ugc net - social work

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1UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

Niruta Publications

UGC NET / JRF / SETSOCIAL WORK

(PAPER II and III)

Editors

Ramesha M.H.

Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy

Dr. Shashidhar Channappa


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2 UGC NET / JRF / SET Social Work Paper II and III

Niruta Publications

UGC NET / JRF / SET

Social Work (Paper II and III)

Edited By: Ramesha M.H., Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy, Dr. Shashidhar Channappa

Published by: Niruta Publications, Bangalore.

ISBN : 978-81-923326-9-7

Copyright : Publisher

Pages : 496

First Impression : 1000 copies

First Edition : 2014

Paper : Maplitho 70 GSM

Price : Rs. 750-00

Cover Page : Shivakumar, Niratanka.

Publishers

[email protected]

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All rights are reserved. No part of the this book can be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by

any means without the prior permission of the publisher or copy write owner. All data, views, opinions and

information published in this proceeding is sole responsibility of the authors. Neither the publisher nor mem-

bers of the editorial board are in any way responsible for them.

Printed at : Niruta Print Solutions

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MPM Layout, Mallathahalli, Bangalore-560056.

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Email: [email protected], [email protected]

http://nirutapublications.blogspot.in/

:

Niruta Publications,

#244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra Road,

MPM Layout, Mallathahalli, Bangalore-560056.

Ph: 080-23212309, Mob: 9980066890

Email: [email protected],


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Dedicated to

H.M. MarulasiddaiahA Pioneer of Social Work

Literature in Karnataka


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A Note to the Readers

It gives me immense pleasure to publish a book on UGC NET in Social work by Niruta Publications.

This book has taken a lot of time and effort which has been exclusively prepared for the aspirants of the

NET examination for social work. I believe this book not only helps UGC- NET aspirants but also social

work students. An attempt has been made to enable the reader to prepare well for the examination. It is

a collective and group effort of young and energetic professional social workers.

I received tremendous help from the co-editors Dr. D. Sreenivasa Reddy and Dr. Shashidhar Channappa

who have reviewed all the articles in this book and worked hard towards realising the final step of

publishing the book successfully. I also thank all the contributors who have spent their valuable time and

effort in bringing out this book.

I am deeply indebted to my parents, brother for their encouragement and support in my endeavour.

I invite criticism and suggestions for improving the book.

Ramesha M.H.

Publisher

Niruta Publications

/ A Note to the Readers


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Niruta Publications

Amrita Mukherjee Ms. Amrita Mukherjee is

presently working as an Assistant Professor

in the Department of Social Work, The

Oxford College of Arts, Bangalore. She

completed her B.A. (honors) in Sociology

from Lady Shri Ram College for Women,

Delhi University and Post Graduation in

Social Work from Acharya Institute of

Management and Sciences, affiliated to

Bangalore University with Rank 1 in

Bangalore University in 2011. She has

qualified NET/JRF in December 2011. She

worked as a project coordinator for

Nirantara Social Welfare Society for Sarva

Shikshana Abhiyana project and National

Child Labor project. She has a couple of

publications in National and International

journals and paper presentations at National

level Conferences.

Ananda N.LCompleted his Post Graduation in

Social Work from Bangalore University and

pursued M.Phil degree from Sri Krishna

Devaraya University, Anantapura, Andhra

Pradesh. He cleared Junior Research Fel

lowship in 2012. He is an author of the book,

Neladodala Chiguru-Life and Thoughts of

Nadoja L. Narayana Reddy, a renowned

Organic Farmer from Karnataka; he is also

a co-author of the book, Samaja Karyada

Kanasugara- A Biography of Prof. H MMaralasiddiah, well known Social scientist

from Bangalore. He has written extensively

in Kannada on a wide variety of Social Is

sues with a view to find social awareness

among the masses. He is a Founder Direc

tor of the NGO, Samrudhi Seva Samste

working for empowering rural communities

in Bangalore Rural Dist. He has 7 years of

teaching experience in various institutions.

Since 2009, he is working as a Assistant Pro

fessor in Department of Social Work, CMR

Institute of Management Studies (Autono

mous), Bangalore.

Gangadhara Reddy N, M.S.W, M.Phil, born in

Chalakayalaparthy, Chickaballapur district

of Karnataka. He has completed his Under

Graduation in Arts (BA) in 2005 from

Government First Grade College,

Chickaballapur, Post Graduation in Social

Work (MSW) in 2007 and M.Phil in 2010

from Bangalore and Pondicherry

Universities respectively.

He is actively involving with various

organisations and networks working for

Human and Child Rights. He held different

positions in various organisations as

Programme Co-ordinator for Child Labour

Project at Community Development

Foundation, Bangalore, Program Assistant

at Child Rights Trust, Bangalore, Research

Consultant at HLPPT, Bangalore, Resource

Person and Consultant at CACL-K,

Belgaum, Programme coordinator for RTE

programme at SICHREM, Bangalore and

also headed Social Audit Exercise on RTE

at SICHREM supported by National

Commission for Protection of Child Rights.

Currently he is working as Full Time Guest

Faculty in Dept of Social Work,

Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore

University, Bangalore.

He is author of bilingual Hand Book

(Kannada and English, Telugu and English)

on Right of Children to Free and

Compulsory Education Act 2009 and

Shikshana Makkala Hakku in Kannada

published by SICHREM. He is founder

member of RTE Taskforce which existed in

Our Authors

Our Authors /


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2012 to help people to clarify their doubts

about RTE. As a resource person, he has

conducted state level training of trainers

and regional level workshops on RTE,

Human Rights, Child Rights, Child Labour

and Child Marriage. He has also contributed

some articles on child marriage and child

labour to CACL-Ks newsletter Update. His

areas of interest are Human and Child

Rights, RTE, Research and Development.

Lakshman G Sagar, Dr. Lakshmana G, is an

Assistant Professor, in the Department of

Social Work, Central University of

Karnataka, Gulbarga. He has graduated his

B.A with 32ndRank in the University and Post

Graduation in Social Work (MSW) from

Bangalore University. He obtained his

M.Phil and Ph.D from National Institute of

Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences

(NIMHANS), Bangalore. He also obtained

PGDHRM from Bangalore University. He

has many publications in national and

international journals including Indian

Journal of Social Work and has presentedmany papers at National and International

Conferences. He has UGC major research

project to his credit. He has also worked

as co-investigator in two research projects

and involved in many workshops as

organizing committee member and

organized many workshops. He has

delivered many Guest Lectures and was a

resource person on various issues in different

places including few companies as well.

He has won Gold Medal for the best paper

presentation at a National Conference. His

research and teaching interests are

Psychosocial Intervention with Families and

Children, Community Care and Mental

Health, Rural development, Corporate

Social Responsibility, HIV/AIDS and

working with vulnerable population.

Laxman Toli Laxman Toli is a Post Graduate from

Karnatak University, Post Graduate Center

Bijapur.

He is presently a Research Scholar in the

Department of studies and Research Socialwork, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya

university P G Centre Nandihalli, Sandur,

Bellary. Previously, he has worked as

Project Fellow under the UGC Major

Research Project, at Karnatak University,

Post Graduate Center Bijapur. He has also

worked as a Lecturer in SSAC College,

chadac han, Bijapur. He has presented

Several Papers in the National Seminars

and has more than 3 publications to his

Credit.

Nagaraj Naik M, M.S.W, M.Phil, is Currently

working as Guest Faculty in Dept of Social

Work, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore

University, Bangalore. He completed his

Post Graduation in Master of Social Work

in 2004 from Bangalore University and

M.Phil, from National Institute of Mental

Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in

the year of 2008.

He has worked in Industries and also

published several articles in the national

and international Journals.

His area of interest is Human Resource

Management, Mental Health, School

Mental Health, and Life skills education.

Shanivaram Reddy K, M.S.W, M.Phil, Ph.D, is

Currently working as Guest Faculty in Dept

of Social Work, Jnanabharathi Campus,

Bangalore University, Bangalore. He

completed his Post Graduation in Master

of Social Work in 2005 from Bangalore

University. M.Phil, and Ph.D from National

Institute of Mental Health and

Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in the year of

2008 to 2012.

