Mysterious energiesdack to See keepihgdhe autonomous bedsite Getting a goat* alternative culture* PIUS News. Reviews a d much more umbe~ 11

Number 11 ~ a v - l u k 1 9 7 5

EDDIES. The usual brew of News, Scandal, Eddie Currents, Gossip and Reports.

LETTERS. Your chance to get your own back on us,

HIVING OFF MR CUBE. Sylvia Lee tel ls about the secret life of bees and explains how bee keeping can be a fascinating way of providing all the sweetness you need.

HOW THE LAND TURNED SOUR. Dave Elliott looks at the Govern- ment sponsored "back to the land" movements of the depressed 30s, and identifies in their failure some mistakes which modern "back-to- the-landers" must avoid.

MYSTERIOUS ENERGIES: an interview with Paul Screeton, editor of The Ley Hunter.author of Quicksilver Heritage, and researcher into the hidden secrets of ancient Britain.

AS BELOW. SO ABOVE. Colin Taylor explains how blocks made of ~om~resiwd~ubsoil can beused to hake cheap, strong, o houses.

WIND POWER SPECIAL FEATURE. Theory and practice of small-scah wind power generation; complete designs for alowkost windcharger built from scrap parts; product review of the only small commercially- produced windcharged available in the UK

rd and Godfrey Boyle.

HANE INDIGESTION? Methane gas production from waste in Britain has so far been disappointingly unsucceSsful. Godfrey Boyle looks at a new, small-to-medium sized design which may have solved many of the problems.

THE HOUSE THAT JAAP BUILT. Peter Harper gives the lowdown on a ingenious "autonomous bedsitter" built i n Holland by jaap t'Hoft of the Dutch Small Earth Project.

MIND EXPANSION: RIPOFF OR REVALATION? Richard Elen and Chris Hutton-Squire investigate some of the mind-expanding tech- niques currently on offer in London

GETTING YOUR GOAT. Before you unhook yourself from Uni- Dairies, it's wise to know that goat keeping isn't just all free milk and cheese, says Tom Kewell. Do it, but without illusions.

TOWARDS AN ALTERNATIVE CULTURE. Part II of Woodys thoughtful essay on how we might set about building a culture in which we live for each other rather than against each other.

REV1 E WS. The Dispossessed by Ursula Ie Guin ; The Journal of the New Alchemists; Leaving the 20th Century; The Age of Plenty; A Christian View, by E. F. Schumacher;MedicalNemesis by Ivan IIKch; The Whole Earth Epilog; and Public Works by Walter Szykitka.

UNDERCURRENTS is published Bi-monthly by Undercurrents Limited, 275 Finchley Road, London NW3 6 LY, England, a democratic, non- profit company without share capital and limited by Guarantee. Printed in England by Prestagate Ltd., Reading. International Standard Serial Number 0306 239 2.

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CREDITS. Undercurrents is designed and edited by Sally and Godfrey Boyle. Martin Ince edits the Reviews and assembles the advertisements. Chits Hutton-Squire tries to manage everyone else and does a little bit of everything. Pat ~oyne ! battles against the Nuclear juggernaut, Peter 1

Cockerton is trying to digest our accounts, and Tony Durham is, well, invaluable. Ann Ward set the type and Barbara Kern drew together the events listings. Among the other good people who in one way or another help to make Undercurrents possible are: Graham Andrews, Gavin Browning, Charlie Chitterbuck Duncan Campbell, Dave Elliott, Sooty ~leftheriou, Richard Elen, Brian Ford, ~ e r b i e Girardet, Peter Harper, Ian Hogan, Roger Hall, Cliff Harper, John Prudhoe, Martyn Partridge, Kit Pedler, Patpivers, Peter Sommer, the Taylor Brothers, Nigel Thomas, Geoff Watts, Joy Watt, The Wildwoodmen, and Woody. Thanks to them all and to the people we've f o r gotten. This issue's cover was drawn by Martyn Turner. Last issue's cover was by Jaap van der Pol: sorry for not crediting you until now, Jaap.

The Browns Ferry i Kerr-McGee were guil anufacturing defective

ac or fuel rods for a reacto Richland, Washington.

and hit the culvert on the e side of the highway, where

asleep at the wheel. Ty k with which polyuret marks in the mud at th burns that although th

dence is also s t

e reason for the crash it lo 'ees had been fore

West of Edinburgh,

according to friends, found i t until, inevitably, their homes footpath &;sing the hill, a "impossible t o describe the were raided four months lat discharged without a fuss public ark. a few desolate- size". Reporters at the subseq- During the raid on one of th rovided thev heln keen t looking brick buildings are ucnt court ~ d s e hcdrd how youth*/ homes, in an Edin- aJnscoti a state wcret. fencedoff an aconcrere corn- they then left the placc qune burgh >uburb near Corsior Ck'.irl\. the Govirnnii.'nt

rte quarry faces, an old man of the continued tends a few rose beds sea ttere an old garden shed. around the compound, and

the subterranean cavern

(hCCS), rendering them (in the words o f that immortal refugee from Disneyland, Ron Ziegler) "inoperative".

