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Full Course Title

ENU 4612

Nuclear Radiation Detection and Instrumentation

Fall 2011

1. Catalog Description

Credits: 4 Physics and electronics of radiation detection and instrumentation systems for

application to nuclear energy, radiological sciences, radiation protection, medical

physics and imaging, and industrial safety and control systems.

2. Pre-requisites and Co-requisites

Pre-requisites: EEL3003, ENU4103, and ENU4605 Co-requisites: None

3. Course Objectives

- Provide students with the opportunity to learn the principals of radiation interactions with matter, radiation detection techniques and characteristics of

different radiation detectors;

- Development of communication skills including technical writing and oral

presentations;

- Prepare students for independent research and/or design projects.

4. Contribution of course to meeting the professional component (ABET only)

- Provide students with the ability to apply advanced mathematics, computational skills, science and engineering science, including atomic and nuclear physics, to

identify, formulate, analyze, and solve nuclear and radiological engineering

problems

- Provide students with knowledge of the fundamentals of radiation transport,

interactions, and detection and with the principles required for the analysis,

design, and safe operation of radiation producing devices and using equipment

and systems.

- Provide students with the ability to design and conduct experiments and analyze

and interpret data using current experimental, data acquisition and data analysis

techniques

- Provide students with the skills needed to communicate effectively, work

collaboratively, and understand their professional and ethical responsibilities and

the impact of engineering solutions in a societal and economic context so they can

pursue successful, productive careers in nuclear and radiological engineering

5. Relationship of course to program outcomes (ABET only)

The course supports the following program outcomes: a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering

b. b1. an ability to design and conduct experiments;

b2. an ability to analyze and interpret experimental data;

c. an ability to develop an engineering design to meet specific technical

requirements within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,

health and safety and reliability;

d. an ability to function in multidisciplinary skills teams;

e. an ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems;

g. an ability to communicate effectively, using both oral and written

presentations, in engineering practice;

k. an ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools, including

modern computational skills and tools, necessary for nuclear and radiological

engineering practice;

l. an ability to apply advanced mathematics, science, and engineering sciences,

including atomic and nuclear physics, to nuclear and radiological systems and

processes;

m. an ability to measure and interpret measurements of nuclear and radiological

processes;

k. An ability to work professionally in one or more areas of: nuclear power

systems, nuclear instrumentation and measurement, radiation protection and

shielding, and radiation sources and applications.

6. Instructor: Dr. Gabriel Ghita

a. Office location: 104 Nuclear Reactor Building

b. Telephone: 352-392-1401x332

c. E-mail address: ghita1gm@ufl.edu

d. Class Website: http://plaza.ufl.edu/ghita1gm/enu46125615.htm

e. Office Hours: Monday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm

Wednesday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm

Friday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm

7. Teaching Assistant: Kayla Ficarrotta

a. Office location: 226 Nuclear Science Building

b. Telephone: N/A

c. E-mail address: kayfic@gmail.com

d. Office hours: TBD

8. Meeting Times:

Lectures during Period 4 (10:40 – 11:30 am); Laboratory session (to be scheduled)

9. Class/laboratory schedule:

Three (3) 50-min lectures each week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) One (1) 3-hour laboratory session each week (to be scheduled)

10. Meeting Location:

Lectures: 227 NSB (Nuclear Science Building) Laboratory: 125 NSB (Nuclear Science Building)

11. Material and Supply Fees

As stated on ISIS.

12. Textbooks and Software Required a. Title: Radiation Detection and Measurement

b. Author: Glenn F. Knoll

c. Publication date and edition: 2010, 4th

Edition d. ISBN number: 0470131489

13. Recommended Reading

a. Title: Measurements and Detection of Radiation

b. Author: Nicholas Tsoulfanidis

c. Publication date and edition: 1995, 2nd

Edition d. ISBN number: 0470131489

Access to Chart of Nuclides: You will need access to a chart of nuclides during the course. Feel free to use anyone of

the numerous resources available (so long as it is accurate). The following can be ordered

from: http://www.nuclidechart.com/orders.html

a. Title: Nuclides and Isotopes

b. Author: Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation/Knolls Atomic Power

Laboratory

a. Publication date and edition: 2010, 17th

Edition b. ISBN number: 0984365303

14. Course Outline (provide topics covered by week or by class period)

Introduction, Course Goals and Objectives Radiation Sources 1

Radiation Interactions 2

Radiation Interactions 2 Counting Statistics 3

Counting Statistics 3

No class – Labor Day Lab 0.

