ufrgsmun: ufrgs model united nations journal new … · 2014-06-05 · 8 handbook . 2013 general...

UFRGSMUN: UFRGS Model United Nations Journal

New perspectives for a changing world

Porto Alegre, 2013

Contents

General Information on UFRGSMUN 7

General Rules of Procedure of UFRGSMUN, AMUN and FAMUN 8 Rules Governing Debate 10

Procedural Matters 10

Substantive Matters 14

Rules Governing Voting 16

Special Rules of Procedure 18 Board Of Executive Directors Of Th e World Bank 18

Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit 21

United Nations Security Council 25

International Law Commission 28

Rules Chart 30

Guide on Writing Resolutions 31

UFRGSMUN | UFRGS Model United Nations

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General Information on UFRGSMUN

1. Dress CodeAs at every UN conference, in order to keep the integrity of the event, all

delegates at UFRGSMUN are required to observe a western business attire, or national equivalent. For example, men should wear full suit (blazer and dress pants), dress shirt, tie, and dress shoes. Similarly, women should wear a blouse and dress pants or skirt, blazer or sweater. If the representation of your delegation can be enhanced by wearing a formal national dress, you may do so as long as it is carried out with attention to detail and convention, and with the maximum of respect.

2. Award PolicyUFRGSMUN rewards representatives when they prove to be truly involved

with the “Model United Nations spirit”, aware of their delegation’s role, and acting in a diplomatic way. For individual awards, coherence in foreign policy, diplomatic behavior, speaking ability, negotiation skills, knowledge of issues and rules of procedure, and the votes of the delegates are taken into account. For delegations awards, the individual performances of the delegates will be analyzed from a collective perspective, with regard to the delegation’s cohesion and coherence.

We strongly stress that UFRGSMUN is an educational simulation aiming at encouraging all delegates to prepare to represent either members of the International Law Commission, ambassadors, or representatives of the civil society in one of the other bodies of the United Nations.

At the end of UFRGSMUN, we hope that each student will have an enriching educational experience, learning both from his own studies and from his interactions with his fellow delegates and chair persons.

Th e spirit of the prize is not to enhance competition among delegates, but to reward those that have indeed made their best, setting them as examples and encouraging further improved behavior.

3. Parliamentary LanguageAt all times, it is essential that delegates address each other with the maximum

of respect. It is conventional, and professional, to refer to another delegate not as “she” or “he”, but as “fellow delegate” or equivalent courteous terms. Similarly, when speaking of the views of their country, delegates should not refer to them as being their own, e.g. do not say “my position”, and use instead “my country’s position” or, for instance “Vanuatu’s position”. Th e language used during the conference shall refl ect in every way the fact that delegates are representing their countries and that they are trying to politely cooperate with each other.

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General Rules of Procedure of UFRGSMUN, AMUN and FAMUN

1. ScopeTh ese rules shall apply to all committees simulated at the 16th AMUN, FAMUN

and UFRGSMUN 2013, except in those cases where the committees possess Special Rules of Procedure, which take precedence over these. Th ese General Rules of Procedure shall be considered adopted in advance of the session, and no other rules of procedure will be applicable.

2. LanguageTh e offi cial and working language of the conference is English. Delegates

will not be permitted to address the Chair, the staff or the committee in another language. Th e use of foreign expressions will be permitted if followed immediately by a translation into English or if they are considered to be current in the English language.

3. DelegationsEach delegation will be represented by one or two delegates on each committee

of which it is a member, according to the number established by the Secretariat in advance of the Conference. Delegates allocated to a committee will remain in that same committee for the duration of the conference.

4. CredentialsTh e names of all members of a delegation shall be submitted to the Secretariat

prior to the opening of the Conference. All delegations will be assumed to have proper credentials to participate in the Conference.

Delegates are all presumed to possess the diplomatic authority necessary to discuss and vote on the main issue being dealt with by the committees. Th e instructions and powers given to any and all delegates do not allow them to declare war, sign or denounce treaties, impose sanctions, or perform any action not strictly within the purview of the committee, unless so determined by the Chair. If so provided in the committee’s Special Rules of Procedure, during the course of the simulation, delegates may write letters to their governments to obtain authorization to undertake further actions or request needed information.

5. General Duties of the DelegatesDelegates have the duties of respecting the decisions of the Chair, obtaining

the fl oor before speaking, safeguarding and advocating their country’s interests,


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acting according to their country’s foreign policy, and acting with diplomatic decorum at all times.

6. General Duties of the SecretariatTh e Secretary-General is the highest-ranking member of the staff . She may

designate a staff member to act in her place during any session of the Conference. Along with the Under-Secretary-Generals, she shall direct all the work of the Conference. Th e Secretary-General or a member of the staff designated by her as her representative may, at any time, address either oral or written statements concerning any matter to the committees.

7. General Duties of the ChairEach committee will be presided over by a Chair, composed of one to three

Directors and Assistant-Directors. In addition to exercising the powers which are conferred upon it elsewhere in these rules, the Chair shall declare the opening and closing of each session of the committee, direct its discussions, ensure the observance of these rules, confer the right to speak, and make announcements. It shall rule on Points and Motions without appeal, stipulate the time limit for speakers, and have complete control over and responsibility for the proceedings of the Committee. Th e Chair may also suggest motions that it deems benefi cial for the fl ow of debate.

Th e Chair will treat delegates with due courtesy at all times.

8. Rulings of the ChairTh e rulings and decisions of the Committee’s Chair are fi nal and not subject

to appeal. Th e members of the Chair are empowered to supersede and interpret the rules as they see fi t, in order to guarantee the fruitful progression of the committee’s labors.

9. PlagiarismPlagiarism is understood within the scope of these rules as the unacknowledged

use of another individual’s words or ideas. When writing position papers, working papers, draft resolutions and during all their participation in the conference, delegates are not allowed to make use of fragments of already existent documents without proper reference. A participant caught plagiarizing any written work will be dealt with accordingly. Punishment may entail disqualifi cation for awards, denied voting and/or speaking rights and possible exclusion from the conference. Applicable legal measures will be taken at the discretion of the conference’s organization alone.

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Rules Governing Debate

Th roughout these rules, a “simple majority” will be understood to be one half of the possible votes plus one, rounded down, whereas a “two-third majority” shall consist of two thirds of the possible votes, rounded up. For example, the simple majority of 5 is 3, and the two-third majority of 10 is 7. Whenever appears the defi nition “qualifi ed majority”, delegates must check the Special Rules of Procedure to check its exact meaning in a committee. Tied votes always fail.