He has developed two standardized tools

for Indian Population called Schedule of

/ Our Authors


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Factors Inluenceing Adherance (SOFIA) and

Schedule of Factors Influencing to Access

(SOFIAc) to psychiatric care persons with

Schizophrenia. He has also published

several original articles in the national and

international Journals.

His area of interest is Community Mental

Health, School Mental Health, Women

Mental Health and Life skills education.

Shashidhar Channappa Dr. Shashidhar C, is

presently heading the Department of Social

Work, The Oxford College of Arts,

Bangalore. He completed his Bachelors

Degree in Arts from National College,

Jayanagar and Post Graduation in Social

Work from Lorven Educational Centre

affiliated to Bangalore University. He

recently was awarded with a PhD from

Bangalore University. He has many

publications to his credit in various

National and International level Journals

and he has presented academic papers in

numerous International and National

Conferences. He has more than 10 years ofexperience in the field of teaching, training

and development. His research and

teaching interest include studies of the

Informal Sector, HIV/AIDS, Womens

Hygiene and CSR to name a few. He has

worked as a trainer for BESCOM

(Parivarthana Dhare Module) where he

trained around 2000 people in various

districts of Karnataka like Bangalore and

Tumkur. He was also a resource person

who conducted a 2 day workshop on Field

Work Supervision: A key factor for

Strengthening Field Work Program funded

by Asia Foundation which was organized

at Talawa, Anuradapura, Sri Lanka.

D. Sreenivasa Reddy did his MSW from

Aacharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP,

M.Phil from Delhi School of Social Work,

University of Delhi. He obtained his PhD

from Sri Krishnadevaraya University,

Anantapur, AP and MBA from Sikkim

Manipal University, Gangtok. As a research

officer he served for three years at LBS

National Academy of Administration,

Mussoorie. Later, he started his teaching

career as Principal-cum-Lecturer in Social

Work at CVLNR Degree & PG College,

Anantapur, A.P. Then, he worked as a guest

faculty in the Department of Studies in

Social Work, VSK University, Nandihalli

PG Centre, Sandur, Bellary, Karnataka.

Currently he is working as a faculty in the

Department of Social Work, Sri

Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, AP.

He has twelve years of experience in

teaching and research. He is an active life

member in Indian Society of Professional

Social Work (ISPSW). He has written many

research papers and articles, presented in

various national and international seminars

& conferences and some of them were

published in national journals and books. Hehas organised many training modules,

seminars, conferences, consultations in the

field of rural development and social work.

He has authored two books on social work

namely A Handbook of Social Work and

Readings in Social Work Practice.

Suma K G , Smt. Suma K G is a Post Graduate

in Social work from Bangalore University,

Bangalore. She is Presently working as an

Assistant Professor, Department of studies

and Research in Social work, Vijayanagara

Sri Krishnadevaraya university, P G Centre

Nandihalli, Sandur, Bellary. She started her

social work career as an ICTC Counselor

in Victoria hospital, Bangalore.She also

worked as a Lecturer in the Department of

studies in Social Work, Rani Channamma

University, Post Graduate Centre ,Bijapur.

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She has presented several papers in the

National seminars, organized workshops.

She is a Life Member of Many professional

Social Work Associations and has more

than 6 publications to her Credit.Venkatesh Murthy S, M.S.W., M.Phil (Ph.D)

Working as a Head of the Department,

Department of Social Work, CMR Institute

of Management Studies (Autonomous),

Bangalore. He has got a total of 15 years

of experience in the field of social work (9

years teaching and 6 years of practicein

the field of HRM and Development sector).

He has published 15 articles in edited

volumes, journals, proceedings etc. and

presented about 15 papers at the National

and International conferences. He is

associated with several professional

bodie s/ associa tions na mely As sociate

Secretary for KAPSW and Life member for

ISPSW, NIPM, KCRO etc. He is also amember, Board of Examinations for the

Department of Social Work,Christ

University and St.Joseph College,

Bangalore. He has been actively involved

in various Consultation services in Policy

Formulation, Planning and organizing the

programmes on many social aspects and

in the various activities of Niratanka

organisation and Social Work Foot Prints

(Monthly and Quarterly Journal).

/ Our Authors


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Contents

A Note to the Readers - 4Our Authors - 5

Syllabus - 10

Part - 1Unit I

History and Philosophy of Social Work in India and Western Countries

- Gangadhar N., Nagaraj Naik - 13

Unit II

Community and Society - Venkatesh Murthy S. - 47

Unit - III

Psychology - Amrita Mukherjee - 137

Unit IV

Social Case Work - Shashidhar Channappa - 165

Unit V

Social Group Work - D. Sreenivasa Reddy - 193

Unit VI

Community Organization & Social Action - Ananda N.L. - 221

Unit VII

Social Work Research - D. Sreenivasa Reddy - 259

Unit VIII

Social Policy in India - Lakshman G Sagar - 299

Unit IX

Social Justice - Suma KG, Laxman Toli - 367

Unit X

Social Development - Shanivaram Reddy K. - 435

Part - 2Solved Question Papers - 449

Contents /


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Unit-I

Evolution of Social work Profession-Impact of

Social Reform Movements; Factors that influenced

the emergence of method approach in Social Work

Practice; Social Work profession and Human

Rights.

Philosophy and Principles of Social Work and

their application.System Approach to social Work practice; Role

of Social Work in the Remedial, Preventive and De-

velopmental Models.

Definition, Relevance and Scope of Integrated

Approach to Social Work Practice, Skills and Tech-

niques.

Social Work Education- Content, Traning, Super-

vision, Problems and Challenges.

Unit-II

Meaning and Characteristics of Society, Com-

munity, Social Group and Social Institution; Social

Structure and Social Stratification; Theories of So-

cial Change and Social Disorganisation.

Tribal, Rural and Urban Communities, weaker

and Vulnerable Sections and Minoriy Groups.

Population, Poverty,Unemployment, Underdevel-

opments; Problems of Developing Economies and

Consequences of New Economic Policy.

Concept of Welfare State, Indian Constitution-

Features, Problems, Fundamental Rights and Direc-tive Principles and Planning in India- Five - Year

Plans.

Concept and Causative Factors of Indian Social

Problems-Analysis.

Intervention in Social Problems - Government

and Voluntary Efforts at Micro and Macro levels.

Role of the Social Workers in identifying social

problams and development of appropriate strate-

gies.

Unit- III

Human Behaviour, Human Needs, Human Moti-

vation and Problems of Humam Beheviour and Cop-

ing Mechanisms.

Human Growth and Development in the Lifespan

of Individual.

Learning, Socialisation and theories of person-

ality

Unit-IV

Case work - Concept, Objectives and Principles.

Social Case Work Process- Intake, Study, So-

cial Diagnosis Treatment, Termination and Evalua-

tion.

Approaches in Case Work - Psycho - analytical,

Psycho- Social, Problem Solving, Behaviour Modi-

fication, Crisis Intervention, Eclectic Approach.

Techniques and skills in Social Case Work.Interviews, Home visit, Resource Mobilisation,

Referral, Environmental Modification, Case Work

Relationship, Communication, Types of Record-

ings in Case Work.

Role of Social Case Worker in Various Settings.

Unit-V

Concept of Group Work- Assumptions, Defini-

tion and Goals of Group Work.

Principles, Skills and Values of Social GroupWork.

Stages of Group Development and Use of

Programmes for Group Development : Orientation

Stage, Working Stage, Termination Stage,

Programme Planning, Implementation and Evalua-

tion.

Study of Group Process - Group Dynamics,

Members behaviour, Leadership and Role of the

Worker in Various Settings.

Syllabus

PAPER- II & PAPER-III (A)(Core Group)

/ Syllabus


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Approaches and Models in Group Work Prac-

tice - Therapeutic/Social Treatment. Development

Group and Task - oriented Group.

Unit-VIConcept, Principles and Objectives CommunityOrganisation.

Approaches in Community Organisation - Mod-

els, Strategies and Role of Social Worker in each

of the Approaches.

Community Development and Community

Organisation.

Social Action in Community Organisation - Con-

cept, Purpose and Techniques.

Community Organisation as a Para-political Pro-

cess-Networking, Conscientisation, Planning andOrganising, Role and Strategies of Social

Movemens - Types and Role of NGOs.

Unit-VIIDefinition, Nature, Scope and purposes of So-

cial Work Research.