Error Analysis 3 Introduction & Lab Safety

Error Analysis 3

General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 Lab 1.

General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 NIM Usage

General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4

Lab 2. Gas Detectors – Basics 5

Proportional Counters Gas Detectors – Ionization Chamber 5

Gas Detectors – Proportional Counters 6 Lab 3.

Gas Detectors – Proportional Counters 6 Counting Statistics

Gas Detectors– Geiger-Mueller Counters 7

Gas Detectors– Geiger-Mueller Counters 7 Lab 4.

Recap Alpha Particle Range in Air

Exam 1 Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic) 8

Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic) 8 Oral Reports for Lab 4.

Scintillation Detectors (Organic) 8

Scintillation Detectors (Organic) 8 Lab 5.

Photomultiplier Tubes and Photodiodes 9 Gamma Ray Attenuation

Photomultiplier Tubes and Photodiodes 9 Radiation Spectroscopy with Scintillators 10

Radiation Spectroscopy with Scintillators 10

Recap

Exam 2 Lab 6.

Semiconductor Detectors – Basics 11 SCA Spectroscopy

No class – Homecoming Semiconductor Detectors – Basics 11

Lab 7. Semiconductor Detectors – Intrinsic 11

Gamma Ray Spectroscopy No class – Veterans Day Semiconductor Detectors – Contacts 11

Lab 8. Semiconductor Detectors – Doping and Diodes 11

Neutron Detection Semiconductor Detectors – Design 11 Semiconductor Detectors – Ge(Li), Si(Li) & HPGe 12

Semiconductor Detectors – Others 13

No class – Thanksgiving

Neutron Detectors – Thermal 14

Neutron Detectors – Thermal 14 Oral Reports for Lab 8.

Neutron Detectors – Fast 15

Neutron Detectors – Fast 15

Neutron Detectors – Activation Analysis 19

Reading Day

Final Exam Monday December 12th

, at 3:00 – 5:00 pm in NSB 227

Course Schedule

Date Course Topic Ch. Lab Topic for that Week

August 22

24

26

29

31

September 2

5

7

9

12

14

16

19

21

23

26

28

30

October 3

5

7

10

12

14

17

19

21

24

26

28

31

November 2

4

7

9

11

14

16

18

21

23

25

28

30

December 2

5

7

9

12

15. Attendance and Expectations Students are expected to attend each class period. While attendance is not directly

recorded and scored, in-class quizzes will be given without notice at my discretion. Only

students with excused absences will be allowed to take make-up quizzes. All unexcused

absent students will receive quiz grades of zero. Periods that will be missed should be

brought to my attention in writing as far in advance of the class period as possible. In the

event of an unexcused absence, it is the student's responsibility to obtain and review the

material that was covered during that class period.

Students must participate in each laboratory exercise and produce an individual

laboratory report on each exercise. Students may make up experiments provided that they

provide a valid medical reason or previously excused reason. Students must perform

ALL laboratory experiments in order to receive a passing grade.

A Few Simple Rules - Do NOT show up late. It disrupts and annoys the class.

- Do NOT eat food in class. You may bring a drink in a spill-proof container during

lecture only. NO food or drink is allowed within the laboratory.

- All work, unless specifically noted in writing, must be the student's own work. Group work will not be acceptable unless Prof. Ghita has specifically assigned the work to be a group effort. Plagiarism and other forms of cheating are

unacceptable and will be dealt with strictly in accordance with UF policy. (See

19. Honesty Policy)

16. Grading

Your overall grade is based on your performance in both the lecture and laboratory, with each weighted equally. Note: you MUST receive a passing grade in both parts of the

course in order to receive a passing grade (e.g., an A in lecture and an E in lab does not

equal a C; it will be recorded as an E!). Below is a breakdown for the grading in the

lecture and laboratory:

50%

Lecture Grading

50%

Laboratory Grading

Homework Sets 15% Lab Worksheet 5% In-Class Quizzes 10% Tech. Memo 1 5%

Section 1 Exam 25% Tech. Memo 2 15%

Section 2 Exam 25% Tech. Memo 3 20%

Final Exam 25% Formal Report 1 10%

Formal Report 2 20%

Oral Presentation 1 10%

Oral Presentation 2 15%

Lecture Grading Homework – From time to time (approximately couple of weeks), I will provide you with a number of homework problems. Due dates will be indicated on the problem sets I hand

out. Be prepared to turn in about 5-6 homework sets throughout the semester. Homework

accounts for 15% of your total lecture grade.