Procedural Matters10. QuorumTh e Chair may declare a session open and permit debate to proceed when at

least one third (rounded up) of registered delegations are present. Th e presence of a simple majority of registered delegations shall be required for any substantive vote to be taken. Th e Chair shall proceed with a Roll Call at the beginning of each session in order to recognize the presence of the delegates. Th e Chair shall inform the delegates of the Quorum whenever required.

11. AgendaTh e following paragraph applies only to AMUN:Th e agenda will be presented by the Secretariat to the delegates at least a week

before the date scheduled for the meeting.

Th e following paragraph applies only to UFRGSMUN:When there is more than one proposed topic for discussion by delegates, the

consideration of the agenda shall be the committee’s fi rst task. At this time, the only Motion in order will be to place a topic fi rst on the agenda, in the form: “I move that topic x be placed fi rst on the agenda”. A speakers list shall be established for and against the Motion. Both Motions for Moderated and Unmoderated Caucus shall be in order during the debate on the agenda.

A Motion to Close Debate will be in order aft er the Committee has heard at least two speeches in favor of the Motion and two against it, if available. A vote of two-third majority is required for Closure of Debate on the Agenda. Aft er Closure of Debate, an immediate vote on the Agenda shall be taken. A simple majority is required for the Motion to pass. If the Motion passes, the Committee will proceed to debate on the approved topic. If the Motion fails, the automatic approval of the other topic will be assumed. As was stated above, ties fail.

Delegates can also move for Closure (and Reopening) of the Speakers List.

12. Speakers ListTh e Committee shall have at all times an open General Speakers List, which


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shall be drawn up at the beginning of debate on it. Th is General Speakers List will be followed during all the debate, except when superseded by Procedural Motions or by the Introduction of Amendments, which are discussed on a Special Speakers List. One may add a delegation’s name to the Speakers List by raising its placard, provided that the delegation’s name is not already on the List. Th e delegations’ names will appear according to the order in which they indicate their desire to speak.

13. SpeechesNo delegate may address the Committee without previously obtaining the

permission of the Chair. Th e Chair shall call upon speakers in the order they signify their desire to speak. Th e speaking time shall be stipulated by the Chair in advance, though it may consult the committee before deciding on the matter. When a delegate has ten seconds of speaking time left , the Chair will make a discreet signal. When the allotted time has expired, the Chair will call the delegate to order.

14. YieldsAt the conclusion of the speech, delegates may yield their remaining speaking

time to the Chair, to another delegate, or for questions. When delegates do not yield their remaining speaking time, it is understood that it has been yielded to the Chair. A delegate who has been yielded time may not yield that time again to a third delegate or for questions.

If delegates yield their time for questions, the time taken to answer them, but not the time taken to ask them, shall be discounted from remaining time. Once a speaker has yielded his/her time for questions, delegates will indicate their desire to speak, and the chair will recognize them at its discretion. When recognized, the delegate may ask the speaker a single, straightforward question related to his/her speech, having no more than 30 seconds to do so. If there are no questions, the time will be automatically yielded to the chair.

15. Right of ReplyTh ere is no right of reply. Real or perceived off enses or untruths should be dealt

within the course of normal debate.

16. Working PapersWorking Papers are informal documents that aid the Committee in its

discussion on substantive matters. Delegates may propose Working Papers for consideration by the Committee at any time during the Conference.

Th ey need not be written in a specifi c format, but must be approved by the Chair to be distributed for and to be mentioned in the Committee. Th ere is no

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need for sponsors of Working Papers. Observers may present working papers, but their signatures do not count for purposes of introducing Draft Resolutions or Amendments.

17. PointsTh ere are three types of Points by which a delegate may address the Chair

directly. Should delegates wish to consult the Chair on a matter not covered by any of these three points, they should do so privately, with the understanding that the Chair will inform the whole committee of the matter if it is deemed to be of general interest.

17.1. Point of Personal PrivilegeAt any moment during the debate, delegates may raise a Point of Personal

Privilege to indicate that they are experiencing extreme personal physical discomfort or being prevented from properly following the discussion. Th e Chair will attempt to rectify the situation. Th is point may interrupt a speech if necessary.

17.2. Point of OrderDelegates may raise a Point of Order if they feel that the Rules of Procedure are

not being properly followed by the Chair. Th is Point must be directly related to the rules, and cannot interrupt a speech. Th e members of the Chair will rule the Point in or out of order as they see fi t.

17.3. Point of InquiryDelegates may raise a Point of Inquiry when they have a doubt regarding the

Rules of Procedure or the fl ow of debate. Th is Point cannot interrupt a speech.

18. Caucuses18.1. Motion for Unmoderated CaucusAn Unmoderated Caucus causes the Chair to suspend formal debate so that

delegates can discuss without the interference, facilitating substantive discussion by relaxing the structure of debate imposed by the regular procedures.

Delegates may move for an Unmoderated Caucus whenever the fl oor is open. Th e delegate must state a reason and a time limit for the Caucus. Th e time requested for the Caucus shall not exceed 15 minutes, although the Chair may grant extensions at its discretion. Th e Motion shall be put to a vote if there are no other Points or Motions that take precedence on the fl oor, and requires a simple majority to pass.


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18.2. Motion for Moderated CaucusTh e purpose of the Moderated Caucus is to make the debate more fl exible.

During the Caucus, the Speakers List is set aside and the debate is conducted directly by the Chair.

Delegates wishing to speak during the Moderated Caucus may raise their placards, and will be recognized by the Chair at its discretion. Delegates may move for a Moderated Caucus whenever the fl oor is open. Yields and Motions are out of order during Moderated Caucus.

Th e delegate must state a reason, a speaking time, and a time limit for the Caucus. Th e time requested for the Caucus shall not exceed 15 minutes, although the Chair may grant extensions at its discretion. Th e Motion shall be put to a vote if there are no other Points or Motions that take precedence on the fl oor, and requires a simple majority to pass.

19. Motion for Tabling of the Debate (this rule applies only to UFRGSMUN)Whenever the fl oor is open, a delegate may move for a Tabling of the Debate

of the topic under discussion. Two delegates may speak in favor of the Motion, and two against it, if available. Aft er these speeches, the Motion shall be put to a vote (if there are no other Points or Motions that take precedence). Th is Motion requires a two-third majority to pass; if it does so, the topic under discussion is considered tabled and postponed. Th e next topic on the Agenda is considered to be automatically adopted. If a Resolution on the new topic is passed, debate automatically returns to the tabled topic. If the new topic is also tabled, debate automatically returns to the fi rst topic.

