ucla linguistics 1 final

7/23/2019 UCLA Linguistics 1 Final

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Ling 1 PracticeMattyas Huggard, UCLA

1-In the context of this class, what is a linguist?

a- one who speaks several languages.b-one who teaches people to speak prescriptively correct.

c-one who studies a natural language for its properties.

d-one who is a specialist of the tongue.

2- Here are two sentences of nglish!

"i# $ohn is tough to love "so%e one else has a hard ti%e to love $ohn#"ii# $ohn is willing to love "$ohn is the one doing the loving#

&ith respect to these sentences, 'ho%sky poses the (uestions, )How does every child know,

unerringly, to interpret the *sub+ect differently in the two cases? nd why does no pedagogic gra%%ar

have to draw the learners attention to such facts?/ 0he reason that teaching gra%%ars would notspecifically teach this is...

a-this is an uninteresting (uestion not worth being discussed in a gra%%ar class

b-the ability to interpret these structures co%es fro% principles of gra%%ar ac(uired throughinnate processes.

c-these structures are too co%plex to be taught. nly si%ple structures are taught in a gra%%arclass.d-0his is not standard nglish. nly prescriptively gra%%atical structures are taught in

gra%%ar classes.

-0he fil%Discovering the Human Language has a seg%ent on the &arlpiri, a group of hunter-gathererpeople in ustralia, of which the narrator says, )*&arlpiri has been spoken in isolation fro% non-

ustralian languages for possibly up to 34,444 years./ &hen linguists began studying the language of

these people, they found...a-the language had gra%%atical categories such as 5 and 6, followed %orphological and

syntactic rules.

b-due to the early and long separation fro% %odern civili7ation, the language is a for% of proto-language! they found the %issing gap.

c- ustralian aborigine languages had loose pidgin like properties.

d-the people speak in word-salad and rely on context alone in order to deter%ine who is the

agent and who is the patient in a sentence.

8- 9inker co%pares the case of :r. ;ord, who can speak only with great difficulty in chopped phrases

because of trau%a in a certain area of his brain, to


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>- 0he fact that 'hie%ba speakers have %any for%s to express the past and future tenses shows that!a-the language causes the% to perceive ti%e in discreet slots.

b-unsurprisingly, a people shape their expressions to express what is i%portant to the%.

c-%any languages @including 'hie%ba@ show diversity in expressing tense.

d-the %ain interest in the study of a language is its inflectional verbal %orphology.

3- It has been argues in this class that aAword-chain deviceA is an inade(uate %odel for hu%an syntax.

0he &'< below couldaccount for %any gra%%atical sentences such as the cat is chasing mice, thecats on the farm chase mice!

Bchases@@@-cat @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@C is

the on Cthe C far% chasing C %ice

catsC Barechase@@@@-

&hich one of the following ungrammaticalsentences show the inherent fault with such a %odel?

a-0he cats on far% chase %ice.b- 0he cats chases %ice.

c-0he cat are chasing %ice.

d-0he cat on the far% are chasing %ice.

0H 5D0 8 EFG0I5G G< 5 0H ;&I5J 9Gs 5< 0G!

.

. '.


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K-&hich of the following sentences would NOTbe accounted for using +ust the 9Gs above?a- 0he snow in :ontreal %orphed into dangerous ice.

b-&e shoveled the snow fro% the paths.

c-&e shoveled the snow fro% the bli77ard.

d-0he :ounties aided the population (uite efficiently during the evacuation.

L-&hich sentence has the sa%e structure as tree ' in the pre%ises?

a- &ho aided who% (uite efficiently during the evacuation?b- 0he :ounties aided the population (uite efficiently during the evacuation.

c-&ho acted (uite efficiently during the evacuation?

d- 0he :ounties acted (uite efficiently during the evacuation.

M-&e have defined J::0I' to %ean Aconfor%ing to the rules of a gra%%arA. eferring +ustto the rules of the gra%%ar above, how would you characteri7e the following sentence?

The snow in the North suddenly interred Montreal

a- %eaningful and gra%%atical

b-%eaningless and gra%%aticalc-%eaningless and ungra%%atical

d-%eaningful and ungra%%atical

14-elow are four sentences where rules have been applied in recursive fashion but 5N 5 ;

0H G505'G 'F< ''F50< ; N 0H J:: 6. &hich of the

sentences 'F< accounted for by this gra%%ar?

a- Gnow induced a paralysis of the city during the winter.

b- Gnow induced a paralysis of the city in 'anada.

c- Gnow accu%ulated in the city over the night.d- Gnow snowed snow on snow.