All five ECCS were put out o f action in unit one 'at a stroke'. There was no melt down or release o f radio-

suit could have been very This, as assiduous readers of The learned professor's nasty indeed. (Brown's Ferry, Undercurrents 9 will know, reaction to refutation so swift one of the world's largest nu- pooh poohed the idea of nuc- and sudden i s as yet un clear power stations, has ear armageddon and equate However, rumours (no d fission product invent the likelihood of dying in a untrue and maliciously equivalent t o the fa1 clear accident with that o f ded) are now in circula several thousand Hir ing h i t by a falling meteori the effect that the gent1 type bombs.) But Professor Rasmussen's ant has been driven to t

activity because the reactor, The simultaneous fa i l~ rc of analvsis depended very largely point of a nervous breakdown luckily, had been operating five independant safety b y $ - on the indenenr1fnt nature of b i a hail o f i l l-t?rn~ercd abuse normally, but in the event of tems has come as a severe e various safety systems -

marvelled at the ind electric mach 1959 on the Isle

load, an aerofoil would soak

ds. And at high ai

ound for the rest of

ak, releasing a spinni ported oil And to se ich, friz-bee like, cou will have to be pare decapitate all and sun possible - they ha

outside Sweden, though production o f the seed beans ' controlled by Weibulls,

ho are unable to meet the emand that has been created. & M expect to sell more an 50,000 packets this year

nd to have to disappoint a

UNDERCURRENTS 11 I '\ ector, himself. admits that tht

are puzzled. They considered giving them a nitrogen innoc- ulation to supplement that fixed by the bean's bacteria, but Weibull's advised them that there was no point. The low yield they attribute to thi cold weather we had in July ast year which reduced the

owed. A lively co

one who is doubtful about this year's seed should con his local Plant Health and erence to Landskron

Supplying seed that fails to aw the bean but not a bi tion This misleading statement Undismayed, they've rai ce has been replaced this year by

f the Earth's Vegetarian

display o f hubris, they've committed themselves to a en, it is grown both as avege- ply a suitable sample. yield figure (equivalent to table and as a farm crop. As to the failure o f the 14 Ib of beans from one pac- T & M have acquired the ket containing 5 oz of seed) world rights for Fiskeby V grow, T & M's Managing Dir- that will.

Cyclists Touring Club (French Version) with tl help of Friends of the Earth and Nature et

Further information and bookings fiom lean. 0 Purley Way, Croydon

ical conversion of solai energy, production pro- y 7th:Uth 1975. cesses in conifer forests, and aquatic systems. e course has been planned to provide a balance 12 - 19 July this year, at the Leeuwenhorst The date is Friday June 27th and the venue is between a simple scientific introduction t o soil Congres Center, Noordwijkerhout, Netherland Imperial College, London. Further details fr ology and the practical application of organic It is to be a festival of nonviolent political alte Dr. l. Barber, Dept. of Botany. Imperial Colleg rming methods. The fifth in a series, i t will natives, a sharing of ideas, experiences, visions London SW7. elude guidance on small scale husbandry. Also and skills, with workshops, happenings and ex-

cluded will be a visit t o an organic farm or hibits for four davs. followed hv four dav, far

MONTREUX, Switzerland is to be the discussion a m o n g G 1 members. Details, etc,

the First International Conference on Conve sion of Refuse to Energy, from November 3

AND DON'T FORGET: There's a big rally in protes

8021 Zurich, Switzerland. Anti-abortion Bill, in Land

CREATIVE SOCIAL SURVIVA It needs your support

three-week summer camp at Cam Houses Fa R MEET, in Nonnand Wharfodale No. Yorhe from 6th- 27th August Learn to overcome attitudes and values which prevent a harmonious change of lifestyle, sh your skills and crafts establishing an instant

Participation from the floor exclamation like ah! or whew!" was kept to a minimum; one (or "bosh!", perhaps?) peaker was told to shut up RAPE !

The day was not all wasted. In the afternoon Dr. Kenneth

Blaxter gave a 10% and sub- behave to their peers what can stantial answer to the question

they think of the rest of us? 'Can Britain Feed Herself?'

On the other hand several This is printed in

is it doing dabbling with what boring prepared "interjectiops" and should be read

rt- Marshall called the "silly" sub- were accepted, even though by any serious student Of the ment of Energy, put down a ject o f self-sufficiency? they were totally irrelevant to problem. He concludes that i t

sceptical questioner about the IPC Business Training Ltd., such discussion as there was. be even without nuclear power programme who are professional confer- Peter Laurie, the conference the mass return to the land

during the recent 'self- ence organisers, originally pro- organiser, should consult the which some wouId like sufficiency' conference, organ- posed a conference on Energy OED : Interjection: "a natural see- In it would Only ised by Newscientist, at the Conservation. When the asked require an increase in the farm

Cafe Royal in London. New Scientist (also owned by labour force of about one-third. IPC) for their opinion, they The main contraint i s not pro-

tein, as one might think, but fat: we only produce one- tenth of the fats we eat. The solution is to grow more oil-