20. Motion for Closure and Reopening of the Special Speakers ListDuring the course of debate, a delegate may move for Closure of the Special

Speakers List on the matter under discussion. Th is Motion requires a simple majority to pass and means that no delegations can add their names to the Special Speakers List and that only those who were already included in it will be granted their speaking time.

If the Speakers List is closed and a delegate wishes to reopen it, a two-third majority is required for the approval of the Motion for Reopening of Speakers List. In both cases, a reason for the Motion must be stated for the Chair to consider it in order. Th e Chair may choose to recognize speeches against and in favor of the Motion at its discretion.

21. Motion for Closure of the DebateWhenever the fl oor is open, delegates may move to Close Debate on whichever

matter that is under discussion (the Agenda, a Draft Resolution or an Amendment). Aft er a Motion for Closure of Debate is proposed, the Chair shall recognize two

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speakers against the motion, if available. In order to pass, the Motion requires a two-third majority. If the Motion to Close Debate passes, the Committee will move to immediate vote on the matters on the fl oor.

If the Committee comes to a situation in which the Speakers List is closed and the

Committee does not close debate nor reopen it, the Chair shall decide the best alternative at its discretion.

22. Motion for Adjournment of the SessionDuring discussion of any matter, a delegate may move for the Adjournment

of the Session. Such a motion shall not be debated, and shall be put to a vote if there are no other Points that take precedence to it on the fl oor, requiring a two-third majority for approval. Aft er the session is adjourned, the Committee shall reconvene at its next regularly scheduled session time. As with all motions, the Chair may rule a Motion for Adjournment of the Session out of order.

Substantive Matters23. Draft ResolutionsBefore being introduced for debate, all Draft Resolutions require the approval

of the Chair. All Draft Resolutions also require 8 signatures to be introduced and a simple majority to pass, unless otherwise stated by the Committee’s specifi c rules.

Signing a Draft Resolution does not necessarily indicate that a delegation supports its ideas, but only that it desires to have the Draft Resolution discussed. A signatory of a Draft Resolution is not required to vote in favor of it.

Th e Draft Resolution needs its signatories’ support to continue on the fl oor. In the event of all signatories withdrawing their signatures, debate on the Draft Resolution is ceased. Other delegations may add their signatures to the Draft Resolution in the course of the debate.

In general debate on a topic, there may be more than one Draft Resolution on the fl oor at the same time. All the Draft Resolutions shall be discussed simultaneously on the General Speakers List. Nevertheless, the Committee may approve only one Draft Resolution per topic.

A Draft Resolution will remain on the fl oor until debate on that specifi c Draft Resolution is closed or another Draft Resolution on the topic passes.

Th e following paragraph applies only to UFRGSMUN:Th ere will be no time limit to debate on one topic, unless stated in the Special

Rules of Procedure. Once a Resolution is passed the debate on the topic immediately ceases and the Committee shall start debating on the next topic on the Agenda.


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Th e following paragraph applies only to AMUN:Th e time limit to debate on one topic will be made public by the Secretariat

prior to the conference through the defi ned Agenda.

24. Motion for Introduction of Draft ResolutionDelegates may move for the Introduction of a Draft Resolution once it has been

approved by the Chair and distributed to the Committee.Th is Motion does not require a vote to pass; once accepted by the Chair it is

automatically approved. Th e Chair will then grant the fl oor to one of the signatories of the Draft Resolution for the time required for him/her to read its operative clauses.

Aft er the Draft Resolution is read, the Chair asks for questions, which shall be limited to grammar or technical matters on the document and may not pertain to the substance of the Draft Resolution.

25. Motion for the Introduction of an AmendmentDelegates may amend any Draft Resolution that is on the fl oor. Amendments

may add, subtract, or modify parts of the Draft Resolution. An Amendment requires the approval of the Chair and the signatures of three members of the Committee. Signing an Amendment does not constitute or require a vote in favor of it.

Aft er a Motion for the Introduction of an Amendment is approved by the Chair, debate on the General Speakers List shall be suspended and a Special Speakers List shall be established for and against the specifi c Amendment.

A Motion for Closure of the Special Speakers List or a Motion to Close Debate on the Amendment will be in order aft er the Committee has heard at least two speakers in favor of the Amendment and two speakers against, when available.

When debate is closed on the Amendment, the Committee shall proceed to an immediate vote, which may be a Roll Call Vote if so moved. Following the voting procedure, debate according to the General Speakers List shall resume.

Once an Amendment is approved, it becomes part of the Draft Resolution, which means that it is no longer considered an Amendment.

26. Friendly AmendmentWhen all the current signatories of a Draft Resolution on the fl oor agree

to modify any part of its operative clauses, they may do so through a Friendly Amendment, which has the same eff ects of a regular amendment.

A Friendly Amendment must be presented on a written format to the Chair for its approval. Aft er approving it, the Chair will ask if all the signatories of the Draft Resolution support the Friendly Amendment and, if they do so, it will automatically become part of the Draft Resolution. In case any signatory is absent

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or does not agree on the Friendly Amendment, it will be discarded. Yet, it may be presented again as a regular Amendment.

Rules Governing VotingIn every Committee, each country shall have one vote. Observer countries

shall be able to vote on procedural matters only, unless otherwise stated by the Committee’s specifi c rules.

Voting on procedural matters shall be done by a show of placards. Each delegate may vote only in favor and against the Motions proposed; abstentions are not allowed.

Voting on Draft Resolutions and Amendments shall be done by a show of placards, except in the event of a Roll Call Voting procedure being requested. Each delegate may vote in favor, against, or abstain from voting. Th e Draft Resolutions and the Amendments require a simple majority of all votes to pass, unless otherwise stated by the Committee’s specifi c rules.

27. Conduct during voting on a Draft ResolutionAft er the Chair has announced the beginning of voting procedures no Motions

will be in order, except for Division of the Question and Roll Call Voting. During voting procedures the chamber will be sealed, and no delegates will be allowed to enter or leave the room.

28. Motion for Division of the QuestionAft er debate has been closed and the Chair has started the voting procedures

on a Draft Resolution, a delegate may move for the Operative Clauses of the Draft Resolution to be voted on separately. Preambulatory and Sub-operative Clauses may not be divided this way.

If a delegate moves for a Division of the Question, the Chair shall recognize two speakers in favor and two speakers against the Motion if available. A simple majority is needed for the Motion to pass (this is a procedural vote, with no abstentions allowed). If it does pass, a fi ve-minute Unmoderated Caucus will be automatically granted to the Committee so that delegates can discuss, prepare, and present to the Chair, in written format, their proposals to divide the question.

