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1. Sterols: A. Are a rigid planar molecule that make cell membranes more flexibleB. Are found in eukaryotic membranes and in some prokaryotes without cell walls C. Are similar to the hopanoids found in Archaea D. All of the aboveE. Both B & C

2. Properties of viroids include all of the following except: A. Structure is stabilized by hydrogen bondingB. Ability to cause disease in plantsC. Protein coding D. Single-stranded circular RNA that has secondary structureE. Interferes with regulatory RNA

3. Which of the following can make it through the cell membrane without a carrier? A. Amino acidsB. Polar solutesC. Nucleic acidsD. Large non-polar solutesE. Small uncharged molecules

4. When a Gram-positive rod shaped microorganism is treated with lysozyme in an environment: A. Isotonic to the cell, a spheroplast is formed which contains the cell membrane, cell wall, and internal

constituents of the cellB. Isotonic to the cell, a protoplast is formed and water moves into the cell, leading to cell lysisC. Isotonic to the cell, a protoplast is formed, which only contains the cell membrane and internal constituents of

the cell D. Hypertonic to the cell, a protoplast is formed, water enters the cell,, and the cell swellsE. Hypotonic to the cell, a spheroplast is formed, water leaves the cell and the cell lyses.

5. Which of the following statements is true? A. Microbiologists study various organisms, but all of them are considered either Bacteria or Archaea. B. Some eukaryotes exist with peptidoglycan in their cell wall.C. Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not considered living organisms. D. Proteins function in modern cell as both catalysts and structural elements. 6. Which scientist developed a set of criteria that could be used to argue a link between certain microorganisms and a disease? A. PasteurB. Koch C. ListerD. Hooke

7. Which scientist was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms from underneath a microscope?A. PasteurB. HookeC. ListerD. van Leeuwenhoek

8. Staphylococcus genus includes bacteria that: A. Are cocci in shape but attached in a “grape” formation B. Are cocci in shape but attached in a chain formationC. Are bacilli in shape but attached in a chain formationD. Are bacilli in shape but attached in a cuboidal formation

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9. How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation? A. He cultured bacteria from diseased organisms.B. He sealed his flasks, then sterilized. C. He allowed a free passage of air in his sterilized flasks. D. He inoculated bacteria into his flasks.

10. Which of the following statements is correct about pilli? A. Pili may be involved in swimming motilityB. Pili function in direct genetic transfer of material between bacteria is known as transfectionC. The pili in some pathogens may attach to a receptor on human cells, aiding in adhesion D. All of the aboveE. Only B & C

11. Peptidoglycan: A. Is a repeating heteropolymer with N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acidB. Is a repeating heteropolymer with N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid C. Is resistant to lysozyme because it contains beta(1,4)-glycosidic bondsD. Is rigid in both Y and X directions due to glycosidic bonds

12. Three bacteria have the following radius. Put them in order from most efficient to least efficient exchanging material with the environment. Bacteria A: 9 micrometers radiusBacteria B: 2 micrometers radiusBacteria C: 12 micrometers radiusA. Bacteria C - B - AB. Bacteria C - A - BC. Bacteria B - A - C D. Bacteria A - B - CE. Can not be determined from the information given

13. Which of the following statements is true? A. The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with shape. B. Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than Gram-negative bacteria. C. Bacteria growing at lower temperatures have more saturated fatty acids in their membrane.D. Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are important for the structural integrity of the cell membrane in

bacteria

14. In a certain transport system, the sugars are phosphorylated as they enter the bacteria cell. What process of transportation is this? A. ABC transportB. Facilitated diffusionC. Passive diffusionD. Group translocation

15. The bacterial flagella consists of three distinct parts. Which of the following is not one of those parts? A. Basal bodyB. Root C. FilamentD. Hook

16. Which of the following is true about prokaryotic gas vesicles? A. They give buoyancy to cells by decreasing their density. B. They serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxideC. They are found in CyanobacteriaD. They store oxygen for anaerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment. E. A & C

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17. The ABC transport system: A. Is the ATP-Binding Cassette B. Does not require a transmembrane protein for transportC. Is only found in Gram-negative bacteriaD. Needs the proton motive force to create energy used for transportE. A & D