Energy Research Establish- seed rape and t o make mar- garine out o f it. Sixty times

be well aware of the dangers explore a coherent as much in fact. (This would of nuclear power, but if so he for our nation'. An also please the bees and their gave no sign o f it. Instead, keepers: rape is an excellent like a new graduate from a source of nectar). It is quite

impossible t o produce enough butter to f i l l the gap. There simply isn't the land. In fact our present consumption of butter, 16 Ib per head per year, of which we produce only a quarter, would be c to 2 l b per head per ye Butter would become a we'd all have t o eat mar instead. I s this too high to pay for self-sufficiency?

at proposed power station sites; and Wal-

HERE HAVE ALL THE FOE'fs GON

(Tom Burke is Local Group Co-ordinat

UNDERCURRENTS 1

DICA L ECOLOG} y's food needs could be cat- that although the home con- red for by backyard growing. sumption o f energy is not at

ra bureaucrats.

i s in the transportation from and there was the unusual . Re- one owns the sun, so there has phenomenon of the theorist academic trying to learn from the worker.

Col James of Sydney Uni's Eco-house and Eco-tech work- shop enthused "it was great to have the worker. thehiooie 1 and the academic working ' together".

A new publication "The Radical Ecologist" came out during the conference, and will continue. Also, networks of like-minded oeoDle inter-

ood stuff about sun in it.

earine in everv i s posiumat ~ o t t l i e b ~u t twe i le r on tact:^^^^^, ~eonh ids t r . lnsttitute in CH-8803 Rusch- 27. CH-8001 Zurich. Switzer-

contains some ads. BlabI written in German and a able at: Box 97, CH Porrentruy. A subscr for 26 issues (about o costs about £3

There are a lot o f

native technology and Iife- styles, have been set up throughout the country.

16,000 people were at a dem- "Whole Swiss Catalog". onstration, and the govern-

ment i s quite embarrassed.. .

Gruene, CH-8803 Ruse consensus.

Allhcu"h t h e r e i e

o cover such t t h e anewer of sour^â‚

c l e a r r i s k s ,

isks from nuc lea r ontaminat ion as bein-,' CROP YIELDS

he l a s t i s eue . It i s

1 researched a r t i c l e t h i s f i e l d , end P2t nZ1e has success fu i ly

i t i o n , no allowanc: i s made f c r re&lonc,l vr .r i- a t i o n s o r crop r e s u l t s n d i f f e r e n t ' s o i l s .

s experimental pro- mebody doing h i s ow r i p , farm, community e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y e t c . eeds i n f o based on t a l lowing c r i t e r i a : 1) e f f i c i e n c y , (2) a f e t y , ( 3 ) economy.

Somebody w r i t i n g about tomorrow. a b l e t o compile more A.T. should bea r i n c o r r e c t ve&ets.ble y i e l d

Rory, GzraKQ Ci t roen, s t a t i s t i c s . I n udd- 11 rue de l a Gare, i t i o n , we a r e i n v e s t i g -

a t i n g i n t e n s i v e crop r o t a t i o n s t o t r y and e x t r s c t t h e maximuic food product ion from a smal l

ELECT A DIGGER a r e a o f land.

The Digger P a r t y of I f any reade r of b u i l d i n g p rocesses , and Albion was o r i g i n a l l y c u r r e n t s would l i k e t o a l ist of t o o l s needed; conceived by members of h e l p i n t h e above survey,

would she o r he p lease ments should be publish- t h e S O s , whose personal send a stamped addressed

Social Responsibility

erous other factors, were able t o give it. Here, then, is a more

his reply comes not from any BSSRS in capitalist countries. The whole of Sun- trine-ridden', 'pre-War world view' day was given over to a free discussion o f

, but from two individuals who the issues, generally oscillating between a liberated society. 'traditional' and 'libertarian' socialist pos- o. have criticisms o f that Confer- itions. The review was insultina to the

Saving energy, for example, means lit- tle i f the institutions which create the waste are not challenged. Self-sufficiency for a few individuals means nothing i f monopoly capital continues t o dominate world food markets and oeo~les' lives.

. The structure prevented any easy

opte rather than having veloped for efficiency, mulation o f wealth, wh

ith these condition, but to work. That means fac ntradictions which we've nderstand and articulate.

economistic demands are trans uestion working conditions, th usual union procedures - as ha

report was symptomatic o f an increa with Citroen workers?

e author not mention the sort o f lib

some AT hardware. F

t last we have some

was happening in the AT field

UNDERCURRENTS if feldy now are about the balance of pay- ments - or worse. 'Doom Valley', blare theScottish Daily Mail in its contributi o the bandwagon. A recent Scotsman a le demonstrated a characteristic obses ith the water wheel, while saying "0th the original ideas. Oppression and e itation from outside are no stranger tiand from the highland dearances he class struggle on Clydeside*.