Once the Unmoderated Caucus expires, the Chair will arrange the proposals in order of the most severe to the least severe. Th e most severe proposal will be the one intended to have the Draft Resolution divided in the greatest number of parts. If two proposals are equally severe, the Chair shall entertain the proposal that was fi rst presented.

Th e Chair shall entertain two speakers in favor and two speakers against the most severe proposal, if available. Th en, it shall be voted upon. If it receives the simple majority needed for approval, the Draft Resolution shall be divided in the


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manner proposed by it. If it fails, the Committee will proceed to voting upon the second most severe proposal and so on.

Th e Committee will hear two speakers in favor and two speakers against every proposal of division before voting it until one is approved. No abstentions are allowed in these votes, as they are procedural matters.

If no proposals are approved by simple majority, the Draft Resolution shall be voted as a whole. When one of the proposals is approved, a separate vote shall be taken on each divided part to determine whether it shall be included in the Draft Resolution to be voted later on. For the Operative Clauses to remain in the Draft Resolution, a simple majority of the votes is required. Th e substantive nature of this vote means abstentions are permitted.

Having determined which Operative Clauses shall be included in the Draft Resolution, the fi nal vote on the Draft Resolution shall be taken, even when only one of the divided parts were approved. Abstentions from voting are allowed. If all Operative Clauses are rejected, the Draft Resolution shall be considered to have failed as a whole.

29. Motion for Roll Call VotingAft er debate has been closed on a Draft Resolution or Amendment, a delegate

may move for a Roll Call Vote. In a Roll Call Vote, the Chair will recognize, in alphabetical order each voting delegate, who must state his/her vote. Delegates may vote in favor, against or abstain. Once recognized by the Chair, the motion for a Roll Call Voting is automatically approved and it does not require a vote to pass. During a Roll Call Vote, delegates may choose to pass their turn of voting and wait for another roll call round to state their actual vote. However, delegates who pass their vote are not allowed to abstain from voting. Moreover, delegates are allowed to pass only once.

Th e following paragraph applies only to UFRGSMUN:Delegates may not vote “in favor with rights” or “against with rights”.

Th e following paragraph applies only to AMUN:Delegates may vote “with rights” during a Roll Call Voting, which means

delegates can explain votes that seem contradictory. Aft er the voting procedure, the Chair will recognize them to make their explanations, and the time limit is set by the Chair at its discretion.

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Special Rules of Procedure

Board Of Executive Directors Of The World Bank

1. ScopeTh e following rules are applicable solely to the Board of Executive Directors of

the World Bank (“World Bank”). Th ey shall be considered as having been adopted prior to the session.

2. Treatment FormRepresentatives during Board meetings may be treated either as “Executive

Directors” or as “Offi cials”.

3. Form of DebateUnless if stated otherwise, all sessions of the UFRGSMUN World Bank are

presumed to be closed—closed sessions are secret and information on the proceedings is entrusted to the discretion of the participants. Closed Sessions follow the format of a Moderated Caucus at all times, except when Motions are raised. As in a Moderated Caucus, no yields are allowed. In addition to the three standard Points, the following Motions will be in order during closed sessions: Motion for Consultations (which functions in the same way as a Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus, having its same eff ects), Motion for Closure of Debate, Motion for Adjournment of the Session, Motion for Introduction of a Document, Motion for Introduction of an Amendment and Motion to Release Public Statement.

4. Voting Majorities Voting powers of Executive Directors are based on their countries’ or

constituencies’ share of stocks. Th e current voting power status is as follows (in percentage):

USA 15.10 France 3.99 Brazil 1.76 Nigeria 0.68 Bolivia 0.12

Japan 8.43 Canada 2.99 Iran 1.61 Norway 0.65 Sudan 0.07

China 5.44 Italy 2.41 Korea, R 1.35 Egypt 0.48 Bhutan 0.06

Germany 4.47 Russia 2.36 Turkey 1.12 Malaysia 0.45 Djibouti 0.06

UK 3.99 Saudi Arabia 2.36 Venezuela 1.06 Israel 0.34 Turkmenistan 0.06

Only substantive matters voting will be pondered according to the percentages as they are shown above, and will be considered approved when more than 50% of pondered votes in favor are reached. For procedural matters each Offi cial shall have one equal vote and may not abstain.


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5. DocumentsDuring the discussions on the topic presented, Offi cials may produce

Operational Policies (OP). Such documents express reasons, objectives and guidelines for the conduction of the Bank’s operations in a specifi c fi eld. Th ey stipulate the cases in which the Bank will make investments and the parameters that shall be observed for the concession of a loan. Operational Policies are not biding documents for governments, once they are made only for the use of the World Bank staff .

6. AmendmentsAmendments may add, subtract or modify any part of the Document to which

it refers.

7. Introduction and Discussion of Documents and AmendmentsA Document requires signatures representing 20% of the stock shares to

be introduced. An Amendment requires 15%. Once the Chair has accepted a Document or Amendment, a Motion for its Introduction will be in order. A Motion for the Introduction of a Document functions in the same way as a Motion for the Introduction of a Draft Resolution, and a Motion for the Introduction of an Amendment follows what is prescribed under the General Rules of Procedure. Aft er the introduction of the Document or Amendment, the debate will follow regularly in the form of a Moderated Caucus. More than one Document and/or Amendment may be discussed at the same time.

8. Closure of DebateA Motion for Closure of Debate will be in order once there is a substantive

matter on the fl oor. It requires a two-thirds majority to pass. Th e debate on a Document may only be closed once there are no pending Amendments to that specifi c Document. Please note that, since there is no limit set on the number of Documents produced during the meeting, the closure of the debate and approval of any Document does not cease the debate on the topic proposed.

9. ProjectsBank’s projects may be handed for the appraisal of the Board at any time. More

than one project may be discussed at any given time. Projects may be introduced only by the Chair. However, Offi cials may also formulate them besides the Chair. Before making any project, Offi cials fi rst need to ask for the permission of the Chair, otherwise they will be deemed invalid. Additionally, aft er the permission for project formulation has been granted and the projects are ready, the Offi cials have to send them to the Chair for appreciation, since only the Chair may introduce projects. Th e Chair reserves the right not to introduce projects it deems

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inadequate. It shall also indicate the available funding of all projects, including the ones introduced by the Offi cials. Once they are introduced by the Chair, there is an immediate granting of 10 minutes for consultations so as the Offi cials can examine the Projects.

Discussion on Projects shall follow regularly as the procedures for other Documents. However, projects are not subject to Amendments or any sort of changes. Offi cials shall only express approval or disapproval concerning the proposed project and must take into account the available funds. Projects are considered substantive matters and, therefore, aft er a motion for Closure of Debate on the specifi c project has passed, must undergo a Roll Call Voting with weighing.