Research Designs, Types and Methods.

Steps in Social Work Research- Problem Formu-

lation Operationalisation of Variables, Sampling,

Tools and Techniques of Data Collection, DataAnalysis and Report Writing.

Role and Responsibilities of the Researcher.

Statistics - Its use and limitation in Social Work

Research (measures of central tendency, chisquare

test, t-test, correlation).

Unit-VIIISocial Policy - Concept and Scope, Distinction

between Social and Economic Policies, Place of

Ideology and Values.

Evolution of Social Policy in India; Review ofMajor Policies and Programmes, viz., Education,

Health, Shelter, Environment, Social Security, Em-

ployment, Family, Child, Women and Youth Wel-

fare, Welfare of the Weaker Sections, Elderly and

Disabled.

Characteristics of Social Welfare Organisations

- Size, Nature, Design, Legal Status, Rules and Pro-

cedure and Overall Policy.

Management of Social Welfare Organisations -

(Government and voluntary) - Home relation, Fi-

nancial relation and Physical relation.

Programme and Project Management - Identify-

ing Overall and Specific Needs, Project Formula-

tions, Monitoring and Evaluation, Recording and Ac-

countability

Unit- IXConcept of Social Justice - Its relationship with

Social Legislation; Civil Rights; Human Rights; and

Issues of Social Justice.

Legislations pertaining to women and Children.

Legislation pertaining to Social Defence, Social

Security nd Social Assistance.

Legislations pertaining to people with Disabil-

ity, the Underprivileged and Health related Legis-lations.

Role of Social Worker in promoting Social Leg-

islation and Social Justice.

Unit-XSocial Development - Meaning, Concept and

Indicators.

Approaches and Strategies - Growth and Equity,

Minimum Needs, Quality of Life.

Global efforts for Human Development, Concept

of Sustainable Development.Social Work and Social Development.

Problems of Social Development in India.

PAPER-III (B)

(Elective/Optional)

Elective-ILabour Welfare and Human Resource Manage-

ment - Concept, Principles and Approaches.

Problems concerning Industrial Labour in India -

Absenteeism, Migratory Character, Indebtednessand Exploitation.

Concept of Collective Bargaining, Workers Par-

ticipation in Managament, and HRD Subsystems.

Legislations - Factories Act, 1948 and other Leg-

islations relating to Trade Union, Industrial Disputes,

Employees State Insurance, Wages, Gratuity, P.F.,

Bonus, Plantation, Mines and Others.

Role of Welfare Officer - Use of Social Work

Knowledge and Skills.

Syllabus /


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Elective- IIEvolution of Social Work Practice in the field of

Medical and Psychiatric Social Work in India,

Emerging Trends and Scope.

Health/ Mental Health Care System-Policies,Programmes, Analysis of existing Health Policies,

Major Health Concerns of Disadvantaged Groups.

Social and Psychological Factors and Physical

and Mental Disorders.

Role of Social Work in Health Care Delivery

System and in Institutions for the Disabled.

Social Work Practice in Hospitals, Specialized

Medical and Mental Health Institutions Child Guid-

ance Clinics, Stress and Crisis Intervention Centres.

Elective-IIIConcept, Goals, Process and Models of Com-

munity Development.

Needs and Problems Related to Urban, Rural and

Tribal Development.

Institution of Panchayati Raj - Philosophy, Role

and Functions.

Government Programmes and Service For the

Development of Tribals, Schedule Castes, Women

and Children in Urban, Rural and Tribal Areas.

Role of NGOs in Urban, Rural, Tribal Develop-ment.

Elective-IVChanges in Demographical and Social Situa-

tions of Families, Women, Youth, Aged and Chil-

dren in India.

Problems of Families Women, Yonth, Aged andChildren in India.

Social Legislation for Families, Women and

Children.

Policies, Programmes and Services for

Families,Women, Youth, and Children - Govern-

ment, NGO, National and International levels.

Social Work Intervention with Families, Children,

Women, Elderly and People with Special Needs.

Elective- V

Concepts of Crime and Deviance- Theories ofCausation.

Objectives, Forms and Justification of Punish-

ment: Limitations of Punishment.

Correctional Services- Nature and Evolution,

Adult and Juvenile Correctional Programmes, Insti-

tutional and Community Based Treatment, Legal

Provisions, Intervention Programmes for Victims of

Violence, Neglect and Abuse.

Juvenile Delinquency - Nature and Causes, Ju-

venile Justice Law and Organisation.Role of Social Worker in Correctionel Settings.

/ Syllabus


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UNIT - I

History and Philosophy of

Social Work in India

and

Western CountriesGangadhar. N.

Nagaraj Naik


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In India, the term social work is generally used

to include almost any activity which intended to

help, restore, or promote some aspects of the

physical, economic and social well-being of

individuals and groups (Nagpaul, 1988). It is not at

all a new thing and it has been done as it still is.

Social work in India has been practiced as an actof friendship and in the ordinary course of duty by

the priest, the teacher, the doctor and the lawyer.

Historical analysis of the development of social

work in India on the basis of striking characteristic

feature of particular period is presented under

different following heads.

Social Work in Ancient IndiaThe roots of social work found in the ancient

India. During this period, social work was practiced

as a social service activity in the form of Charity.The reference of charity is found in the Rigveda

which encourages charity by saying May the one

who gives shine Most. The Vedic term Dana

(Charity), which reflects the social philosophy of

those days to help the needy people of the society.

Dana and Dharma are the terms often used during

Vedic period which means not only distribute wealth

to needy people but also scattering bounty all

around in the form of planting trees, building

highways, excavating wells and tanks, and providing

places of shelter and treatment, of which allpersons and even animals might avail themselves.

The prevalence of the system Yajna, Havana

and Dana clearly states that it was a society in

which all the members used to participate in the

productive enterprise and fruits of their collective

labour used to be distributed among them. Yajna

was the most popular ritual known in Vedic days

performed for the sustenance of its life and

reproduction. It was a collective from a labour

without any division. Each and every person tried

his bit towards the Yagna. Their intention was

common welfare of all and there were no personal

desires to be fulfilled. Havana was the distribution

of the daily proceeds of collective labour among

the individual members who used to consume them.

Dana was the distribution of goods acquired in war

among the people in the community at festive time.

It is a helping process through dana seems to have

found due recognition that period when Rigveda

declares that The riches of the one gives do not

diminish ... The solitary eater is also a solitary

sinner.

In the Bhagwad Gita, Dana, i.e., charity is

described in terms of material aid, knowledge and

protection against fear, i.e., Abhayadan.

Aparigraha and Loksangrah, the terms used in

Gitas principle which mean that materials and

money should not be collected for self and that oneshould work for the welfare of community

respectively. Gita advises that when any profit

accrued as result of the total dedicated efforts of

the many, is misappropriated by man, than he is a

thief. No single member has a right for a larger

share. The community was sure to succeed in

progress and welfare when it has learned to live

and strive as one entity. The privileged class moral

duty to serve the poor, such persons who served

the society with all their ability are freed from all

sins, but those who cook for themselves or producefor their own gains are eating sin. In Mahabharata

we find that when Bhishma talked to Yudhishtira,

he described that essence of religion, non-violance,

truth, the conquest of anger and charity.

Upanishads like Brihadaranyaka, Chhandogya

and Taittiriya prescribed that every household must

practised charity.Upanishads concept of Ishats and

Apurtas become socially accepted. Ishats were

individual goods performed by philanthropic and

economically well-off persons and Apurtas were

UNIT - IHistory and Philosophy of Social Work in

India and Western Countries

Gangadhar. N.

Nagaraj Naik

HPSW in India and Western Countries /


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social goods in the form of wells, rest-houses etc.,

performed by the people for the general welfare

of the public. The concept of individual charity as

an instrument of repayment of various types of

Rinas (debts) also became widely accepted during

this period. The habbit of giving alms was common

and no householder turned away a beggar empty

handed as to do so was considered a s sin.

According to Manusutra, it was his duty to feed his

guests first, then his servants and later he and his

wife might eat last at all.

Hindu scriptures say that the man who helps other

or gives charity does not show the sense of

superiority. According to Aswalayana Griha, one

must daily perform Pancha Yagnas they are service

to God, ancestors, animals, ones ownself and ones

fellowmen. The Chhandogya Upanishad says that

life is succession of Yagnas or service for others.