11- 0he following sentence is a%biguous!We shoveled the snow from the athway

&hich of the phrase structure tree below is the best representation of this sentence when it has the

%eaning A&e shoveled out of the pathway the snow that was located thereA "as opposed to, Aweshoveled the pathway-snow, as opposed to the street-snow.A

a- b-

ANSWERS CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE


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c- d-

12- In ter%s of AbasicA word order, the %ost co%%on typologies are "fro% %ost co%%on to leastco%%on#

a- G6, G6, 6G c- 6G, G6, G6

b-G6, G6, 6G d-G6, G6, 6G

1- Jarifuna@ a native %erican language spoken in 'entral %erica@ is a 6G language as shown by

the following sentence! dg-ti mt! "#a "!n$i Athe %an is kicking a dogAkick person one dog

&hich of the following would be I5'5GIG050 with the head ordering suggested by the basic 6Gorder in the exa%ple above?

a- $-a! %&gied! Awith a forkA

with fork

b- $!-#'mena mt! Athe %an=s bananaA

banana person

c- %!n"-r! #'mena Aripe bananaA

ripe banana

d- t-ma W"r(!Awith the Indian "wo%an#A

with Indian"f#


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18- &hich of the following signs of %erican Gign anguage is th G0 illustration of the arbitraryrelation between for% and %eaning?

a-%onkey b- elephant c- sheep d-crocodile

1>- elow are na%es of a few board ga%es. &hich one has a na%e that %ost clearly violates the type

of na%e predicted by the &H $'0 9I5'I9?

a-scrabble c-%onopoly

b-snakes and ladders d-trivial pursuit

13-How %any a%%i)e*are in the word contraindications?

a- one c-three

b- two d-four

1K- How %any m(r+,eme*are in the word contraindications?

a- one c-three

b- two d-four

1L- &hich of the following contains a !ound root?

a- contradict c- dictation

b- contraindicate d- dictating

1M- &hich word in the previous (uestion contains an exa%ple of derivational suffi"?

a- b- c- d-

24- &hich word in the second (uestion above contains an exa%ple of inflectional suffi"?

a- b- c- d-

21- &hich of the following diagra%s would be the correct representation of the word discontentment?

a- b- c- d-


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22-

0he +oke in the cartoon above is based on...a- an unexpected interpretation of an inflectional affix

b- an unexpected interpretation of an derivational affix

c-an unexpected interpretation of a co%poundd-an unexpected interpretation of an idio%

e-an unexpected interpretation of a root

2-

0he +oke in the cartoon above is based on...a- an unexpected interpretation of an inflectional affix

b- an unexpected interpretation of an derivational affix

c-an unexpected interpretation of a co%poundd-an unexpected interpretation of an idio%

e-an unexpected interpretation of a root


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28- &hich of the sentences in a-d would be depicted in the following wave for%?

a-0he echo %ight %ar it.b- 0he echo %ay %ar it.

c-0he arrow %ight %ar it.

d-0he arrow %ay %ar it.

2>- In which pair do both words begin with a sound pronounced at point of articulation OL

a- cart-chartb-chart-character

c-character-caesar

d-character-cart

23- &hat is the articulatory description of the first vowel sound in caesar ?

a-high front unrounded

b-low central unroundedc-low front unrounded


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d-%id front unrounded2K- what is the articulatory description of the last consonant in the word enough?

a-voiceless glotal fricative

b-voiced velar stop

c-voiceless labio-dental fricatived-voiced alveolar nasal

2L- &hich of the following is the correct transcription of the word unit?

a- *unt

b- *yunit

c- *yunt

d-*unPt

2M- *pik is the phonetic transcription fo which of the following words?

a- pikeb- pick

c-peck

d-peak4- &hich of the following sounds would the person in the figure on the right be producing?

a- *g

b- *Qc- *k

d- *R

e- none of the above

1- Guppose a child born into an rabic-speaking co%%unity can put the following pieces of

knowledge into practice to produce utterances in rabic. &HI'H 5 of these general features ofrabic would the child have to learn by hearing speakers of arabic rather than drawing on the language

instinct to ac(uire it?a-rabic utterances can be analy7ed into phrases such as 69, 59, 99, each of which co%prises a)head/ and )%odifiers/. ;or exa%ple, #ata!a #it$!an #a!%ran She wrote a big book has a 69

with #ata!a S"he# wrote as head and an 59 with #it$!an Sbook as head.

b-0he 0 of an rabic word is the consonants of the word without the vowels. vidence forthis is the fact that %any inflectional patterns are for%ed by changing +ust the vowels of the

word, e.g. ra&ulun S%an, ri&$lun S%en, #it$!un Sbook, #utu!un Sbooks.


