch branchi on embryonic phase. They has adapting lungs in place of gills was a significant step in reptiles migration to land. While amphibians all have gills at some stage in their development, either temporarily during the larval stage or permanently through adulthood, reptiles are born with fully developed lungs. While Limbs in pairs, usually with five fingers and adapted for climbing running or swimming, except in snakes and some lizards. Basking: For cold-blooded creatures on land, survival requires more than just physical changes. Since a reptiles temperature depends on its surroundings, it basks on rocks to warm its blood for hunting. Without a place to bask, reptiles cant get enough blood flow, as anyone who keeps reptiles as pets can verify. Reptiles kept in captivity must have access to warming lights and heat-absorbent surfaces to substitute for a natural basking environment. Legs: teresterial reptile needed to become land-dwelling creatures. This was once a topic for debate due to the legless nature of snakes. Though scientists knew that snakes once had legs, they could not determine whether they lost their limbs before or after migrating to land. Scientists at Penn State resolved this issue in 2004 by comparing DNA between snakes and their closest genetic relatives. They determined that snakes lost their legs after they left the water, possibly to enable their burrowing habits, but that snakes, like all reptiles, initially required legs to relocate to land habitats.

2. Know the differences between anapsid, diapsid & synapsid skulls. List at least two Reptile that are grouped under each taxon! anapsid The anapsid type has characteristic lack openings or fenestrae in the temporal region of the skulls. Probably the most primitive form skull. It lacks any holes (temporal fenestrae) primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull and is thought to be the type of skull present in all early reptiles. For example is the turtles and many extinct reptile groups. diapsid The diapsid type has characteristic having two openings in the temporal region of the skull. The characterized by the presence of two temporal fenestrae, called the lower and the upper temporal fenestrae. This is the skull type seen in a majority of reptiles (both modern and fossil). For example : dinosaurs => birds and crocodiles synapsid The synapsid type has characteristic possess a single lateral opening in the temporal region of the skull. This form has one temporal fenestra in a low position on the skull. It is seen in the 'mammal-like' reptiles and in mammals. Synapsids evolved a temporal fenestra behind each eye orbit on the lateral surface of the skull. It may have evolved to provide new attachment sites for jaw muscles. While the Synapsids and none other were the ancestors of the Mammals. For example is snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds.3. How did the poisons snake differ from nonpoisons ?1. Look at the head. Most venomous snakes usually have triangular shaped heads.2. Observe the colors. Some venomous snakes such as the coral snake have bright colors.3. Look into their eyes. Some venomous snakes have vertical eye slits, versus round pupils usually seen in non-venomous snakes.4. Look for a pit between the snake's eyes and nostrils. A poisonous snake normally has a heat-sensitive pit there to locate warm-blooded prey. Non-poisonous snakes lack such pits.5. See if there is a rattle. A snake with a rattle on its tail must be a rattlesnake, which is poisonous6. Notice the underside scales on the tip of the tail. Most venomous snakes have one row of scales there while non-poisonous snakes usually have two rows.7. Check the bottom of the tail if you can. The bottom of the tail (behind the anus) of venomous snakes looks the same as the rest of the belly. If the snake has a cross pattern (like a diamond shape) it is non-venomous. However, this may not be easy to find out, unless the snake is dead.8. Watch water snakes swim. Only venomous water snakes swim with their entire bodies visible on the water.9. Examine the bite marks in case of a snake attack. Two close-set puncture marks would indicate that the snake has fangs and is venomous. By contrast, a ragged bite mark means the snake lacks fangs, which only poisonous snakes have.

4. Describe why Archaeopteryrix litographica is primitive aves?Archaeopteryx is the earliest, most primitive bird known. The skeletal anatomy of Archaeopteryx is very similar to that of contemporaneous coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Every skeletal feature of Archaeopteryx closely relates to contemporaneous coelurosaurian dinosaurs, with the only exception of fused clavicles and unique ischial morphology.a) Feathers. Feathers are generally a defining structure when looking at modern birds, Archaeopteryx appears to have possessed well developed flight feathers, which are asymmetrical and contain a large amount of curvature as well as three distinct vanes. In some aspects however, the feathers of Archaeopteryx appear to be slightly more primitive than extant bird capable of flight with slightly less apparent asymmetry. Feathers are the diagnostic feature of modern birds. This is one of the main criterion for classifying Archae as a bird, as no other modern animal has feathers. The possession of feathers is a characteristic of birds, so strike one up for the birds. b) Opposable hallux (big toe). This also is a character of birds and not of dinosaurs. The hallux, or first toe, in Archaeopteryx appears to be flexible, a trait not seen in remains of dinosaurs. c) Furcula (wishbone) formed of two clavicles fused together in the midline. Thus furculas do not appear to be diagnostic to birds and certain members of the suggested closest group to the birds now appear to possess furculas so it is a neutral character. d) Pubis elongate and directed backward. This is a feature of birds, but it is also a feature of some theropod dinosaurs so is not diagnostic of birds - another neutral character. However, the pubic shafts of Archaeopteryx and dromaeosaurs e) Goup of theropod dinosaurs which are thought to be closely linked to birds) share a plate-like, slightly angled transverse cross-section which not found in any other archosaurs.The Archaeopteryx lived around 151 million to 149 million years ago during the Tithonian stage in the late Jurassic Period in what is now southern Germany.

5. Make diagram mammal based on theria and give example its animal

MamaliaPrototheriaTheriaMetatheria EutheriaMonotremataEx : Cyclopes didactylusEx : Tamandua mexicanaEx : Dromiciops qliroidesEx : Isoodon auratusEx : Ornithorhynchus anaticus