My view of Aberfeldy i s rather differe I t matters not to farmers here about indu

n instability, leading eventually to too ice inflation and eventually shortage, d the downfall o f the cities. We've se

i n September 1

Ie of this process at Aberfeld~ i s the ab- unim and the people Some 5ence of dairy farming, 2nd the consequent of the town*s fallow land is now raising transport of milk 33 miles from Perth. No ve getah les, fresh local vegetables are available. AT has even crept in, through avisit

a"-toetypica"y a from the area's solitary solar heater owner, with abundant wind and water, Aberfeldy some *down river Tay, His

agriculture that has motivated t berfeldy group. One of the, a doc

s an active campaigner for natural1

hich hasn't helped the id

the Danish oi, originally a type o f mead; this 'bee space', and the development o and the word beer comes from the Saxon a hive o f moveable and interchangeable

I . ~ i n i o u i ~ t usi'~i D\ u-IL--tii;rJl d:'J UJ* .. beor, m~',ining d her. In IJCI when nà t̂ part<, medii; ' n i t ni.'c~.,'p i iq ci,ut~i ueicl I ! in1.i were f i s t ntioJuccu into F.nk o p fr J I ~ ,I niiiiLnq ,ICI . i t \ nt~.)dci.,it

, Honey is also an antiseptic - in f 'ct land by Flemish immigrants they were aturdl life-style of e hospitals now use honey-irnpregn- prohibited because they "spodt the tdste the dressings. Lemon and honey is o fh 11 of the drink (and) endangered the life of to relieve colds and sore throats, the people".

nd honey and glycerine ointment is got d Early hives were made of straw, wicker Anyone deciding to keep bees wi bruises and chdpoed faces and hand,. and mud, or rushes, and at the end,of the experience far more rewardins i f t e . arp P-ISV tn kpen Once the initi.ii each season the bees would either be driv- try to discover ail they can about the ........... . . ~ , . ~

I . ~ ~ ' ; ~ ~ i i ~ l l l h j i L'c'c'll 'll...!. , ,n nil ,i"..i thr IM c . frniini.J in \ihi.h n i % n l n nrrs .inJ U ~ i , h .

n I . .[-~II:\ hnrii-v flee i.)l ~hii ' i i , ' , ; ¥c ~ . r . tfii.- L O ~)ii\ \ \ u ~ l c i nr,itl\ J \\3y? pi/! Beei inii *.ISPI .I i i c r n - d n,, in it ã

pr.i\"Ji, ,t-, .t n:~i.., U , I \ f.,r m~iMnt; c.111 ,h - ,>I mi; ners w r e kilk-, j 0, mi' o,+nrr i t i c it,. if o' ~ i i i n ' i s nti.t.n, f r u t ~.c<e

-. ~. a so useful for stopping drawers fro were crushed and hungup in muslin so icking by waxing the runners; and s t the honey dripped out into a bowl. g thread which has been pulled acro is method o f keeping bees was in use

a cake o f beeswax does not tang1 nti l quite recently in some country area>, But the prime importance o f and a few old cottages still have cavities to the community as a who! in the walls to accommodate straw 'skeps'. ugh perhaps not to the bee in 1789 a 'leaf-hive' was developed. fact that bees are the most s consisted o f hinged wooden frames

inat ins insects in existence. Pollination which could be separated and examined

and mammals, bees on the other hand l i v wholly on nectar and pollen from flower Bees can he divided into solitarfw and so /a/ species - and obviou>Iy domestic hon ey bees iirc evolved from the latter -\ swarm ol bees., such as you may have scci hdnging from the branch of a tree, i s a m a s o f insects clinging together; i t mav weigh up to 6 Ibs, and contain up to

I iniprovr n ari.'al- i u r round 'n~ hi\:>, u i lhoul Jisturoi'nrf the ot-z, tino.. \ . B,.t I , J . ! O usi-.ti. -\ ~,eecolony ~ u h ~ . i i 'i and, i i bee, *re kept in 41. orchard .-spf: lttc mt>st useful d'Jii.inir 111 oi-ekci-p nd .$.,rin ' 7 , . . xu in '1 nne, tree', uf c , r b c l I,

I v one containing ancles dnd cherries was in 1851 when Langstroth. an American reallv one creature with manv se~arate .. . . ~ . .~ ~~~. ,...? .~ ~

th in thr amount ~ n n quiLty .-,I i r ~ i t pi.)- hi.'Chri'per, des'anea an upcn-lopped (I i c , P-ifli in>. ~ h u r o n i ~ i t &I n.tho-I thr '-diner l ikr those in use ti~d;i\, ~ h 1 - n ' 1 1 -

rone 24 days, and a queen 15 days. The ew bee wilt bite through i t s wax capping nd will be helped out by nursery workers

ich is mixed with leaned and groomed and fed. At first i t s

Queens

nce, and finally foraging queen wilt generally live years, and will lay up to n that time, but queens h

s are aware o f it and become agitated e quickly because they miss this sub-

. As a rule the harder a bee works t h e ter her life span. Bees reared in the mer months when there is a great deal ctivity live for about five weeks, while

ti1 the following spring, because bees do y little work in the winter. A few hours

her with a very special rich food secre ter hatching and frequently after this from the heads of the 'nursery' work- the new bee will solicit food from passing called 'royal jelly'. A diet o f royal jelly workers. This process, which involves the

makes a oerfect female bee: but the work- older worker in regurgitating brood food (a mixture o f nectar and pollen), also re-

r ers, though female, are all under-developed.