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c-rabic groups words into categories including 6erb, 5oun, 9reposition, and others. videncefor this is the fact that different categories use different inflections, e.g. 6Gya'#ta!u S"%asc.#

will write, ta'#ta!u S"fe%.# will write, but


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pool *pul poule *pul AhenA

c-

fool *ful foule *ful AcrowdA

foe *fo faux *fo AfalseA

d-

coffee *kofi cafX *kafe

coco *kowko coco *koko

3- 0he nine languages in the table below have been genetically classified into 0H separate

fa%ilies as indicated!

&hich state%ent would best characteri7e the use of the %ethod of %ass co%parison to reach the

classification of the languages in the table above?a-Indo-uropean languages are spoken in urope, ltaic languages are spoken in central sia

and froasiatic languages are spoken in the near-astYnorthern frica.

b-0he sets of words within each fa%ily rese%ble each other and have the sa%e %eaning, but thesets do not rese%ble each other across the fa%ilies.

c- ne can find regular sound correspondences within each fa%ily that are not shared by the

others.d-ne can reconstruct the proto-sound of the parent language.

K- In the previous (uestion, we classified the nine languages into three fa%ilies. 0he words for =coffee=are si%ilar to each other in all the languages. &H0 IG 0H /OST LI0EL D950I5 ;0HIG GI:II0N.

a. ll these languages have #(rr(2ed the word for =coffee= fro% the sa%e source in relatively

recent ti%es.b. 0he word for =coffee= is %erely a c,ance re*em#$ance of the type that can be found between

any pair of languages.

c. lthough the languages see% to fall into distinct genetic groups, at a %ore deep ti%e level,they are all related to each other. 0he word for =coffee= has co%e down into all these languages


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fro% a c(mm(n ance*tra$ $ang!age.d. 'offee is an i%portant part of %any societies. ;or exa%ple, it is drunk on first dates.

lthough the languages have undergone changes over ti%e, their social networking and ter%s

used in these social events, like c(%%ee, have re%ained the sa%e.

L- s children ac(uire pronunciation, they apply (uite consisten )rules of adaption/ to %ake the

pronunciation they hear fro% adults fit their current capabilities. Here are so%e words as pronounced

by Garah at 1.L years "transcribed in the phonetic alphabet#! *dyu =+uice=, *da =dog=, *%o =%ore=, *ri=read=, *bani =arney=, *yayaw =yogurt=.

&hich of the following pronunciations would :G0 IZN 50 be a pronunciation thatGarah would produce?

a# *te =take=

b# *nana =grand%a=c# *fit =feet=

d# *wawa =water=

e# *k[ =cat=

M-t .L years, :elissa referred to the author of a book, saying, )It=s wrotedby reanna./ Her verb

for% shows that...

a# she is i%itating the speech of the adults around her.

b# she is rando%ly using verbal %arkers she has heard adults use.

c# she learned to read at a very young age.d# she is co%bining the input fro% adult language with her gra%%ar rules she has constructed.

e# she has not yet learned the difference between past tense and passive constructions.

84-In a )H


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:anakel=s speech at this stage shows that...

a-he is for%ing two-word phrases using parts of adult phrase structure rules and %eaning

relationships.

b-he is for%ing two-word phrases using adult-like %eaning relationships, but exhibits no signof adult syntax yet.

c-he is using Frenchwords and co%bines the% according to innate structures.

d-he is using Frenchwords but hisutterances are unstructured.e-he is i%itating the speech of hisparents(mother and uncle).

82-&hich of the following is the G0 way to locali7e various linguistic processes in specific parts ofthe left he%isphere of the brain?

a-9 ")vent elated 9otential/ or )voked esponse 9otential/# experi%ents.b-study the differences in language loss a%ong different types of aphasia.

c-observe the correlation between aphasic speech and right-side paralysis

d-study )split brain/ patients.

e-study 90 scans of sub+ects co%pleting linguistic tasks, such as reading sentences orproducing synony%s for words flashed on a screen.

8-In a exical -&hich of the following %ost rese%bles roca=s aphasia?

a-"Euestion! )nd have you been going ho%e on weekends?/# &hy, yes... 0hursday uh.... uh...

uh... no... ;riday.... ar...ba...ra... wife... and oh car.... drive... purpike... you know... rest.. and06.

b-"Euestion! )re you a doctor?/# :e? Nes sir. I=% a %ale de%aplo7e on %y own. I still

know %y tubaboys what for I have that=s gone hell and so%e of the% go.c-0he only thing I can say again is %adder or %odder fish sudden fishing sewed into the

accident to %iss the purdles.