Charity is not merely a social duty but it is like

prayer. One does it for its own sake, because one

feels it is a privilege because one is serving the

Lord through it. The Taittiriya Upanishad declares

that it is better not help at all rather than help without

showing due respect to the recipient of charity.

According to Shastri, in early Vedic period, the

communitarian republics (society) which functioned

like an extended family, everybodys needs were

catered by everybody. There was a life of complete

mutuality and reciprocal assistance whether the

needs were basic or special, generic or arising out

of vulnerable situations like disease and external

danger. In knowledge and skills of people differed

only in quantity and everybody did for others in need

what others did for him in similar circumstances.

The whole business of helping people in need was

everybodys business mainly handled in a collective

way. Thus everybody was client and agent either

on different occasions or for different purposes.

With the development of agrarian society with

private group ownership of land, the concept of

charity came in to existence. Earlier when there

was common ownership of property by the tribe,

dana was a protection as of right, against starvation,

for the sick, the aged, and the weak, who had the

first claim on social property. But during late and

after Vedic period the private property and class

rule came into existence. Dana was converted from

an instrument from an instrument of social insurance

to a privilege of the ruling of the ruling class and

became now a voluntary virtue and charity of the

kings and Kshatriyas.

By the later vadic period, dana became

institutionalised and acquired the characteristics of

charity with religious ideology. Dana was given to

acquire punya (merit). It was no longer given

merely in celebration of an event or a heroic

personality or in connection with a ceremony.

During the period of Smritis, psychological help

in the form of Tatwa Jnana and Atma Jnana, in

addition to material assistance was also made

available to the people in order to improve their

social functioning. Buddhists and Jains also

continued the tradition of helping people. Both

Jainism and Buddhism promoted equality and non-

violence. These are institutionalised religions in

terms of Sangha. Sanghas were the centres of

shelters and learning and were responsible for the

spread of literacy. Lord Buddha also talked of

welfare of the masses (Bahujana Hitaya.., Bahujana

Sukhaya).

The evolution of Buddhism during the Magadha

empires changed the characteristics of Indian

Society. It was changed from tribal agricultural

settlement to a class-based agrarian economy.

Buddhism also accepted the karma theory which

served the purpose of explaining the origin of social

inequality. Buddhism laid a great emphasis on

punya and dana. Charity was seen not only as a

means of alleviating the sufferings of the materially

poor but also as the giving gifts. Kings like

Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Kanishka and

Harshawardhana influenced by the Buddhism who

initiated the welfare activities for the needy people.

Buddhism is the only Indian religion which crossed

over the frontiers into Asia and then became a world

religion.

Guilds were important corporate organisations

which performed a variety of economic and

welfare functions in ancient India. Guilds played

important role during Buddhist period. Apart from

economic and political functions, these guilds were

providing social security to the oppressed class of

the society. Some part of the funds was utilised for

the relief of deserving persons such as the distressed,

the blind, the idiotic, the infirm, the orphans and

helpless women.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The Social Security Measures, first of all was

adopted in Ancient India by

A) Kautilya

B) Shuklacharya

C) King Ashoka

D) Harshavardhana

2. Who had appointed Goops to keep records of

castes, births, marriages and looked after people

to institutionalise the help process?

A) Ashoka

B) Kautilya

C) Samudra Gupta

D) Harshavardhan

3. Who was the first Muslim king made a blood

attempt to prohibit the Sati system in India?

A) Ghias-ud-din Tugalak

B) Akbar

C) Humayun

D) Alla-udd-din-Kilji

4. Who was the great Muslim ruler brought many

reforms in Indian society along with abolished

slavery in 1583?

A) Ghias-ud-din Tugalak

B) Akbar

C) Humayun

D) Alla-udd-din-Kilji

5. Regulation XVII of 1829 of Lord Bentinck was

enacted to

A) Ban Sati

B) Ban Child Marriage

C) Encourage Widow RemarriageD) None of the Above

6. The objective of social reform is

A) To help a minority group

B) To assist the marginalised group

C) To bring about social change

D) None of the above

7. Charter Act was passed in the year

A) 1973 B) 1983

C) 1963 D) 1986

8. Who started the Atmiya Samaj in 1815 which

later grew in to Bramho Samaj?

A) Rajaram Mohan Roy

B) Keshub Chander Sen

C) Dwarakanath Tagore

D) Devendranatha Tagur

9. Which Institution was founded by Justice M.G

Ranade?

A) Arya Samaj

B) Sathya Shodhaka Samaj

C) Prarthana SamajD) Atmiya Samaj

10.The Servants of India founded in the year

A) 1928 B) 1905

C) 1908 D) 1900

11.Who formed Widow Remarriage Association

in 1861 which was aimed at promotion of widow

remarriage?


B) Annie Besent

C) Justice Ranade

D) Rabindranatha Tagur

12.Who founded Anglo-Mohammedan College at

Aligarh in 1875?

A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

B) Mohamud Gavan

C) Shastri Jambhekar

D) Sasipada Banerjee

13.Who made efforts to culminate in 1929 into

enactment of the Sarda Act fixing the minimum

age of marriage at 14 years for girls and 18 years

for boys?


B) Annie Besent

C) Justice Ranade

D) Har Bilas Sharda

14.Who was the founder of The Central Hindu

College at Benaras?

A) D.K Karve

B) Annie Besent

C) Justice Ranade

D) V. R Shinde



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15.Which among the following organisation founded

in 1881 at Madras by Madame Blavastsku and

Colonel Olcott?

A) Widow Remarriage Association

B) Indian National Social Congress

C) Prarthana Samaj

D) Theosophical Society

16.When was Literary and Scientific Society

founded?

A) 1830 B) 1849

C) 1888 D) 1850

17.Which among the following Institute founded

under the leadership of Bala Gangadhar Shastri

Jambekar at Bombay in 1830?

A) Elphistone Institute

B) Literary and Scientific SocietyC) Servants of India

D) The Central Hindu College

18.Who was the first Indian Woman editor edited

a women journal, Bharati?

A) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani

B) Savitri-Bhai-Pule

C) Annie Besant

D) Swarnakumari Devi

19.Which among the following institutions founded

by Swarnakumari Devi in 1882 at Culcutta?

A)Ladies SocietyB) The Bharat Stree Mahila Mandal

C) Bharat Stree Mandal

D) Widow Remarriage Association

20.When was the first Womens Indian Association

established in Madras?

A) 1915 B) 1916

C) 1917 D) 1918

21.Who founded The Servants of India?


B) Mahatma Gandhi

C) Gopala Krishna Gokale

D) Debendranatha Tagur

22.When was the first professional school of social

work, Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of

Social work was set up in Bombay?

A) 1930 B) 1936

C) 1934 D) 1936

23.Who founded Arya Samaj in 1875?


B) Annie Besent

C) Swami Dayanada Saraswathi

D) Rabindranatha Tagur

24.Justice Ranade formed Widow Remarriage

Association in the year

A) 1960 B) 1900

C) 1861 D) 1876

25.Who started the first exclusive schools for girls

in Poona?


B) Annie Besent

C) Savitri-bhai-Pule

D) Sarojini Naidu

26. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was passed

in the year

A) 1966 B) 1856

C) 1851 D) 187627.Match the following persons with the

organizations they associated:

List I List II

I) JyotibhaPhule 1) Bharatiya Adimajati

Sevak Sangh

II) Thakarbappa 2) Servants of India

Society

III)Gopal Krishna 3) Harijan Sevak Sangh

Gokhale

IV) M.K. Gandhi 4) Satya Sodhak Samaj

Codes : (I) (II) (III) (IV)

A) (1) (2) (3) (4)

B) (4) (1) (2) (3)

C) (2) (4) (3) (1)

D) (1) (3) (4) (2)

28.Match items in List I with List II by choosing

the correct code given below:

List I List II

(Movement) (Propounder)

a) Arya Samaj i) Jotirao Phule

b) Brahma Samaj ii) Swami Da ya na nd

Saraswati

c ) Satya Sodhak iii) Mrs. Annie Besant

Samaj

d) Theosophical iv) Raja Ram Mohan

society Roy

Codes :

(a) (b) (c ) (d)

A) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

B) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

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C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

D) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)

29.Match the following:

List I List II

a ) Anna Hazare (i) Narmada BachawAndolan

b) Baba Amte (ii)Ralegansiddhi

c ) Medha Patkar (iii)CHIPKO

d) Chandi Prasad Bhatt (iv)Anandwaan

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

A) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)

B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

C) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

D) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

30.UGC published a Report model curriculum for

social work education in the year

A) 1980 B) 2001

C) 1999 D) 1991

31.The Book History, Philosophy and Fields of

Social Work in India is written by

A) M.S. Gore B) S.K. Khinduka

C) A.R. Wadia D) R.R. Singh

32.In which among the following states in India,

Community Development Programme was first

initiated in 1952?