Nearly always, more than one quee cell i s made, and either the first q hatch will go round and find the o queen cells and made a hole in the sting the occupant to death, or, in event of two hatching at once, a fig take place and the winner will sting her opponent to death. The workers take no part in these fights, merely disposing of the body of the vanquished

The new virgin queen will make herself acauainted with the hive for a few davs. and she will then start to take a few ex-' pioratory ghts, varying from two or three minutes, and lengthening to 10 or 15 minutes. These enable the queen to

L s

suits in the exchange of queen substance, to assure the bees in the colony that the queen i s stil l there. The new bee will go on soliciting food and cleaning out cells, or re maining on the brood and helping to incu- bate it. After four days she will start t o help herself t o honey from the stores, and will also eat pollen which is stored in cells. The pollen will provide her with protein which helps develop the glands which sec- rete brood food, and it i s at this stage that the worker will be involved in feedin young larvae. Gradually the pharynge glands which secrete the brood food become smaller, and the wax producin

ize produces dones (males). In fact, the glands in the abdomen will have become ize of the cell determines the sex of the more active. so the voune bee will beein establish the position o f the hive in relat-

ion t o surrounding objects. In about 10 emergent bee. I f the queen puts her ab- comb building and repairing cells. ~ t a b o u days she be ready to mate; there no domen into a larger cell then the egg pass- this time she starts to make her first 'orien

. reliable evidence to show how often she es straight out o f her body unfertilized tation' flights. Colin Butler suggests that mates, but Butler (see bibliography), be- 2nd will produce a drone;whereas with the reason why the bee leaves the hive at ieves that most queens mate with about the smaller cell, as the egg is squeezed Out this time i s because she is stimulated to de five drones before laying any eggs. On her i t i s fertilised with sperm and will produce facate, this is the first time that she will mating flight, the queen leaves the hive a worker. In winter, a brood area will be have done so. Bees never defacate inside and i s followed by a stream of drones; the concentrated in the centre of a comb, and the hive if they are healthy. fastest flying drones mate with her and usually workers will be hatched from there. He next task will be taking supplies of then die, since the act of mating tears out As the weather becomes warmer and the nectar and pollen from returning foragers their genitaliea. The queen returns to the colony disperses to the edges o f combs, and putting them into stores;at this time flight board o f the hive where she i s greet- where drone ce!ls are usually situated, then too she will be cleaning the hive of debris.

Then when she has had enough orientat- ion flights to know her way about she will start to forage for all the things the hive needs, nectar, pollen, water, propolis (a waxy substance like that found on sticky

and releases more poison into your blood- stream. If the sting remains in, then scrape it off with a knife or thumbnail. Usually there will be a swelling round the sting

ther plant, where, i f the plant i s of the e species, i t will fertilize the plant. can often occur within one flower,

plant strains become stronger and hier after cross-pollination. ectar consists o f water and sugar traces o f protein, salts, acids, enzym-

a n d aromatic substances. When bees ake honey from nectar they break down e sugars it contains into simple sugars,

lucose and fructose; they do this by eans o f an enzyme, invertase.

hen a foraging bee returns t o th he regurgitates the contents o

y stomach, and it i s given to o e household bees who will go et part of the hive and 'proces consists of swallowing and reg

g the honey over and over again ater is removed from the nectar by evap-

oration in the warm atmosphere of the ive. When the honey i s ready it is placed

a storage cell and a full cell i s capped r with wax. Honey which has not been

e is designed so that i f she nance while foraging she can

art o f the stomach and release so r into her own system.

the hive lacks sub tar - pollen for instance - an bee will feel a craving for this substa will be attracted by the dances of pol- foragers, and will go an fetch pollen. he in turn comes back and performs a l e n dance she will recruit oollen forae-

the substance has or in back gardens. There is usually ample food available from parks and gardens in towns, and town bees suffer less than coun-

most often at the edges try bees from crop spraying. They require will be filled with little attention: none at ail in winter, and r becomes warmer and even in summer all that i s usually required

e bees start to move outwards from the i s a weekly or fortnightly check to see that ght cluster they occupy in winter at the all i s well in the hive. Certain precautions

centre of the brood area. The queen then should be taken against bee stings: they has more room to move out and lav drone dislike the smells of oers~iration, tobacco.

at once. This i s most unusual, though, after beekeeping for a while almost co plete immunity is obtained. I have know a beekeeper of many years standing wh was stune about the face bv a crowd o f ,

eggs, *hich .lie unteri:li?c-o ,'in<] pt'd~ce dlcdhol, and and the) do not ' angry oecs after their hive was moved, and male bees. like dark colours or sudden movements. he did not feel their stinas or habe the

UNDERCURRENTS 11

They are gentle, prolific, and have a high resistance to disease.