10. Public StatementA Public Statement is a way to clarify the Board’s position on a specifi c issue

to the public opinion. Any Offi cial may submit a proposal for a Public Statement to the Chair, who shall approve it. Aft er the Board has granted its approval, any Offi cial may move to Release the Public Statement. If this Motion is ruled in order, the Chair will require an Offi cial to read the document and ask if any Offi cial opposes to it. Th ere being no opposition, the Public Statement is released.

11. Communication with Offi cesOffi cials may, in cases of severe doubt about their actions, send letters to their

respective offi ces at the World Bank through the Chair.

12. Participation of Non-Members of the BoardAny Member of the World Bank who is not directly represented by a national

Executive Director may be invited, as a result of a consensual decision of the Board, to participate—without entitlement to vote substantive matters—in the discussion of any question brought before the Board when it considers that the interests of that Member are especially aff ected.

13. Voting on Substantive MattersAll votes on substantive matters will be performed on the basis of Roll Call

Voting, without the need of a Motion for such. Motions for Division of the Question are out of order at any time.


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Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit

1. ScopeTh e following rules are applicable solely to the Shanghai Cooperation

Organization Summit (SCO). Th ey shall be considered as having been adopted prior to the session.

2. Statements of the SecretariatAny member of the Secretariat may issue verbal or written statements to the

members of the Summit at any time during the Conference.

3. Th e SCO Secretariat3.1. Composition of the SCO SecretariatTh e SCO Secretariat shall be composed of the committee’s Directors and the

UFRGSMUN’s Secretariat.

3.2. Competences of the SCO SecretariatTh e rulings and decisions of the SCO Secretariat are fi nal and not subject to

appeal. Th e members of the SCO Secretariat are empowered to supersede and interpret the rules as they see fi t in order to guarantee the fruitful progression of the committee’s work. Th e SCO Secretariat may issue verbal or written statements addressed to the Summit members at any time, even though it is not a party to the debate. It also reserves itself the right to the following provisions: Invite special representatives from SCO’s special activities groups; issue written reports of specialists by the request of the delegates or whenever it deems best; and also impose tours de table at any given time.

3.2. Responsibilities of the SCO SecretariatTh e SCO Secretariat is responsible for all procedural matters pertaining to

the Summit such as determining the applicability of the rules and, if necessary, clarifying on the meaning of the existing rules. Th e SCO Secretariat, in particular, has the duty to make remarks when a delegate is out of line at any time during the debate.

4. CredentialsDelegations will be given the prerogative to sign bilateral or multilateral

agreements, whether inside or outside SCO’s framework; and to write to their respectives government agencies, to request needed information or to issue orders relevant to the context of the simulation. For the sound development of the

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simulation, all the agreements, requests and orders will be fi rstly analyzed by the SCO Secretariat, for then, if deemed reasonable, be put into eff ect or carried on.

5. Delegations5.1. MembersTh e SCO Summit at UFRGSMUN shall be simulated as a Higher-Level meeting.

Each country shall participate with two delegates, one being its Head of State and the other representing the Minister of Foreign Aff airs (or equivalent).

5.2. Special RepresentativesSpecial representatives of the SCO Secretariat, such as members of SCO’s

special activities groups, and/or other international or regional organizations may be invited to participate in the Summit sessions by the SCO Secretariat or by one of the Summit members (through the submission of a written request to the SCO Secretariat). In the case of the request being in order, the SCO Secretariat shall put the invitation to vote; a simple majority is required for the solicitation to pass.

A special representative is allowed to debate and to submit working papers, but it cannot, however, submit Draft Declarations or Amendments, move either of them to the fl oor or vote on substantive matters of any kind.

6. ChairmanshipAll sessions of the SCO Summit are presided by one of its members.

Volunteers will be drawn in the fi rst session among the delegates willing to hold the chairmanship. Whenever the chair of the session is seen to be fulfi lling its responsibilities in a manner unsatisfactory to the members of the SCO Summit and to the SCO Secretariat, a change in the chairmanship is in order. Th e chair alteration requires a written request signed by at least three Summit members, and the change, if passed through the SCO Secretariat’s discretion, will be put to a vote. It will require a qualifi ed majority to pass. If it passes, the chairmanship devolves for the rest of the session on the delegations scheduled to preside in the next session. Should this occur, the schedule will remain unchanged for the following sessions.

7. Form of DebateUnless otherwise stated, all sessions of the SCO Summit are presumed to be

closed until the SCO Summit Declaration is approved, and then the sessions will be opened. Closed sessions are secret and information on the proceedings is entrusted to the discretion of the participants. Th ese sessions follow the format of a Moderated Caucus, except when Motions are raised. In addition to the three standard Points, the following Motions will be in order during closed sessions (in order of precedence): Motion for Adjournment of the Session, Motion for


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Unmoderated Caucus, Motion for Tour de Table, Motion for Closure of the Debate, Motion for Introduction of Declaration, Motion for Introduction of Amendment, and Motion for Division of the Question. Aft er a Motion for Closure of the Debate on a Draft Declaration is approved, the only Motions in order are for Division of the Question and for Roll Call Voting.

Aft er approving the Declaration, the sessions will be declared open, and will follow the format of a Tour de Table, with the SCO’s Members States making their speeches fi rst, followed by the Observer States and fi nally the Dialogue Partners, all in alphabetical order. During open sessions, only Points are allowed.

7.1. Tour de TableDuring a Closed Session Tour de Table, the SCO Secretariat interrupts the regular

fl ow of debate and briefl y takes up the chairmanship, requesting each delegate to give a short summary of their thoughts on a specifi c matter under discussion, thus ensuring that every Member State outlines its position and allowing the SCO Secretariat to determine whether a compromise is possible. Aft er that, the chairmen of the session shall resume their post. Tours de Table during Closed Sessions shall be conducted at the discretion of the SCO Secretariat or when a Motion placed requesting it has been approved by the delegates. During the Open Sessions, the chairmanship will be exercised by the member state appointed in the fi rst session.

7.2. Motion for Tour de TableWhen the delegations deem necessary, one of them may move for a Tour de

Table during a Closed Session, stating reason and defi ning a speech time. Th e SCO Secretariat shall consider it in order or out of order. Th is motion is a procedural matter and requires a simple majority to pass.

8. UnanimityUnanimity among the SCO Member States is needed in order to adopt a

Declaration. Each Member State is entitled to one vote. Abstentions are allowed and do not compromise unanimity, being interpreted as the nonappearance of the abstaining State in a voting procedure.