A) Tamil Nadu

B) Punjab and Haryana

C) Uttar Pradesh

D) Rajasthan

33.Match the following legislations with the year

of enactment:

List I List II

I) The Child Marriage 1) 1929

Restraint Act

II) The Juvenile Justice Act 2) 1904III)The Factories Act 3) 1986

IV)The Cooperative 4) 1948

Societies Act

Codes :

(I) (II) (III) (IV)

A) (4) (3) (2) (1)

B) (3) (2) (1) (4)

C) (1) (3) (4) (2)

D) (3) (4) (1) (2)

34.The Indian Journal of Social Work was started

in the year

A) 1938 B) 1940

C) 1948 D) 1952

35.Who was the first director of Tata Institute of

Social Sciences (TISS)?

A) Dr. J.M. Kumarappa

B) Sugata Dasgupta

C) Sir Clifford Manshardt

D) Mary Richmond

36.The First Review Committee of Social Work

Education in India was set up by UGC in the

year

A) 1965 B) 1972

C) 1978 D) 1981

37.Match the following organizations given in List

I wi th the profess iona l Jour na ls they are

publishing given in List II.

List I List II

I) NIRD 1) Perspectives in Social

Work

II) TISS 2) Contemporary Social

Work

III)University 3) Indian Journal of Social

of Lucknow Work

IV)Nirmala (4) Journa l of Rural

Niketan Development

(Mumbai)

Codes:

(I) (II) (III) (IV)

A) (2) (3) (1) (4)

B) (4) (3) (2) (1)

C) (1) (2) (4) (3)

D) (3) (1) (4) (2)

38.National Organisation of Women known as

National Council of Woman came to be

established in the year

A) 1922 B) 1925

C) 1917 D) 1920

39.UGC Second Review Committee of Social

Work Education in India was set up in the year

A) 1964 B) 1972

C) 1980 D) 1981

40.UGC sponsored Report of the Curriculum

Development Centre in Social Work Education

was published in

A) 1980 B) 1987

C) 1990 D) 1995



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UNIT-II

Community and SocietyVenkatesh Murthy S.


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Indian Social StructureSocial Structure is a basic concept in the society.

Since long several efforts have been made to define

social structure, still there is no unanimity of opinion

on its definition; Herbert Spencer was the first thinker

to throw light on the structure of society.

According to MacIver and Page, The various

modes of grouping together comprise the complex

pattern of the social structure. In the analysis ofthe social structure the role of diverse attitudes and

interests of social beings is revealed. MacIver and

Page have also regarded that social structure is

abstract which is composed of several groups like

family, church, class, caste, state, community etc.

After going through the various views on social

structure, we may conclude as under:

a. Social structure is an abstract and intangible

phenomenon.

b. Individuals are the units of association and

institutions who are in turn the units of socialstructure.

c . These institutions and associations are inter-

related in a particular arrangement and thus create

the pattern of social structure.

d. Social Structure is a living structure which

is created, maintained for a time and changes.

SocietyThe term Society is derived from Latin word

Socious which means companionship

Companionship means sociability.

DefinitionsGeorge Simmel pointed out that the society is

the element of sociability which defines the true

essence of society. It indicates that man always

lives in the company of other people.

Society is the complex or organized

associations and institutions with the community

D.M. Cole

Society is the Web of social relationship

MacIver

According to Auguste Comte, all societies

whatsoever they are from contain both force for

stability, which he called social relationship

Maclver.

According to Auguste Comte, all societies

whatever they contain both force for stability, which

he called social statics and forces for change

called as social dynamics.

Many other sociologists define society as a

population living in the same geographical area

that share a culture and a common identity and

whose members are subject to the same political

context.

Characteristics of Society

Society consists of people

Mutual interaction and mutual awareness Society depends on likeness

Society rests differences too

Cooperation and division of labour

Social control by informal and formal means

Society is dynamic

Unique culture

Gregarious nature of man

Community

Community refers to a group of individuals livingin a geographical area. They aware the same

physical environment and the basic conditions of

common living.

Examples are neighborhood, village, tribal etc.,

Definitions

Community is a social group with some degree

of we feeling and living in a common area

Bogardus.

UNIT-IICommunity and Society

Venkatesh Murthy S.

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Community is the smallest territorial group that

can embrace all aspects of social ill

Kingsley Davis.

Community is an area of social living marked

by some degree of soc ial coherence

R.M.Maclver.

Community is a group or collection of groups

that inhibits a locality

- Nimkoff&Ogburn

Community is any circle of people who live

together and belong together in such a was that they

do not share this or their particular interest only but

a whole set of interest

Manheim.

Elements of Community Group of people

Locality

Community sentiment

Permanency or stability

Naturality

Likeness

Wider ends

A particular name

No legal status

Regulation of relation

Size of the Community

Characteristics of Community Community refers to an aggregate of

individual

It is associated with a locality

The members of community have strong

community sentiments or a sense of

belongingness or we fee ling

Community as a group of people is created

spontaneously over a long period of time

Therefore, it has more permanence or

endurance than those groups which are

created with a purpose

Community serves wider ends

A community is usually associated with

specific name.

Types of CommunitiesF.Tennies Greman Sociologist used two terms

such as Gemeinschaft which means community

and Geselleschaft means association to refer

different types of human groupings found in human

societies. There are many types of communities,

out of those four clearly identified communities are:

a. Village or rural

b. City or urban

c. Nation

d. World

Difference between Society and Community

Community Organization: In order to study

community organization, we have to understand the

concept of community. The term community is

used in different contexts: a religious community,

business community or caste based community etc.,

but in the context of social work, a community is

defined as a group of people lining in a common

geographical area, sharing common interests andhaving a sense of belonging.

Community Welfare Services : The terms

community development and community

organization are relatively new in India. With the

launching of the rural development projects as part

of the five year plans, the term community

development came to be used with reference to

these projects, but community development now

refers to welfare and development work in any

Community

i. Community consists

individuals who are

living in a particular

geographical area

and some degree of

we feeling

ii. Geographical area is

very essential

iii.Community is

concrete

iv.Community is

smaller than a

society

v. Likeness is very muchessential than a

difference

Society

i. Society is a web of

social relationships.

There are a lot of

associations and

institutions.

ii. Definite geogra-

phical area is not

essential

iii.Society is abstract

iv. Society is wider

v. the l ikeness and

difference is

important

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Community And Society

Society1. In Sociology, Society refers to the

a) Members of a specific in-group

b) Pattern of the norms of interaction

c ) Congregation of people

d) People with laws and customs

2. Society is the total social heritage of folkways,

mores and Institutions, of habits, sentiments and

ideals. This is a view of society.

a ) Structural b) Cultural

c ) Functional d) None of the above

3. Who among the following has given the structural

view of society?

a) Durkheim b) Giddings

c ) MacIver d) Cooley

4. Who among the following has given the functional

view of society?

a) Giddings b) August Comte

c ) Parsons d) Spencer

5.According to ............. society is a web of social

relations.

a ) Cooley b) MacIver

c ) Parsons d) Leacock

6. The relation existing between a type writer and

a desk can be called

a) Material b) Cultural

c ) Physical d) Structural

7. The relationship between fire and smoke is not a

social one as the very relationship is not in any

way determined by

a ) Co-operation b) Mutual awareness

c ) Integration d) Social compulsion

8. According to Giddings, society rests on

a) Mutual co-operation

b) Altruism

c ) Consciousness of kind

d) Folkways and mores

9. Find out the incorrect match

a) Giddings structural view of society

b) Coo le y socie ty is a we b of socia l

relationships

c ) Parsons functional view of society

d) Cooley we feeling.