Site An orchard is ideal, but anywhere, pref-

erably shaded, will do. The hive entrance should face away from paths and roads, as bees tend to f ly in a straight line out and in. ( I f the bees have a fence placed a few yards away, they will rise above it. This rais- es their flight path and they do not fly down again straight away.) Don't put bees in a field with other animals: the hives will be over- turned, and the animals stung. In towns, bees may be kept in attics (withaccess to outside), and on rooftops.

Hives

i s importantto make all th ge the bees to set up standard dimensions given

the hive. Probably the best and simplesi hive to use for beekeeping in Britain is the National (see pamphlet). An additional piece of useful equipment is a 'queen ex-

as little disturbance as possibl ables you to confine the queen t o the smoker to puff into the hive t lower chamber of the hive (the brood times at the entrance. Slo chamber), so that the upper part o f the roof, remove the feeder hive (the 'super') contains only honey and more smoke over the fr no brood. Then, when the time comes to ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT out and e'< imine the remove the surplus honey in the top of the

dation. This consists o f sheets of wax im- smoker

A bee consumes about ten units of y to produce one unit of wax, and ling o f wax by providing foundation,

returning empty frames to the hive to increase the honey harvest.

ESENT economic climate communities and many o f the radical col- existing communities, jobs and so on to hearing of firms folding lectives and communes of the past few After all, BRAD and ssmilar groups are .~ ~- - ~

businesses crashing. ~~t ifs not the years - lacked this strong central author- often made up o f middle class individuals conomjc recession that's behind the prob. itarian control and fell apart. Their cam- who can cash in their middle class creden-

lems that seem to be underming BRAD'S mitment t o political projects and pro- tials, mortgages and so on, and fund their brave effort t o investisate and demonstrate grammes seemed insufficient t o shield experiments. They can also reenter con-

e feasibility o f alternative small scale them from internal psychological stresses, vcntional jobs i f they fail. It's all part of hnology and alternative life styles. The doctrinal disputes and the effects of en- the current inequality in 'life chances'. B

unders, Robin and Janine Clarke left vironmental pressures. It i s possible to for most other people, the options are

But can state-run schemes or funds be nd? Or were they inseparable?

hem to support and develop an alternative ociety? Would more self-re4iant develop-

nts be more appropriate? Or, alternat-

need, clothing, housing, implements, etc. right there in their own l i t t le vil

socio-economic relations in the wider soc- independent developments within or at least on the fringes of the existing society can enable people to move towards alter-

ive Technology:

both act as motivating 'utopias', thus aid- ing and stimulating the transitionand also help sort out some o f the practical prob-

to the transition to a more socially vironmentally appropriate society,

LNUERCURRENTS 1 1 !

cvervwhcri.': free schools -ind hous:!~?. Government training centres had been set Act attendance at thebe instrucliotidl I camps could be made com~ulsorv for oer- sons ibho came under the ~nemployment Assistance Boaru. i f the Government so

sociations, food and era p in 1925, providing courses of six mon- icycles, squats and wor duration in bricklaying, carpen

These counter-culture de tering, painting, wood machinin hin the 'underground' ca inet-making, upholstering, Frenc bryonic formulations of ng and so on. But they were insu ety. A t the same time, t to deal with the flood of unskill

curing within the mainst rkers that were thrown out of wo such as flexible worki ing the recession. The Ministry hment, creches and chi1 's Instructional Centre, the first o f

ties, community land grants, grants for which opened in 1929, were geared to small scale industries, a whole range of training the less-skilled worker. Labour welfare and education orovisions. To varv Exchange managers pressed the unempIo~-

desired. The basic motiva

mav have been ohilan on the class-ridden notionthat workers would be happy to have some work, what ever it was, and at whatever pay. It was also a cheap way to get 'public works' don As the Royal Commissi ment said in 1932:

~ - . in^ degrees these might enable people t o ed to voiunteer as trainees on twelve- "It is hardly possible to avoid the ques- exocriment with different 'work' and 'Ieis- week sessions. Most of the camps were in tion as to whether, by the organisation ure' patterns and to vary their lifestyles.

Hopeful people exploring alternatives within the system in this way might be able to make use of the experience of those on the fringe, the 'underground'

n thus act as a source o f ideas and alter- tiyes. But there is a danger with this

meal approach, based as it i s on re- within, and the support of, the sys- - i t i s the danger of co-option. i s perhaps dangerous to rely too

h on the benevolence o f capitalism, even in i t s social-democratic/liberal guise. These new developmentsare only intro- duced in order to head o f f conflict - as sops. The paternalistic system can, i f it finds that such freedoms are being 'abused' or that they no longer serve i t s purpose,

remote districts and they were usually res- idential, men being housed in barrack-like huts. A married man with adult depend- ents received four shillings per week plus the dependent's benefit; asingle man just 4s. While at the camp he would cease to draw labour exchange benefits, the rest of his benefit being claimed to cover the cost of maintenance at the camp. The work was usually forest-clearing, roadmak- ing, drainage, timbering, excavating, quar- rying and levelling. Although some efforts were also made at providing rudimentary training in carpentry, boot-repairing and so on, the emphasis was heavily on out- door heavy manual work. It is not surpris- ing that the centres came t o be called 'slave camps' and earned the hostility of the

of some form of public work, use coulc not be made of this great reserve of val- uable labour, and the workers have the satisfaction of giving some return for the money expended on their main ten- ance. . . . In Germany. . . some co siderable success has been achieved this respect, and we believe that so thing of the sort is s this coun try." The economic advantages

would cost £ million to pay work at trade union rates usm for twelve months whereas