9. SCO’s Summit Declaration9.1. FormatDraft Declarations must be properly formatted according to the guidelines

found in the “UFRGSMUN Draft Declaration Writing” paper, which will be sent to SCO delegates by the SCO Secretariat one week prior to the Summit.

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9.2. SponsorsTh e signatories of the Draft Declaration are recognized as its sponsors. A Draft

Declaration must have at least three SCO Member States sponsoring it. Although Observer States and Dialogue Partners may also sponsor a Draft Declaration, they will not count in the minimum number of signatures needed to pass a Draft Declaration.

9.3. Introduction of a Draft DeclarationTh e delegations may move to introduce a Draft Declaration once it has been

approved by the SCO Secretariat and distributed to the Summit. Th is motion does not need to be voted. Th e fl oor shall be granted to one of the sponsors in order to read the Draft Declaration.

9.4. Introduction of AmendmentsAn Amendment must have at least two sponsors to be introduced, both SCO

Member States. Aft er it has been approved and distributed to the Summit, the Motion for Introduction of an Amendment will be in order. Th is Motion does not need to be voted. Aft er the Amendment is introduced, one of the sponsors shall be granted the fl oor to read it.

Friendly Amendments are allowed.

9.5. Withdrawal of a Draft Chair’s Statement or of an AmendmentTh e sponsors of a Draft Declaration or Amendment may request the document’s

withdrawal at their discretion before it has been voted by the Summit. To reach the withdrawal, all sponsors must remove their support to the Amendment or Draft Declaration in question. Th is request must be submitted in written form to the SCO Secretariat. A Draft Declaration may not be withdrawn if any amendment to it is on the fl oor.

10. Voting ProcedureWhen both the chair and the SCO Secretariat announce that the Forum is

ingoing a voting procedure, no entry or exit of the room will be permitted by the SCO Secretariat until the voting procedures come to an end, unless when facing an emergency. At this time, the Motion for Division of the Question and the Motion for Roll Call Voting are in order.

10.1. Method of VotingEach SCO Member has one vote and must demonstrate intentions by raising the

placard at the chair’s request, except in cases of Roll Call Voting. In that situation, the delegations must vote in favor, against or abstain.


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10.2. PassingDuring a Roll Call Vote, a delegation may choose to pass, resulting in the chair

placing the delegate at the bottom of the voting list. A delegate who has passed once may not pass again, and abstentions are not allowed aft er the delegate has passed.

United Nations Security Council

Th ese rules apply to both UFRGSMUN and AMUN

1. CredentialsDelegates have to hand over their credentials at the beginning of the fi rst session.

Th ese credentials are sent to the delegates by their respective country’s Ministry of Foreign Aff airs in advance. In the case of not having received the Credentials delegates must contact the Secretariat.

Delegates are encouraged to write letters to their governments to obtain authorization to undertake actions beyond those listed in the credentials section of the General Rules of Procedure or request needed information.

2. Conduct during voting on a Draft ResolutionTh e Secretary-General shall immediately bring to the attention of all

representatives on the Security Council all communications from States, organs of the United Nations, or concerns regarding any matter that requires consideration of the Security Council in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.

Th e Secretary-General may designate members from the Secretariat to attend any Council’s meetings. Th e selected members from the Secretariat must provide logistical and technical support to the Security Council’s discussions, entertaining the Council with any formal or informal documents specifi cally sent to the Council or addressing any matters under its consideration. Draft -communiqués reporting on behalf of the Council may also be sent to its appreciation, whenever the Secretariat fi nds it fi t.

3. Voting MajoritiesDecisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by a

simple majority of nine members. Decisions of the Security Council on substantive matters shall be made by an affi rmative vote of nine members with no negative votes on the part of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI of the UN Charter and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.

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Th e matters hereby considered as substantive are the approval of Amendments to the Draft Resolution, the approval of Draft Resolutions and approval of clauses/parts in a division of the question.

4. Form of DebateUnless otherwise stated, all sessions of the Security Council are presumed

to be closed. Closed sessions are secret and information on the proceedings is entrusted to the discretion of the participants. Closed Sessions follow the format of a Moderated Caucus at all times, except when Motions are raised.

Th e agenda and scheduled sessions will be presented by the Secretariat to the delegates prior to the conference.

Besides the three Points described in the General Rules of Procedure, the following Motions will be allowed (according to the order of precedence): Motion for Adjournment of the Session, Motion for Consultations (which functions in the same way as a Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus, having its same eff ects), Motion for Closure of Debate, Motion for Introduction of Draft Resolution, Motion for Introduction of an Amendment, Motion for Division of the Question, Motion for Roll Call Voting, and Motion to Issue a Presidential Statement.

Aft er the Motion for Closure of Debate on a specifi c Draft Resolution has been approved, the only Motion in order is for the Division of the Question. Before proceeding with the voting on the Draft Resolution, the President must declare the session open, aft er which the voting procedure will automatically take place, all statements being duly recorded and made available to the general public. Aft er the voting procedure, open sessions follow a Speakers List as the one established under the General Rules of Procedure. During open sessions, only Motions for Adjournment of the Session and Motions for a Closed Session will be considered in order.

During Open Sessions, voting procedures on substantive matters will be done on the basis of Roll Call Voting. Both in Closed or Open Sessions, substantive matters require a simple majority to pass and delegates must demonstrate their intentions by raising their placard at the President’s request, abstentions are not allowed.

A Motion for a Closed Session is a procedural matter, and will immediately be put to a vote (without the need of hearing speeches in favor and against). If the Motion passes, the session will be immediately closed to the public, statements will no longer be recorded and all individuals who do not belong to the Secretariat or to Council delegations will be asked to leave the room. If a Draft Resolution fails, a Motion for a Closed Session will take precedence over other Motions.

5. Participation in Council DeliberationsShould any member of the Council wish to invite an individual or representative


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of an organization or government to participate (without entitlement to vote on substantive matters) in the deliberations of the Council, he or she should submit a written request to the President of the Council. Th e President will ask if any Council member objects to the invitation. Th ere being no objection, the invitation will be issued.

6. Letter to the Secretary-GeneralShould any member of the Council wish to issue a letter addressed directly

to the Secretary-General, or intended to be transmitted to an organization or government relevant to the deliberations of the Council, he or she should submit the proposed letter and a request in writing to the President of the Council. Th e President will ask if any Council member objects to the letter. Th ere being no objection, the letter will be issued.