In-Class Quizzes – In-class quizzes will be given sporadically throughout the semester

during the lecture periods at the discretion of the instructor. These quizzes will be short;

requiring at most 15 min to complete. Some quizzes may require computations, so be

prepared with a calculator. Each quiz will be assigned a certain number of points based

on difficulty. These quizzes account for 10% of your lecture score.

Section Exams – Two exams will be given during the semester on the dates specified in

the schedule. While these exams will concentrate on the material covered since the

previous exam (or since the beginning of the semester in the case of the first section

exam), any material covered up to the exam may be a topic of a question. These exams

will be given during a regular lecture period. Each section exam accounts for 25% of

your overall lecture grade.

Final Exam – At the end of the semester, a comprehensive final examination will be

administered. This exam may cover any material covered in lecture or laboratory. You

will have 2 hours to complete the final exam, which will account for 25% of your overall

lecture grade. The final exam will be held on Wednesday, December 12, 2010 from 3:00

to 5:00 pm in 227 NSB (lecture room), unless otherwise posted.

Laboratory Grading The laboratory grade will depend entirely on your reports. The laboratory course will consist of eight (8) exercises. Each laboratory exercise will have a report due of the type

listed in the table below. The percentage worth of each report is designed to be weighted

towards the end of the semester. This gives you the chance to improve your writing skills

before the reports begin to heavily affect your end laboratory grade.

One of the primary goals of ENU4612C/5615C is teach students how to write technical

documents. As such, much emphasis is given to the laboratory reports. Expect to spend a

significant amount of time (8-16 hrs) on each report. By the end of the semester, every

student is expected to be able to write a document worth publishing. Students have even

given these reports to prospective employers as writing samples.

Lab # Report Type Due Worth

0 None 0 % 1 Worksheet 5 %

2 Technical Memorandum 10 %

3 Formal Report 15 %

4 Oral Report 10 %

5 Technical Memorandum 15 %

6 Formal Report 20 %

7 Technical Memorandum 15 %

8 Oral Report 20 %

Reports will be graded according to many criteria. Every document should include four

basic parts: (1) Introduction/Theory, (2) Experimental Procedure, (3)

Results/Conclusions, and (4) Bibliography/References.

Every report must also include photocopies of your neat, legible, detailed laboratory

notes. All written reports must use 1.5 line spacing, 12 pt. Times New Roman font and 1"

margins. Each type of report is discussed in more detail below.

A. Format Reports

Formal reports are comprehensive documents that allow the reader to not only fully understand the theory and motivation behind the work, but be able to completely

duplicate the experiments and results. Formal reports should contain the following

sections: Abstract, Introduction, Theory, Experimental Procedure, Results,

Conclusions, Acknowledgements (as needed), and References. Each of these sections

is described below:

1. Abstract – The abstract is a short, succinct description of the entire

experiment and should contain only the most pertinent information of the

report and findings. Typically, it is limited to 150 words. Specific results

must be included in the abstract, e.g. rather than saying a certain detector

was 'much more efficient than its predecessor' you should say the detector

was '208% more efficient than its predecessor'.

2. Introduction – The introduction describes the problem (motivation for

study), concept and background information of the work performed. Some

devotion to prior work with references is included here.

3. Theory – The fundamental and specific theory regarding the experiment is

introduced and explained here. Include equations and concepts. Describe

how and why physical phenomena appear as they do. Include graphs or

figures that support your theory.

4. Experimental Procedure – Describe in detail how the experiment was

performed. Every possibly pertinent and known condition surrounding the

experiment is recorded here, e.g. room temperature and humidity level.

When describing the equipment used, include brand and model numbers.

(In your laboratory notes, you should have the exact serial number of

every piece of equipment you used.) Include figures, wiring diagrams,

photos, etc. of the experimental arrangement.

5. Results – Give a detailed account of the results from the experiment.

Include graphs of data. Include errors bars on all plotted data points.

6. Conclusion – Provide a discussion of the results, whether or not the

experiment worked as planned. Explain inconsistencies and discrepancies.

Clearly state what can be concluded based on the experimental results (or

whether nothing can be concluded due to errors in data, etc.). This section

is often overlooked. Do NOT skim over this part as data analysis and

interpretation is absolutely critical.