". . . to pay unemployment bene the same number of men for the sam period would cost only about £240,000"

. , .~ ~~~~r ~

1880's but part o f the and Settlement SUNDERLAND LADS AT WORK: OVERSEEH ON 1 l G l i ' r

Asociations scheme established in the -... - 1930's in Britain, as one 'solution' to the labour movement. The conditions were By 1935, something like 7,000 men recess:on. Other idedi included work atrocio~s man\ trainees lelt and there were involved on J vuluntdry oasis, and camps ~ e t up i)y the government t u retrain sere numerous demonitrations strikes aithough the Comrnisiiun had recornmen- workers in new skills, and massive relocat- and walkouts. The trainees often had to ded that this was the best ion schemes. Since we are again faced with work in bad weather, the food was poor, they also remarked that the recession fand an environmental crisis) it the living acromodation was bad. visits ' . . saw no objection

~~~~~ ~

is uorth IouKing more closely at these -

home or 10 local towns were limited, the the application of compulsion if oppor- idea\ tn uh.it dre the imol~calions of clothe, dnd beds provided were lous), med- funitiesexist for the provision of O C C U ~

ical aid minimal (many men not used to

workers permanen

I

wanted to eat. 'leisure*. Some more ambitious groups The message for us today is that we trying to obtain government aid to pu

should realise, when thinking our way to- chase land so that they can set up wards decentralised self-sufficiency, that community-controlled small scale indu it will be hard to make such a system work tries, co-ops and so on - the Liverpool

the Land Settlement Association, at the macro-socio-economic level if we do Dockland Action group is one example uting £75,00 for three years on not, at the same time, consider radical re- The recent Community Land Bill make is of £ for every £ raised by pub- structuring the entire economic system

Without this more radical change, we1 - meaning philanthropy can lead to (or a disguise for) incipient fascism and a turn to authoritarian feudalism. If foo f control can be shifted shortages and unemployment are once

we can at least use such schemes to

transitional developments over which the people concerned can have more direct control. It may k foolish to rely on the RefeEnms: state, in any way, as those ly seeking aid from the sta se t up workers co-operativ found. But i t may be poss locus of control to some e also The Problem of Distressed

as regards to land and agr ly come about through radi s in the wholeof society.

than is possible now. But this has to be

ow ever, the publication of a new book on the subject of ley lines and their to be done; for instance, Michell, in The attendant manifestations seemed a good enough place t o begin our quest, and so the Flying Saucer Vision makes the comment

pid Undercurrents Freak Science 'Research Team', consisting of Chris Hutton- that there are no experts on'flying saucers ire, his ally Rex Holman and Richard Elen,made the long trek up t o the county of You cOuldalmOsta~ply the same thing

eveland (Durham) - Hartlepool, to be precise - to visit Paul Screeton, the ley hunting. No-one has yet come up with an all-embracing theory which will fit all

y Hunter and author of the new book Quicksilver Her;Â¥@@ the various threads toaether. And whilst .. - "

YSTE we can't do that, a certai people are going to take its a 'crank cult'. The one rea y goo thing about i t is that, unlike flying sa dom, leys have not, so far a t least, brou in the religious cultists.

E Richard Like the Aetherius societ Chris: This question of the scepti of the Undercurrents group have ed how they have looked at maps levs and have failed. It strikes me t

he said "It's Scorplo round here. If you

vicar showed us the points of interest He

some o f the vicars who retire to these the curvature of the Earth - but you do it that way, it's notexact is one aspect where a good equaii

ba t they linkedsacredsites isa statement Hunter, says that from his researches '

draw a line, say through Delhi, Cairo that ffTs is where we should really he look suite a number of stone circles seem to etcetera, ana sav "They're all wlioions

UNDERCURRENTS 1 1 have the ability to do i t accurately. seem to be associated with them. This is fact that people see. for instance, elemen- Chris: This areurnen[ aboui cbrc aturi' has h r I'm reallv interested in. But there is tals. that I have seen w e sliohtlv blurred. " . , - . been presented t o me on several separate also this very definite, physical manifest- and Richard'sseen one very clearly, and' occasions, though without any exact know- atson that doesnotseem t o haveanything probably more psychic than me ledge as to how it works out, in terms of to do with the type of rock. I f it was just Richard. You're definitely psyc yards on the ground. What is your standard the stone i ~ e l f , you mightexpect the the way.. . of accuracy? effect atany time of the day But you Paul What makes you say Paul. The auestion of standards Of accur- don't I've checked this. I'm sure this is Richard I lust feel that v acy i s a very difficult one, because, of not subjective. , ~ n \ . DUI I 'm a nil oi a i ~ - o , e c i i ~ ; xien- course. the Ordnance Survey itself is not U i c h i ~ i l You xi.'! the i ~ m c fce,,ni: if m u t i s t ihrn: dii! s . . . .