7. Speakers ListTh e General Speakers List will only be established once the debate has been

closed and the session has been (automatically) opened. Delegates will be allowed to add their names to the Speakers List aft er the conclusion of the voting procedures and may do so only once. Th is speech will be the occasion to state voting.

8. PresidencyTh e presidency of the Security Council shall be held in turn by the delegations

that wish to do so. Each President shall hold offi ce for the length of one session. Lots will be drawn in the fi rst session among delegations willing to hold the presidency. Whenever the president of the session is seen to be fulfi lling its responsibilities in a manner unsatisfactory to the members of the UNSC and the Secretariat, a change in the presidency is in order. It requires an informal written request signed by at least three members, one of which must be a permanent member of the Council. Th is change will be put to a vote if the Secretariat deems appropriate and requires a simple majority to pass. If the vote passes, the presidency devolves for the rest of the session on the delegations scheduled to preside the next session. Should this occur, the plan will remain unchanged for the following sessions. Some delegations may be called upon to preside over multiple sessions.

Th e President shall preside over the meetings of the Security Council and, under the authority of the Security Council, shall represent it in its capacity as an organ of the United Nations.

9. Presidential StatementsAny delegate may move to Issue a UNSC Presidential Statement, which is a UN

offi cial document meant to inform the public on some of the deliberations of the UNSC. If the Motion is ruled to be in order, the delegate will read the proposed

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text for the statement, and the president will ask if any Council member objects to it. Th ere being no objection, the statement is considered to be issued and released to the public.

10. Draft Resolutions and AmendmentsIn Closed Sessions, more than one Draft Resolution and Amendments may be

on the fl oor at the same time. All the Draft Resolutions and Amendments shall be discussed simultaneously, yet the Council may approve only one resolution per topic.

Before being introduced for debate, all Draft Resolutions and Amendments require the approval of the Secretariat. Draft Resolutions require fi ve signatures and Amendments require three signatures to be introduced. Once a Draft Resolution or an Amendment has been introduced, it can be withdrawn only if all signatories remove their signatures.

Friendly Amendments are allowed.Before voting an Amendment, delegates can move for Roll Call Voting.

Draft Resolutions are voted in open sessions, therefore the Roll Call Voting is automatically in order.

International Law Commission

1. Scope Th e following rules are applicable solely to the International Law Commission.

Th ey shall be considered as having been adopted prior to the session.

2. DiscussionsTh e discussions at the ILC shall be conducted as a permanent moderated

caucus, although special proceedings may be adopted. Th ere are no motions, nor questions, nor points at the ILC, in what it diff ers from the rules governing debate in other committees.

3. Adoption of the agendaTh e fi rst order of business for the ILC shall be the consideration of the Agenda.

Aft er closure of debate, which will be suggested by the members, approved by the Chair and voted by the Committee, an immediate vote on the Agenda shall be taken. A simple majority is required for passage in both cases.

4. Order of the debateTh e debate in the ILC shall follow this specifi c order: 1) General Debate; 2)


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Debate in Working Groups/Draft ing Committees; 3) Final Debate. Remaining any questions to be discussed, the debate may return from Final Debate to either Working Groups or Draft ing Committees;

5. General DebateAft er deciding what Topic will be discussed fi rst, the members of the ILC shall

proceed to a General Debate. It shall concern the establishment of the main issues that each specifi c draft ing committee or working group will discuss and present in form of either a draft or a report, according to the Topic Area previously elected. At the end of this debate a general outline of the draft or the report with its main issues has to be established by the members. Th e issues will be distributed among the specialized groups.

At the end of the General Debate, the delegates shall also vote on the method of work to be adopted by the specifi c groups, if either the preparation of a report (progressive development) or of draft articles (codifi cation). A simple majority is required.

6. Specifi c GroupsFollowing the foreseen general outline, the Commission will divide itself in

specifi c groups which will put into discussion the topic chosen in order to prepare draft articles or a report. Th ese groups may be draft ing committees or working groups, depending on the method of work adopted by the Commission at the end of the General Debate.

Draft ing committees must present draft articles on their specifi c topics, and working groups must present a report on their specifi c topics. Th ese specifi c groups will elect one of its members to work as a rapporteur in the fi nal debate.

7. Final Debate and VotingWhen the specifi c groups have fi nished their discussions and prepared either

the draft articles or the report, they shall indicate a member of the group (the rapporteur) to present these documents opening the discussion to a fi nal debate in which the whole Commission will take part and vote. Other proposals may be presented to the Chair by any member. If none of the proposals is accepted by the simple majority of the Commission members, a new proposal must be presented to the Chair and voted until a simple majority is reached.

8. Doubts regarding the Rules of Procedure In the case of absence of a provision regarding the rules of debate, the Chair has

a fi nal word to apply the rule most effi cient to the event.

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Rules Chart

Rule Speakers Vote Comments

Point of Personal Privilege

In order at any time; used when a delegate’s comfort or well-being is disturbed.

Point of OrderUsed when the adequate following of the rules of procedure is in doubt. Not in order during a speech.

Point of InquiryIn order when the fl oor is open; addressed to the Chair regarding misunderstanding of the rules of procedure.

Adjournment of the Session 2/3 In order when the fl oor is open; refers to dismiss the

committee until the next session.

Unmoderated Caucus / Consultations

1/2+1Aims at facilitating the debate; requires time limit and purpose; time limit may not exceed 15 minutes. Consultations only for the WB and UNSC.

Tour de Table 1/2+1 Requires purpose. Only for ARF.

Moderated Caucus 1/2+1Aims at facilitating the debate; requires time limit, speech time and purpose; time limit may not exceed 15 minutes; yields are out of order.

Closure of the Debate 2 against 2/3

Closes the debate on substantive or procedural matters; if it passes, the committee moves automatically to voting on the current motion; statement of reasons is necessary.

Closure of Speakers List

Chair’s discretion 1/2+1 Statement of reason is necessary.

Reopening of Speakers List 2/3 Statement of reason is necessary.

Introduction of Draft Resolution

Must be approved by the Chair; requires eight signatures.

Introduction of Amendment

Must be approved by the Chair; requires three signatories; procedural speech is mandatory.

Division of the Question

2 for and 2 against 1/2+1

Four part process: 1) vote on motion to divide, 2) vote on each proposal, 3) vote on inclusion of each part, and 4) vote on fi nal resolution.

Roll Call Voting In order only for substantive matters.


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Guide on Writing Resolutions

1. Draft ResolutionsTh e United Nations does not pass “laws”, it passes Resolutions. A Resolution

is a way of bringing pressure upon Member States, of expressing an opinion on a pressing matter, or recommending some action to be taken by the UN or other agency.