10. Man is a social animal. Who said this?

a) MacIver b) Freud

c ) Aristotle d) Rousseau11. is a system of relationship between cells

a ) Society b) Aggregation

c ) Organism d) Group

12. Who has compared society with an organism?

a) Darwin b) Durkheim

c ) Spencer d) MacIver

13. Patriarchal theory has been propounded by

a) Tylor b) Henry Maine

c ) Aristotle d) Morgan

14. According to theory, individuals made a

mutual agreement and created societya) Patriarchal b) Social contract

c ) Agreement d) Divine origin

15. According to , the life of man was solitary,

poor, nasty, brutish and short

a ) Rousseau b) Locke

c ) Plato d) None of the above

16. Society is not a make, but a growth. This view

is related to

a) Patriarchaltheory

b) Matriarchal theory

c ) Divine origin theoryd) Evolutionary theory

17. Animal society is based on whereas human

society is based on

a) Instincts, reason

b) Sex drives, cultural needs

c ) Strength, knowledge

d) None of the above

18. the process by which the individual learns

to conform to the norms of the group



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a) Integration b) Socialization

c) Conformity d) Assimilation

19. Socialization is a matter of

a) Learning

b) Biological inheritance

c) Socialising

d) Division of labour

20. Sociality is a and socialization is a

a) Quality, Process

b) Principle, biologica l Inheritance

c ) Cultural process, virtue


21.The social order is maintained largely by

a) Division of labour b) Law

c ) Socialization d) State

22. The process of imitation may be perceptual or

a) Conscious b) Deliberate

c ) Spontaneous d) Ideational

23. is the process of communicating

information which has no logical or self-evident

basis

a) Suggestion b) Imitation

c ) Transculturation d) Accommodation

24.When the child attempts to walk with a stick like

his father, he is following a factor

responsible in the process of socialization?a) Identification b) Suggestion

c ) Imitation d) Conformity

25. is the means of cultural transmission

a) Education b) Society

c ) Language d) Archaeology

26.The of a person is that he consciously or

unconsciously conceives himself to be

a) Self b) Personality

c ) Culture d) Worth

27.The concept of Looking-glass self has been

given by

a) Mead b) Giddings

c ) Cooley d) MacIver

28.The concept of Looking glass self revolves

around

a) Our perception of how we look to other

b) Out perception of their judgment of how we

look

c ) Our feeling about these judgments

d) All of the above

29.According to , Id, Ego and Super ego

constitutes the three systems of mind

a) Freud b) Mead

c ) Cooley d) Boas

30.According to Freud, represents untamedpassions and instinctive desires.

a) Id b) Ego

c ) Child d) Self

31.When a father relieves his aggression by beating

the child, finds expression in disguised form?

a) Id b) Ego

c ) Super ego d) Real self

32.According to , self and society are not

identical

a ) Cooley b) Mead

c ) Freud d) Marx

33. Match both the groups

1. Id, Ego and Super Ego

2. Significant others

3. Looking glass self-

4. Consciousness of kind

(A) Mead (B) Cooley

(C) Giddings (D) Freud

a) A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4

b) A=2, B=3, C=4, D=1

c) A=4, B=3, C=4, D=1

d) A=3, B=4, C=1, D=2

34. Socialization brings man into relation with others

whereas, makes him autonomous or self-

determining

a ) Personification b) Identification

c ) Individualization d) Integration

Social Group35.A is a collection of individuals two or more,

interacting with each other, which have somecommon objects of attention and participate in

similar activities

a) Community b) Social group

c ) Organization d) Aggregate

36. is an aggregate which lacks organization

and whose members may be unaware of the

existence of the grouping

a) Social group b) Secondary group

c ) Quasi-group d) Spatial group

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37. Which of the following is a Quasi-group?

a) Nation b) Political Party

c ) Status group d) Tribe

38. Who has coined the term Quasi-group?

a) MacIver b) Ginsbergc ) Ogburn d) Sorokin

39.Which of the following is not a characteristic of

social group?

a) Sense of unity b) We-feeling

c ) Common interests d) Common territory

40. A group is an

a) Organic whole

b) Artificial creation

c ) Organized gathering

d) Natural growth

41.In group, membership is whereas in case ofsociety it is

a) Compulsory, Limited

b) Voluntary, compulsory

c ) Spontaneous, deliberate

d) Involuntary, regulative

42.Group is a , society is a system of relationship

a) Collection of human beings

b) Structure

c ) Functional relationship

d) None of the above43. Group is formed for a purpose but society

involves purposes.

a) Philanthropic, legal

b) Spe cific , general

c ) Limited, altruistic

d) Voluntary, specific

44. Society is marked by

a) Co-operation

b) Conflict

c ) Acculturation

d) Cooperation and Conflict45.A social group is

a) Static b) Dynamic

c ) Involuntary d) Altruistic

46.According to Tonnies, Neighbourhood is a type

of

a) Community b) Gesellschaft

c ) Social group d) Primary group

47.The classification of group into Primary and

secondary group has been done by

a) Cooley b) Tonnies

c ) Summer d) MacIver

48. ............ is characterized by intimate face-to face

relation.

a) Secondary group b) Spatia l groupc ) Primary group d) Gemeinschaft

49.Impersonal relations characterize..................

a ) Society b) Association

c) Secondary group d) Neighbourhood

50. ................has classified groups into in-group and

out-group.

a) Cooley b) Summer

c ) Kingsley Davis d) Simmel

51.The groups with which the individual identifies

himself by virtue of his consciousness of kind

are his............................

a ) In-groups b) Primary group

c ) Social groups d) Marginal groups

52. Find out the incorrect match

a) Sumner In group and out group

b) Cooley Ethnocentrism

c ) Mead Signification others

d) Simmel Monad, dyad and triad

53.According to Sumner, the assumption that the

values, the ways of life and the attitudes of ones

own group are superior to others is called............

a ) Sub-nationalism b) Ethnocentrism

c ) Racial superiority d) In-group superiority

54. Match the groups

(A) Sumner 1. Consciousness of kind

(B) Tonnies 2. Gesselshaft

(C) Cooley 3. Ethno Centrism

(D) Giddings 4. Looking-glass self

(a) A = 1, B= 3, C= 4, D=2

(b) A=3, B=2, C=4, D=1

(c) A = 4, B= 3, C=2, D=1(d) A=2, B=1, C=4, D=3

55. .................... is referred to as a temporary

collection of people reacting together to a stimuli

a ) Public b) Gathering

c ) Group d) Crowd

56.A group of students recreating by the sea shore

are an

a) Aggregate b) Public

c ) Mob d) Community



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UNIT-III

Psychology

Amrita Mukherjee


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Human Behavior

Human behavior can be understood as the

capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and social

activities experienced during the five stages of a

human beings life - prenatal, infancy, childhood,

adolescence, and adulthood. This also includes the

behaviors as dic tated by culture, soc iety, values,

morals, ethics, and genetics. The behavior of

humans (and other organisms or even mechanisms)

falls within a range with some behavior being

common, some unusual, some acceptable, and

some outside acceptable limits. In sociology,

behavior in general is characterized as having no

meaning, being not directed at other people, and

thus is the most basic human action. Behavior in

this general sense should not be mistaken with social

behavior, which is a more advanced ac tion, as

social behavior is behavior specifically directed at

other people. The acceptability of behavior depends

heavily upon social norms and is regulated by

various means of social control. Human behavior

is studied by the specialized academic disciplines

of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology,

economics, and anthropology.

Human behavior is experienced throughout an

individuals entire lifetime. It includes the way they

act based on different factors such as genetics,

social norms, core faith, and attitude. Behavior is

impacted by certain traits each individual has. The

traits vary from person to person and can produce

different actions or behavior from each person.

Social norms also impact behavior. Due to the

inherently conformist nature of human society in

UNIT-IIIPsychology

Amrita Mukherjee

general, humans are pressurized into following

certain rules and display certain behaviors in

society, which conditions the way people behave.

Different behaviors are deemed to be either

acceptable or unacceptable in different societies

and cultures. Also, ones attitude is essentially a

reflection of the behavior he or she will portray in

specific situations. Thus, human behavior is greatly

influenced by the attitudes we use on a daily basis.