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d-"sked to repeat the state%ent )Gally drove her car to the %all/# Gally drove her record to theocean.

e-"sked to read the word )act/# 9lay. "sked to read the word )pplaud/# 'heers. "sked to

read the word )exa%ple/# nswer. "sked to read the word )heal/# 9ain.

83-&hat was the pri%ary factor leading to the Jardner=s choosing of %erican Gign anguage for theirexperi%ent with &ashoe?

a-0he Jardners were native speakers of G.b-ecause G is a visual syste%, the Jardners would not need to use audio recording

e(uip%ent to docu%ent &ashoe=s progress.

c-G is a natural hu%an language.d-'hi%pan7ees already have a vocal language, so the Jardners were concerned about

interference errors if they taught her a spoken language.

e-'hi%pan7ees can extend the %eaning of abstract sy%bols to novel usages.

8K-&hat feature of %erican Gign anguage is a chi%pan7ee unlikely to be able to ac(uire?

a-0he duality of patterningb-Inflectional %orphology

c-Hierarchically structured syntax.

d-


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>4-lthough the closest living relatives to hu%ans are the great apes, such as chi%pan7ees and gorillas,

their co%%unication syste%s do not give us infor%ation on )inter%ediate/ co%%unication syste%s

between ani%al co%%unication syste%s and language because...

a-the great apes do not use tools and therefore could not have language abilities.

b-the vocal tract of apes cannot produce all the sounds of hu%an language.

c-the great apes do not have the co%plex social structures needed for language to develop.d-the great apes are not the direct ancestors of %odern hu%ans, but are %ore like cousins.

e-the co%%unication syste%s of great apes are co%prised of fixed calls.

>1-arly theories on the origin of language proposed that hu%ans )invented/ language in response to

environ%ental or cultural factors such as the need to co%%unicate in order to cooperate in hunting.

Guch theories are inade(uate as explanations for the origin of language because...

a-it logically follows fro% the% that all hu%ans should speak the sa%e language.

b-writing ca%e earlier than speech, so we should concentrate on how writing was invented.

c-such theories presuppose that the physical and %ental properties of language evolved first andthen hu%ans learned how to use the%, creating language.

d-hu%ans have words for ite%s not native to their own cultures.

e-such theories ignore non-spoken varieties of hu%an language.

>2-AT,e(r6 (% mindis the ability to attribute %ental states "...#to oneself and others and to understand

that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different fro% one=s own.A "wikipedia#&hich of the following state%ents would best link the presence of hu%an language with

archeological findings?

a-Gince 5eanderthals left no cultural artifacts, they therefore %ust not have had a co%plex

co%%unication syste% like hu%ans had.b-the findings of sy%%etrical tools and prehistoric art@cave paintings, beads, flutes %ade out of

vulture bones, for exa%ple@infer that early hu%ans produced tools for purposes beyond survival

necessities and had a conception that went beyond the present, and used language to trans%ittheir knowledge to the next generation.

c-'hildren=s art rese%bles cave-%en drawings and display proto-language like properties.

d-tool %aking and cultural artifacts reflect hierarchical structure in a social setting. 0hishierarchical structure is also present in hu%an language.

>-5oa% 'ho%sky said A:aybe physical laws produce results of a certain type when you )pack 14 to

14th power neurons into a container the si7e of a basketball./ and Gteven Jould said! A:aybe a bigbrain that developed for other reasoning abilities turned out to be good for language, too.A lthough

both are great scholars in their respective field, their speculation is lacking in that...

a-&hales have big brains too, hence they should have language.b-It is a know biological fact that %ales have larger brains than fe%ales, hence should be

linguistically %ore apt than fe%ales.

c-0hey ignore the evolutionary develop%ent of the brain! precursors to roca=s area and&ernicke=s area are also present in other co%plex organis%s, and like all other things developed

into the hu%an state by incre%ental adaptive changes.

d-0hey do not consider theAgapA between ani%al co%%unication and hu%an language.


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5G& ZN

1-c2-b

-a

8-b>-b

3-d

K-aL-c

M-d

14-b11-d

12-d

1-c

18-c1>-b

13-c

1K-d1L-a

1M-c

24-d21-a

22-b

2-c

28-a2>-d

23-a

2K-c2L-c

2M-d

4-b1-b

2-c

-a

8-c>-a

3-b

K-aL-c

M-d

84-b81-a

82-e

8-b88-e

8>-a


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83-c8K-e

8L-b

8M-c

>4-d>1-c

>2-b

>-c

ucla linguistics 1 final

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