18. Which of the following is true about capsules? A. They aid bacteria’s in escaping phagocytosis of host cellsB. They retain water to prevent desiccation of the bacteria C. They prevent entry of bacterial viruses, protecting the bacteriaD. All of the above

19. What happens to the cell wall when the bacteria is placed in a hypertonic environment? A. OsmolysisB. HydrolysisC. LysisD. Plasmolysis

20. Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs): A. Are found in endosporesB. Protect the DNA from damage by UV radiationC. Function as carbon and energy source during germinationD. All of the above E. A & B

21. Which scientist is matched incorrectly with his contribution to microbiology? A. Redi - challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating the maggots do not arise from

decaying meat but rather develop from eggs B. Tyndall — demonstrated that microorganisms present in air are carried by dust particles/bunniesC. Jenner — work in preventing rabies led to the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the

prevention of disease D. Lister - pioneer of antiseptic surgery

22. Which structure is found in Archaea but not in Bacteria? A. CapsuleB. PiliC. FlagellaD. Hami

23. Which of the following statements is true? A. Cell walls of most Archaea and Bacteria contain peptidoglycanB. The hydrocarbons found in Archaea are identical to those found in BacteriaC. Bacteria and Archaea are more closely related than Archaea and EukaryaD. A structure unique to Archaea is that they can compose of lipid monolayers in their cell membrane E. Bacterial and Archaea ribosomes are known as 80S ribosomes

24. A molecule is being transported into the cell against its concentration gradient using energy from an ion gradient. Which of the following could be possible mechanisms: (Select all that apply)A. Antiport: Molecule goes in while H+ in low concentration on the inside moves to the outsideB. Antiport: Molecule goes in while H+ in high concentration on the inside moves to the outside C. Antiport: Molecule goes in while H+ in high concentration on the outside moves to the inside D. Symport: Molecule goes in while H+ in low concentration on the outside moves to the insideE. Symport: Molecule goes in while H+ in high concentration on the outside moves to the inside

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25. Which is the endotoxic component in a Gram-negative bacteria? A. Core polysaccharide componentB. Outer O-specific polysaccharideC. Lipid A in the innermost layer of the LPS D. Teichoic acidE. Both A & C

26. Which of the statements is true about Archaea?A. The cell wall contains beta(1,3)-glycosidic bondsB. The cell wall can be lysed by lysozymeC. Glycerol diethers form monolayers. D. Cell membrane contains fatty acids E. Cell wall contains N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

27. Which is not true about viruses? A. They can exist intracellularly or extracellularlyB. They are acellular C. They replicate only inside host cells D. They infect animal and plant cells only E. They are observed under an electron microscope

28. Which diseases can be caused by prions? A. Mad Cow DiseaseB. ScrapiesC. KuruD. Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseE. All of the above

29. ______ are hollow tube-like structures that hold Archaea daughter cells together after cell division. ______ are hook-like structures that attach Archaea cells to surfaces. A. Pili; hamiB. Cannulae; hami C. Hami; cannulaeD. Cannulae; fimbriae

30. In order to make the distinction between a Bacteria and Archaea, all of the following methods are useful except: A. Studying the sequence of small subunit ribosomal rRNAB. Looking at the type of membrane lipidsC. Identifying the structure of the cell wallD. Identifying the presence or absence of circular genomes

31. Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking that occurs during peptidoglycan synthesis. However, penicillin does not inhibit the growth of archaea cells. Why is that? A. Archaea do not have a cell wall; they have an S layer instead. B. Archaea can have a cell wall, but it is composed of pseudomurein, which does not exhibit similar cross-linkage

as peptidoglycan. C. Penicillin is unable to penetrate the lipid outer membrane (ether linkages) since it blocks the access of penicillin

to the peptidoglycan cross-linkage site. D. Penicillin is unable to penetrate the S layers to reach the peptidoglycan that resides underneath.

32. Which of the following statements is true? Select all that apply. A. The presence of calcium dipicolinate contributes to the environmental resistance of bacterial endosporesB. The steps to an endospore becoming a vegetative cell include: germination, activation, and induction. C. Endospores are reproductive structures. D. Endospores can survive if temperatures applied during food preservation are too low.