Human Needs

We as human beings all have basic fundamental

needs in which must be fulfilled to some degree for

us to be able to function reasonably well in society,

and for our well being and continued growth.

1.) Artur Manfred Max Neef, a Chilean

economist and environmentalist known mainly for

his human development model based on

fundamental human needs classified the

fundamental human needs as:

subsistence

protection

affection

understanding

participation

leisure

creation

identity

freedom

Needs are also defined according to the

existential categories of being, having, doing and

interacting, and from these dimensions, a 36 cell

matrix is developed

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Needs are also constant through all human

cultures and across historical time periods. What

changes over time and between cultures are the

strategies by which these needs are satisfied.Human needs can be understood as a system - i.e.

they are interrelated and interactive. In this system,

there is no hierarchy of needs (apart from the basic

need for subsistence or survival) as postulated by

Western psychologists such as Maslow, rather, they

are simultaneous and complementary.

2.) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: Psychologist

Abraham Maslow identified seven categories of

ba sic ne eds com mon to all peop le . Ma sl ow

represented these needs as a hierarchy in the shape

of a pyramid. A hierarchy is an arrangement that

ranks people or concepts from lowest to highest.According to Maslow, individuals must meet the

needs at the lower levels of the pyramid before

they can successfully be motivated to tackle the

next levels. The lowest four levels represent

deficiency needs, and the upper three levels

represent growth needs.

Need Being (qualities) Having (things) Doing (actions) Interacting

(settings)

subsistence physical and mental food, shelter, work feed, clothe, rest, living environment,health work social setting

protection care, adaptability, social security, health co-operate, plan, social environment,

autonomy systems, work takecare of, help dwelling

affection re spe ct, se nse of friendships, family, share, take ca re privacy, intimate

humour, generosity, relationships with of, make love, spa ces of

sensuality nature express emotions togetherness

understan- c ritica l c apacity, literature, teachers, analyse, study, schools, families,

-ding curiosity, intuition policies, educational meditate, universities,

investigate communities,

participation rece ptiveness, responsibilities, duties, c oope rate, associations, parties,

dedication, sense of work, rights dissent, express churches,humour opinions neighbourhoods

leisure imagination, games, parties, peace day-dream, landscapes, intimate

tranquility, spontaneity of mind remember, relax, spaces, places to be

have fun alone

creation imagination, boldness, abilities, skills, invent, build, spac es for

inventiveness, curiosity work, techniques design, work, expression,

compose, workshops,

interpret audiences

identity sense of belonging, language, religions, get to know places one belongs

self-esteem, work, customs, values, oneself, grow, to, everyday settings

consistency norms commit oneself

freedom autonomy, passion, equal rights dissent, choose, anywhere

self-esteem, open- run risks, develop

mindedness awareness

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1. Negative reinforcement leads to _________a) Extinguish a behavior

b) Increase in desired responses

c ) Eliminate desirable responses

d) Learn helplessness

2. Who develop the physical quality of life index?

a) Richard estes

b) D M Morris

c ) Mohammed Yunus

d) Amartya Sen

3. Match the items in list one with list two

List 1 List 2

a ) Reproductive child a ) Police re se arch

health

b) The national rural b) Trauma

employment

guarantee act

c ) Post traumatic c ) Mother & child

stress disorder

d) Bureau of police d) Employment atresearch and village level

development

Codes:

a b c d

A) 2 1 3 4

B) 3 4 2 1

C) 4 3 2 1

D) 1 2 3 4

4. match the items of list1 with those list2

List 1 List 2

(event) (year)

A) International youth year 1) 2005

B) International micro credit 2) 1950

year

C) Mental health act 3) 1947

D) Establishment of planning 4) 1987

commission

5) 1985


Codesa b c d

A) 1 2 4 3

B) 5 1 4 2

C) 3 1 2 5

D) 5 1 3 4

5. Emotional disorders in which an individual

remains oriented to reality but suffers from

cronic anxiety is____

6. One of the following theories is known as growth

oriented theory

a) Psycho analytic theory

b) Client centred theory

c ) Existential theory

d) Cognitive learning theory

7. Detachment from work, inability to accomplish

goals aand emotional discharge is known as ___

a) Blockade b) Burnout

c ) Ambiguity d) Lockout

8. Agoraphobia is the fear of___A) Height B) Blood

C) Crowd D) Animal

9. In classical conditioning what happens to a

neutral stimulus after it is associated with the

unconditional stimulus ? it becomes___

a) Conditioned stimulus

b) Conditioned response

c ) Unconditioned response

d) A phobia

10.Emotionally intellectual person can

a) accurately perceive emotions

b) think without emotions

c ) disregards emotional meaning

d) has difficulty in managing on emotions

11.who gave the three dimensional model of

personality- the child, the adult, the parent?

a ) Sigmund Freud b) Otto Rank

c ) Eric Berne d) Joseph Wolpe

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12.Behavioral modification involves

A) Solving problems through insight

B) Bringing behavior under stimulus control

C) Demonstrating learning in the absence of

reinforcementD) Application of learning principles to change

behavior

13.Sanatorium means_____

a) institution for open air treatment of

tuberculosis

b) Institution for help of elderly people

c ) Institution for the treatment of mentally sick

d) Institution for the treatment of lepers

14.Who among the following is associated with

Gestalt therapy?a) C R Rogers b) Sigmund freud

c ) B F Skinner d) F Poul

15.Person-focused psychological process in social

work are aimed at

1) Social policy

2) Planning and development

3) Counselling and therapy

4) All the above

Codes

a) 1 and 2 onlyb) 1, 2 and 3 only

c) 3 only

d) All the above

16.Which is not developmental characteristic of

adulthood?

A) Enuresis

B) Adjustment to the role of the head of the

family

C) Earning for aging parents

D) Saving for future17.Who among the following is associated with the

Gestalt system of therapy?

a) C R Rogers

b) Freud

c ) F S Perls and Laura P Perls

d) B F Skinner

18.The mental health Act was enacted in the year

a ) 1985 b) 1987

c ) 1989 d) 1990

19.a race is valid biological concept. It is a group

united by heredity, a breed or genetic strain or

subspecies. This definition is attributed to

a) R M Maclver b) James

c ) A L Kroeber d) A W Green20.Animism is a belief in

a) Spirits of the dead ancestors

b) Some spiritual power

c ) Object having life

d) Supernatural being

21.Learned behavior is believed to be found in

a) Man b) Dog

c ) Chimpanzee d) All of the above

22.The mental health policy was adopted in India

in the year

a ) 1987 b) 1980

c ) 1982 d) 1990

23.Psychoanalytic theory about human personality

was proposed by

a) Carl jung b) Skinner

c ) Freud d) Alfred adler

24.Behavioural changes which occur in the basis

of physiological development rather than

learning and which appear in virtually all

members of species are the result of

a ) Soc ia liza tion b) Rationalization

c ) Maturation d) Fermentation

5. To trace the cause of mental growth in an

individual or the race is the problem of

a) analytical psychology

b) synthetic psychology

c ) genetic psychology

d) physiological psychology

26.There is an evidence of a hereditary component

in the element of the mental illness known as

a) paranoia

b) psyc honeurotic disorders

c ) schizophrenia

d) paralysis

27.at what age the child takes his first step in

walking

a) 5-6 years b) 10-12 years

c ) 4-5 years d) None of these

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UNIT-IV

Social Case Work

Shashidhar Channappa


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Introduction:Since humans are social animals, the

overpowering role of the society on the life of

human beings cannot be negated as individuals are

shaped by the society that they live in. Individuals

in the process of living in the society and being a

part of that society, build certain social

relationships with other members of the society as

well as the environment that they are a part of. These

social relationships and the way they play out inthe lives of individuals actually define the nature

and personality of human beings. As long as these

relationships play along smoothly, society also

functions smoothly without problems but when

problems occur and relationships are obstructed

due to barriers in communication, the whole social

order is impacted. Social work as a discipline deals

with understanding these human problems and

finding a solution to the same.