7. Acknowledgements – This is where you thank those that helped you, but

did not directly contribute to the work. If someone directly contributes to

the experiment, then their name should appear as an author on the paper.

For this class, your lab partners should be put into the acknowledgements

section, but they would normally show up as authors in the real world.

8. References – You MUST cite your references in the text of a formal

report, which includes classroom notes. See the example formal report to

see how it should be done. A list of references is numbered.

9. Appendices – Photocopies of your laboratory notes should be put in an

appendix. Figures and plots are included in the body of the report, not

here.

B. Technical Memorandums

A technical memorandum is used to briefly describe an experiment and the observed results. The memo should not be any longer than five pages with a sixth

page devoted to a bibliography. A memo is designed to be brief so as to inform

technical program leaders, division leaders, department heads, project leads, etc. of

project status or results. THEY DO NOT HAVE TIME TO READ A 50 PAGE

REPORT. Hence, the message regarding your experiment, method and results must

be brief. You will find that memos are actually quite challenging to write, in that your

report must be concise while still delineating the salient features of the experiment.

The sections of a memo are described in better detail below:

1. Introduction – Brief introduction to the experiment, problem and research.

2. Experimental Procedure – Thorough but brief explanation of the

experimental procedure. The reader should have a good idea of what was

done, but not necessarily be able to completely duplicate your work

without further information.

3. Results and Conclusions – Provide important and pertinent data to the

experiment. Do not add extraneous materials. Get to the point with your

findings, the substantial support and draw your conclusions.

4. Bibliography – This is NOT a reference list. A bibliography uses a

completely different format. The references in the bibliography are not

cited in the text and the bibliography is not numbered.

5. Appendix – All figures, plots and photocopies of your laboratory notes

should be included in appendices. Figures and plots should not be included

in the body of the report.

C. Oral Reports

The oral report is designed to present project results to a larger group within a directorate. The oral report is designed to familiarize other researchers within your

division of your work progress and to stimulate interactions and ideas. It should be

brief, no more than 8 minutes long with a short period of 2 minutes afterwards for

questions. Do NOT talk past your allotted time slot. This is counterproductive and

wastes the time of everyone else. You will be docked 10% for every minute you talk

beyond 8 minutes. No one likes meetings, but you will find that every job has them.

Hence, keep it brief for the benefit of all.

You may use overhead transparencies, the chalkboard, PowerPoint, Open Office,

or any other computer program you wish to use for your presentation. HOWEVER,

you must be aware of the limitations of the equipment at the venue you will be

speaking and be prepared for disasters. You should ALWAYS be ready to speak

without any visual effects or just a chalkboard. Turn in copies of your presentation

and your laboratory notes. Within the oral report, address the following sections:

i. Introduction (~ 2 min)

ii. Theory (~ 2 min)

iii. Experimental Procedure (~ 2 min)

iv. Results (~ 2 min)

v. Questions (~ 2 min)

Report Guidelines 1) Your audience is a nuclear engineer, unfamiliar with the experiment. 2) Figures (Drawings and Plots)

a. Your goal is to make your reports as understandable as possible.

Therefore, use drawing liberally.

b. Do not turn in a report with pencil drawings on it.

c. Figures need to be very clearly drawn. Use computer software packages

to draw the figure or, if you must draw it by hand, use pen or marker.

(Only turn in a copy of hand drawn figures.)

d. Label each figure with a descriptive caption.

e. Including figures that have been scanned in or photocopied from

references are generally discouraged, but can be done IF you properly

reference the source AND ensure the figure is very clear. In the real

world, you MUST get written permission from the reference's publisher to

do this.

f. When making plots, use a software package such as MS Excel, SigmaPlot,

or the like. Include axes labels (with units).

3) Formal writing (textbook style).

a. Do NOT use a conversational tone (i.e. write in complete sentences, do a

spell check)

b. Do NOT write in the first person.

Successful Completion of Gordon Rule Writing Requirements I will evaluate your writing on a number of criteria: Content, Organization, Argument

and Support, Style, and Mechanics. In order to be a successful writer (and therefore

receive a Satisfactory evaluation for your writing/communication requirements), please

look over the following rubric for guidance of on completing the requirements.

SATISFACTORY (Y) UNSATISFACTORY (N)

CONTENT Papers exhibit at least some evidence of ideas

that respond to the experiment/laboratory topic with complexity, critically evaluation the

results, and provide at least an adequate

discussion with basic understanding of experiment.