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33. If a cell can no longer product a capsule, what do you expect to be the result from that? A. The bacteria is more virulent nowB. The bacteria is less likely to cause disease now C. The bacteria will experience lysis in a hypotonic solution nowD. The bacteria will perform binary fission easily now

34. Which of the following occurs when a flagella intends to go towards a chemical attractant? Select all that apply.A. Running frequency is increased. B. Tumbling frequency is increased. C. Running frequency is decreased. D. Tumbling frequency is decreased. E. The bacteria will switch between running and tumbling systematically.

35. Moving from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration with the use of a carrier molecule is called: A. Facilitated osmosisB. Facilitated diffusion C. Facilitated active transportD. Passive diffusion

36. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Active transport includes a saturable uptake rate. B. Organisms usually have a single transport system for a nutrient. C. A transport of two different substances in the same direction is referred to as antiport. D. Nucleic acids are a major class of growth factors.

37. Which of the following is not a macronutrient? A. CalciumB. Copper C. Carbon D. Magnesium

38. Which of the following involves twitching or gliding motility? Select all that apply. A. type IV pili B. Fimbriae C. Movement of slime D. Axial fibrils

39. Which statement is not true about the bacterial flagellum? A. They are constructed from a single protein called flagellin. B. They can spin either clockwise or counterclockwise. C. The energy used to power flagella is ATP. D. They grow through self-assembly of subunits through the flagellum.

40. Which is true about type III bacterial protein secretion machinery? A. It is found in Gram-positive bacteria B. It has a needle like structure through which proteins are secreted C. It is found in Gram-negative bacteria D. It can be related to the filaments of bacterial flagella E. B & C

41. Which of the following statements is not true? A. The periplasmic space is found in Gram-negative bacteria B. Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be ampiphatic. C. Proteins loosely associated with the plasma membrane are considered peripheral proteins. D. Plasmids are required for host growth and reproduction. E. Archaea have ether linkages between glycerol and hydrophobic side chains.

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42. Which of the following is not true about the capsule and slime layer of bacteria? A. They can prevent the desiccation of bacterial cells. B. Some bacteria do not have these structures. C. They help bacteria resist phagocytosis.D. They are required for bacterial growth in culture.

43. Which of the following statements about fungi is false? A. Fungi are eukaryotic cellsB. Fungi can be unicellular molds or multicellular yeast C. Fungi have a cell wall made of chitinD. Fungi are considered eukaryotic microbes.

44. Select the answer choices that are correct components of the definition of life. A. Ability to reproduce B. Cellular communicationC. Growth and development D. Genetic exchangeE. Motility

45. Which branch of microbiology deals with the production of antibiotics?A. CommercialB. Public HealthC. MedicalD. Industrial

46. Which type of microbe is this? It can grow in the guts of cattle and carry out a process called methanogenesis. A. Eukaryotic FungiB. Archaea C. Bacterial Normal FloraD. Eukaryotic mold

48. The endosymbiosis theory states that: A. Plasmids can be transferred between cells easily B. Organelles do not come from a mutualistic association, but rather a parasitic one C. Oxygen was existent at the beginning of life. D. Chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from symbiotic relationships between eukaryotes and photosynthesis

prokaryotes.

49. The cell of a Gram-positive bacteria contains.... (select all that apply)A. Peptidoglycan B. An LPS layerC. Teichoic acids D. Thick layer of periplasmic space

50. If the radius of a bacterial cell is 2 micrometers with a surface area of 50.3 and a volume of 33.5, what is the surface area to volume ratio? A. 1. 75B. 2.5C. 1.5 D. 3

Note: Please keep in mind that this practice exam is not a replica or guarantee of your actual exam Friday. Topics that do not appear on this practice exam CAN appear on the actual exam, and vice versa; this is not conclusive of absolutely everything you need to know! Please treat this as a practice study guide and way to gauge your

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comprehension of the material, along with using your many other notes and study materials to prepare! Best of luck on the exam; YOU CAN DO THIS and will start the semester off strong.

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