Social work has existed since the time human

beings have existed. Although initially Social Work

did not exist in an organised manner as a discipline,

but even then it had been exhibited in instances when

humans have helped each other to function smoothly

in the society. At the beginning social work was

associated substantially to working with poor,

homeless and the destitute but gradually over the

years social work got established as a discipline

and presently the services of a social worker is

utilized in every possible field be it schools,

hospitals, companies, in working with aged, juvenile

delinquents, women and any other section of the

society which faces marginalization and

discrimination. As a discipline Social Work follows

6 general methods:Social Case Work is a primary method of social

work and it defines the nature of social work in its

true sense. This method of social work focuses on

the individual and the problems being faced by the

person. The aim of Social Case Work is to identify

the problems being faced by individuals and then

finding out possible ways of dealing with those

problems so as to reinstate the individual to his/her

fully functional level. The third dimension of Social

Case Work is to equip the person not only to deal

with present problems but address by themselves

any problem that might occur in the future as well

without external help.

The major milestone in the establishment of

Social Case Work as a method of social work was

the publishing of Social Diagnosis by Mary E.

Richmond in the year 1917. According to Mary E.

Richmond (1915), Social Social Case Work may

be defined as the art of doing different things for

and with different people by cooperating with them

to achieve at one and the same time their own and

societys betterment.1

Few other definitions of

Social Case Work:Richmond (1917): Social Social Case Work is

the art of bringing about the better adjustments in

the social relationship of individual men, or women

or children.2

Taft (1920): Social Social Case Work means

social treatment of a maladjusted individual

involving an attempt to understand his personality,

UNIT-IVSocial Case Work

Shashidhar Channappa

METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK

BASIC METHODS AUXILLARY

METHODS

CASE WORK

GROUP WORK

COMMUNITY

ORGANIZATION

SOCIAL ACTION

SOCIAL WELFARE

RESEARCH

SOCIAL WELFARE

ADMINISTRATION

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behavior and social relationships and to assist him

in working out better social and personal

adjustment.3

Richmond (1922): Social Social Case Work

means, those processes which develop personalitythrough adjustment consciously affected, individual

by indiv id ua l, be tween men and their socia l

environment.4

Porter R. Lee (1923): Social Case Work is the

art of changing human attitudes.5

Hollis (1954): Social Social Case Work is a

method employed by social workers to help

individuals find solutions to problems of social

adjustment which they are unable to handle in a

satisfactory way by their own efforts.6

Hamilton (1956): in social case work the clientis stimulated to participate in the study of his

situation, to share his plans, to make an active effort

to solve his problems, using his own resources and

whatever community resources are available and

appropriate.7

Perlman (1957): Social Social Case Work is

process used by certain human welfare agencies

to help individuals to cope more effectively with

their problems in social functioning.8

Basis Concepts of Social Case Work:The primary aim of Social Case Work is to equip

the client with the knowledge of his/her own reality,

the understanding of the causes of the problems

being faced by him/her, the probable solutions for

the problems and finally developing the capacities

of the client to deal with future problems without

external help. In order to achieve this, the foremost

important step is conducting a psycho-social study

of the client to assess the psychological as well as

the sociological conditions of each client. Forconducting the psycho-social study, the Social Case

Worker concentrates on 3 basic concepts to

analyze the problem and then plan proper

treatment. These concepts are:

1. Social Role: According to Sargent, A

persons role is a pattern or type of social behavior

which seems situationally appropriate to him in

terms of the demands and expectations of those in

his group.9A combination of many such roles that

an individual is expected to perform in order to be

a properly functional member of a particular

position in the society and to perform social

functions appropriately is called a social role. The

society comprises many social institutions likefamily, kinship, education, religion, politics etc and

for all these institutions to function properly,

individuals are expected to perform many roles at

once, for example, a parent (family), employer/

employee (work place) and so on. Each such role

has a set of expectations attached to it which needs

to be performed by the occupant in order for the

society to function properly. Many a time

individuals face transitions in their social roles when

they are expected to shift from one role to another,

example, marriage, parenthood etc.At times of these transitions individuals usually

experience role conflicts because:

They are not trained properly to deal with

the next role efficiently.

Individuals have an unrealistic view of what

their role actually is.

People have problems in understanding what

they want to be and what they actually are.

In any case role conflicts occur when the

individual is not able to balance or cope with theroles and expectations that he/she is supposed to

perform to be a part of the society. The task of a

social worker here is to understand the nature of

role conflict and the way in which the individual

can strike a balance and maintain various roles that

they are supposed to perform.

2. Ego: The concept of Ego was first given by

Sigmund Freud in 1920 in his essay Beyond the

Pleasure Principle and later in his book The Ego

and The Id in 1923, the concepts of Id, Ego andSuper-Ego was discussed in detail. According to

Freud, Id is the seat of desires and instincts in a

person whereas; the Super-Ego is the moral

guardian of ones personality. The moderator

between these two extremes and that part of ones

personality which is organized and the closest to

reality is the Ego. Most of the decisions,

perception of reality, ability to adapt and

compromise are presided over by the ego of a

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1) In Social Case Work, interview is an important:a ) Tool b) Method

c ) Technique d) All the above

2) In HIV Counseling VCTC refers to:

a ) Voluntary Condom use Training Centre

b) Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre

c ) Voluntary Centre for Training and Care

d) Voluntary Care and Treatment Centre

3) Which one of the following is not a technique of

case work?

a) Interviewing b) Observation

c ) Counseling d) Lobbying

4) While working with an individual client on a one

to one basis, the relationship is:

a ) A friendly association

b) A contract

c ) Purposeful to meet the psycho social needs

of the client

d) A sympathetic understanding of the client

5) Which one refer to the behavior that an individual

engages in while enacting the role?

a) Role taking b) Role playing

c) Playing at a role d) Role expecta tion

6) Identify the correct answer:

Recording in social case work can be classified

as

a) Narrative recording, process recording,

evaluative recording and summary recording

b) Proble m orie nted , field orie nted, proc es s

oriented, individual centered

c ) Referral summaries, diagnostic summaries,

narrative records and problem orientedrecords.

d) Process oriented narrative situational and

analytical

7) Mary Richmonds Social Diagnosis can be

considered as first book of

a) Social group work

b) Social and preventive medic ine

c ) Social case work

d) Social action

8) Putting oneself in the shoe of another person andunderstanding his/her perceptual world is

a) Empathy

b) Positive regards

c ) Genuineness


9) Which word among the following refers to

physical and psychological exhaustion caused

by an inability to cope?

a) Frustration b) Crisis

c ) Burnout d) Insomnia10)Case study involves

a) Careful observation of a person

b) Complete observation of a person

c ) Very careful observation of a person

d) Very careful and complete observation of a

person

11) The reaction of a child when scolded can be

studied under control condition by a planned

technique of

a ) Observation b) Interview

c ) Questionnaire d) Field survey

12) Case study aims to

a) Established statistical correlation

b) Bring out the structure of the unit as a whole

c ) Expose persons danger to society

d) Treats cases requiring self help

13) According to P.V. Young which one of the

following is essentially needed for the objective

of fact finding

a) In consistent thinkingb) Rigid pursuit for accurate data

c ) Thinking nothing for granted

d) Scientific attitudes

14) The interview guide will be used during interview

by

a) Interviewee

b) Interviewer

c ) Different people

d) Both interviewer and interviewee


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15) A schedule is a list of questions which will be

answered in an interview by

a ) An interviewer b) A respondent

c ) A surveyor d) A researcher

16) which one may be defined as a method ofmeasuring individuals social behavior?

a) Sociometry b) Sample method

c) Verstehen method d) Interview method

17) The second stage of scientific or experimental

method is

a ) Clarification b) Recording

c ) Observation d) Prediction

18) Case study involves

a) very careful observation of a person

b) complete observation of a person

c ) careful observation of a persond) very careful and complete observation of a

person

19) which technique is most suitable to study in

depth?

a) mailed questionnaire

b) inte rview guide

c ) interview schedule

d) structured interview

20) What is social case work is written by?

a ) G.R. Banerjee b) Mary Richmondc ) H.H. Perlman d) F. Biestek

21) Identify the correct items The tool of the social

case work are

a) Home visit b) Summarization

c ) Recording d) Interviewee

22)A: The emphasis on person in situation is to

understand and help the individual client better

R: the person in situation configuration is

subjective

23) Match the following pair and choose the answer

from the code given belowList 1 List 2

a) psycho analytic theory 1) Began

b) ego psychology 2) Anafreud

ugc net - social work

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