Papers either include a central discussion that

is unclear or off-topic or provide only minimal or inadequate discussion of the

experimental results. Papers may also lack

sufficient or appropriate discussion of the results, with little or no tie-in with the

underlying theory.

ORGANIZATION

AND COHERENCE

Documents and paragraphs exhibit at least some identifiable structure for topics, including

a clear thesis statement but may require readers

to work to follow progression of ideas. Figures,

tables and graphs are used in a logical manner

to properly explain results, with these items

being placed within a logical

manner/progression of the experimental result.

An outside nuclear engineer should be able to

understand your report, and be able to repeat at

least some of the experiment.

Documents and paragraphs lack clearly identifiable organization, may lack any

coherent sense of logic in associating and

organizing ideas, and may also lack

transitions and coherence to guide the reader.

Poor use of figures, graphs, and tables do not

provide any cohesion with the discussion in

the report.

ARGUMENT

AND SUPPORT

The reports use persuasive and confident presentation of ideas, strongly supported with

experimental evidence (including comparisons

with what your theoretical expectations). At the

weak end of the Satisfactory range, documents

may provide only generalized discussion of the

experimental results or may provide adequate discussion but rely on weak support for

arguments.

Documents make only weak generalizations,

providing little or no support, as in

summaries or narratives that fail to provide

critical analysis.

No crucial comparisons with the underlying

theory of the experimental results.

STYLE Documents use a writing style with word

choice appropriate to the context, genre, and discipline. Sentences should display complexity and logical sentence structure. At a

minimum, documents will display a less

precise use of vocabulary and an uneven use of

sentence structure or a writing style that

occasionally veers away from word choice or tone appropriate to the experiment/topic.

Figures, tables and graphs follow an

appropriate style/format, and that style is used

consistently throughout the document.

For additional information on style and format,

you can consult the writing formats for a

variety of publications, including Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

Physics Research, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, or Journal of

Health Physics.

Documents rely on word usage that is

inappropriate for the context, genre, or discipline. Sentences may be overly long or

short with awkward construction. Documents

may also use words incorrectly. Figures,

tables and graphs are poorly constructed with little adhesion to a consistent format.

MECHANICS Reports will feature correct or error- free presentation of ideas. At the weak end of the

Satisfactory range, reports may contain some

spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors

that remain unobtrusive so they do not muddy

the paper's argument or points.

Papers contain so many mechanical or

grammatical errors that they impede the

reader's understanding or severely undermine

the writer's credibility.

17. Undergraduate students, in order to graduate, must have an overall GPA and an

upper-division GPA of 2.0 or better (C or better). Note: a C- average is equivalent to

a GPA of 1.67, and therefore, it does not satisfy this graduation requirement.

Graduate students, in order to graduate, must have an overall GPA of 3.0 or better (B

or better). Note: a B- average is equivalent to a GPA of 2.67, and therefore, it does

not satisfy this graduation requirement.

18. Make-up Exam Policy – Make-up Exams are only allowed through prior requests or

DOCUMENTED medical reasons. In cases where students will be out of town, a

reasonable attempt to take the exam before the scheduled exam date will be performed.

19. Honesty Policy – All students admitted to the University of Florida have signed a

statement of academic honesty committing themselves to be honest in all academic

work and understanding that failure to comply with this commitment will result in

disciplinary action. This statement is a reminder to uphold your obligation as a UF

student and to be honest in all work submitted and exams taken in this course and all

others.

20. Accommodation for Students with Disabilities – Students requesting classroom

accommodation must first register with the Dean of Students Office. That office will

provide the student with documentation that he/she must provide to the course

instructor when requesting accommodation.

21. UF Counseling Services – Resources are available on-campus for students having

personal problems or lacking clear career and academic goals. The resources include:

· UF Counseling & Wellness Center, 3190 Radio Rd, 392-1575, psychological

and psychiatric services.

· Career Resource Center, Reitz Union, 392-1601, career and job search services.

22. Software Use – All faculty, staff and student of the University are required and

expected to obey the laws and legal agreements governing software use. Failure to do

so can lead to monetary damages and/or criminal penalties for the individual violator.

Because such violations are also against University policies and rules, disciplinary

action will be taken as appropriate. We, the members of the University of Florida

community, pledge to uphold ourselves and our peers to the highest standards of

honesty and integrity.