Draft Resolutions should not be introduced into formal session until they have circulated among other delegates to incorporate diff erent perspectives and to build support. It is desirable for a Draft Resolution to be sponsored by several States or by an entire bloc. Delegates should not bring pre-written Resolutions to the Conference. Pre-written Resolutions are not only frowned upon by the Secretariat, but will inevitably alienate the other delegates in the committee. Th e process of writing Resolutions in committee with other delegates is designed to teach delegates the subtler forms of negotiations and concessions. Pre-fabricated Resolutions obviously preempt this process.

When draft ing and sponsoring a resolution, keep in mind that the wording will greatly infl uence its appeal. Th e Resolution should be clear, concise and specifi c. Th e substance should be well researched, and refl ect the character and interests of the sponsorship nations.

Being a signatory to a Resolution only means that delegates want to see it put on the fl oor; it does not indicate sponsorship or support and the signatory has no further obligations. For instance, you might be against a Draft Resolution but might want to see it debated to be able to convince other countries to fi nd new avenues of compromise. Sponsors are generally the countries who have written the Draft Document.

2. Draft ing a ResolutionUN Resolutions follow a common format. A resolution in one long sentence,

with commas and semi-colons used to separate the ideas and a period at the very end of the document. Th ey should be single-spaced, with each line numbered in the left -hand margin. Resolutions consist of three main parts:

2.1. Th e HeadingTh e heading of the Draft Resolution should read as follows:

Committee: the name of the organ where it was introduced; Subject: the topic of the resolution; Sponsored by: list of sponsoring nations

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A document number will be given to the resolution as part of the heading and it will be referred to by this number for the remainder of the simulation.

2.2. Th e Preambulatory ClausesWithin the preamble of a Resolution, one will not fi nd clauses proposing

action or making substantive statements. Th e perambulatory clauses explain the purpose of the resolution and state the main reasons for the suggestions to follow. Th is is where previous UN Resolutions are referred to and relevant precedents of international law are cited. Th e preamble may also include altruistic appeals to the common sense or humanitarian instincts of Members States with reference to the Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, etc. Each clause begins with an italicized participle and is followed by a comma aft er the sentence.

Th e following words are a partial list of appropriate introductions in resolutions:

Affi rming Emphasizing Keeping in mind

Alarmed by Expecting Noting with regret

Approving Fulfi lling Noting with satisfaction

Aware of Fully aware Noting with deep concern

Believing Fully alarmed Noting with approval

Bearing in mind Fully believing Observing

Confi dent Further deploring Realizing

Convinced Guided by Reaffi rming

Declaring Having adopted Recalling

Deeply concerned Having considered Recognizing

Deeply convinced Having examined Seeking

Deeply disturbed Having studied Taking into consideration

Deeply regretting Having heard Viewing with apprehension

Desiring Having received Welcoming

2.3. Th e Operative ClausesTh e operative clauses list the recommendations for action, or state a favorable

or unfavorable opinion regarding the existing situation. Th ese clauses may request action by Member States, by the Secretariat, or by any UN bodies or agencies. Th ese actions can be as vague as a denunciation of a certain situation or a call for negotiations, or specifi c as a call for a ceasefi re or a monetary commitment for a particular project. Remember that only Security Council Resolutions are binding on member states, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council can only make recommendations.


33

Operative clauses begin with an active, present tense verb and are followed by a semicolon in the end of the sentence. Th e fi rst word in each operative clause is italicized. Operative clauses are numbered, beginning with “1”.

Th e following words are a partial list of appropriate terms for initiate operative clauses:

Accepts Draws the attention Notes

Affi rms Designates Proclaims

Approves Emphasizes Reaffi rms

Authorizes Encourages Recommends

Calls Endorses Reminds

Calls upon Expresses its appreciation Regrets

Commands Expresses its hope Requests

Condemns Further invites Reiterates

Congratulates Further proclaims Solemnly affi rms

Confi rms Further reminds Strongly condemns

Considers Further recommends Supports

Decides Further resolves Takes note of

Declares accordingly Further requests Transmits

Demands Further urges Urges

Deplores Has resolved

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3. Sample Draft ResolutionSample draft resolution no.1

United Nations General Assembly: Special Political and Decolonization Committee

Th e Protection of Human Rights while Combating TerrorismSponsored by: the United Kingdom, Morocco, Spain and the Russian

Federation

Th e General Assembly,Reaffi rming its resolutions A.RES.61/171 (2006) of 19 December 2006 and

A.RES.59/191 (2004) of 20 December 2004, as well as Security Council resolution S.RES.1757 (2007),

Additionally reaffi rming the tenets of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Further reaffi rming that acts of international terrorism constitute a threat to international peace and security as well as an impediment to stable growth in Least Developed Countries (LDCs),

Recognizing the need to combat, by all means in accordance with the United Nations Charter, threats to international peace and security caused by international terrorism,

Deeply concerned that the international increase in acts of terrorism, especially those motivated by intolerance or extremism, will result in an increase of retaliatory violence that will claim the lives of many who are innocent of any kind of terrorism,

Guided by the principle established by the General Assembly in its declaration of October 1970 (resolution 2625 (XXV)) and reiterated by the Security Council in its resolution 1189 (1998) of 13 August 1998, namely that every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing to organized activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts,

1. Urges all States to enforce existing resolutions and agreements, to the best of their abilities, including those designed to:

(a) Prevent terrorist acts through: (i) Th e suppression of monetary funds used for international terrorism; (ii) Th e utilization of education to combat intolerance and extremism; (iii) Th e prevention of the proliferation of small arms and explosives or

components used for the creation of small arms and explosives;(b) Criminalize the willful provision or collection, by any means, directly or

indirectly, of funds by their nationals or intheir territories with the intention that the funds should be used, or in the knowledge that they are to be used, in order to


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carry out terrorist acts;2. Further urges all States to refrain from providing any form of support, active

or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist acts, to suppress recruitment of new members to terrorist groups, and to eliminate the supply of weapons to terrorists;

3. Requests that States take the necessary steps to prevent the loss of innocent life while combating international terrorism;

4. Additionally requests that all States make an eff ort to help those who have been injured or displaced as a result of combating international terrorism or because of a terrorist attack;

5. Additionally urges all States to ensure that any person who participates in the fi nancing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in supporting terrorist acts is brought to justice and ensure that, in addition to any other measures against them, such terrorist acts are established as serious criminal off ences in domestic laws and regulations and that the punishment duly refl ects the seriousness of such terrorist acts;

6. Reminds all States of their responsibility under the United Nations Charter to comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions on this matter.