articularly accurate. When you go from a put your hand into an Orgone accumulator Chris. He's really got no business writi hch to a different scale, you will find Paul: I think it's gota lot to do with these for Undercurrents at all . . . "you're rences. You lust can't make maps sorts of energy: orgone, Odic force, Prana, Paul: I fsel thatprehistoric man wa

tally accurate. This is one of the annoy- and so on, , , some way, closer to this 'other dimen things. A criticcan easily say "Itdoes Richard- What Reich called the 'Life Force' 1 think thatpeople who live in thecou o n one map, but something else on try, rather than suburbia, are, equal1 ther, and thatproves you're wrong.'' Chris: But you're talking about several dif- nearer to what, for want o f a better roves that the OS can be wrong. I t ferent forces; I would expect there only we could call the 'essence' - I don't Idalsoprove that we're wrong. To find to be one or two - I don't accept that the word God. Prehistoric man, in h

solute accuracy in this sort of thing is there-are so many. You're multiplying con- would have been farmore receptive rhaos imoossi'ble cepts beyond all reason. I can't believe the such a power, and to understand i t Not that I'm being ultra-critical of the 'ally since the Industrial Revolution we - far from i t I would hate to have t cannotso easily see through to th i spow

rvey to that degree of accuracy. Some certain people have got some kind of e mightask exactly how t into it, and are trying to make of particularly psychic, bu n d o f way towards if and a feel for it Certain peop the 'safest' way into this. lent a t dowsing can tell th 'loonies' who become at the power is moving. I f y rious occult sciences and

built an accum

t There's great reason to feel a certain tromagnetic aspect could be measure distrust o f the way the US Government Then we could definitely get some kin

ologist a lwg who would say "1 seen

we not trust our other senses

is felt by one of the

hic, also: so many stra dong leys which don't

We finally left in the early strictly, butequally, when you come t o a scientists, they don't mind being proved crept Southward. The homeward 'pseudo-science', ( i f you darecall i t that) wrong now and again. Even with someone sion returned to more normal the likepsychometry, it'samazing the num- like Velikovsky, it 's only the straight strategies for the abolition o f nuc her of different revelations somebody will come out with who goes to Stone- people on our side o f the fence just say henge - about who bui l t i t , wha t i t was "well, I think he'sgot his time scales used for. andso on. I must sav that the wrong", or whatever; we don't seem to suffer what is reality? bits ofpsychometry I d i d forthe book suffer from so many "scientists of un- were probably subjective as well. reason" as straight science does. Someone Chris: T. C. Lethbridge satisfied himself should write something about narrow- that psychometry was subjective. Some- minded scientists; call it something like Thorsons Publishers L. times he had the distinct ideas the psy- "Scientists in Collision". . . chometric readings were being plucked out of his mind. . . Paul: Strangely enough, Lethbri liked the !&a of leys . . . Chris: Perhaps he thought it was ical?

Flying Saucer Vision hb

eld. OldStones of Land's End is a iption of the leys connecting the o

standing stones in that area. I t also c tains a long essay setting out MicheU

Ghost andGhoul £1.5

h deserves to be better known. I that Routledge have not seen fit to

different theories. Bu astronaut theory, whi I'd hate to be on a pla

pb). A detailed description of the Glaston- say "60072 Sunstar", and it would be. Warminster Mystery and the more philos- bury Zodiac. And I got this off to a fine art, in the end. ophical UFOs and the New Age. Again, 6 . The Lev Hunter. Edited and published by

Pretty good going. I just don't know how nonpl t the discussion becam

Boscawen Circle 41.18

Colin Bord's book Mys nes an area 100 metres

oes give eight-figure grid references I the stones and crosses he describe hese define an area 10 metres squa

tiering can be hard, soul-destro k, particularly i f you are work r own, digging, preparing, and iterally tons of soil to form a re feet of walling. Good rammi

oi s, though, contain a fairly high percen- ge of pebbles, which makes them virtual- impossible to press machine made

blocks from. Rammed earth, however, i s n ideal solution where a large number o f ople with a small amount o f expertise out to quickly erect a good quality,

ost dwelling - maybe as a co-

main advantage to the owner build- sing earth blocks is that the work

ead over a lone oeriod of time

handlein block form and there are not the same restrictions on the building's shape which the use o f shuttering for rammed earth walls presents The blocks are allow- ed to dry and cure before they are built into a wall, which reduces shrinkage

0 ABOVE In Undercurrents 8, Colin Taylor described how some traditional tech

for building with rammed subsoil are now being revived. He now describes a m modern variation of these techniques, which involves compressing the earth into individual blocks, rather than ramming it between shutters to make a monolithi

cracking to a minimum. Good rammed earth can only be built

London Brick Compa

with a limited range of sandy soils, but squeezing-their-own . . . .

there are few clayey soils than cannot be used in puddled form - that is, mixed with a sufficient quantity of water (16 - 20%) to distribute particles uniformly throughout the material, creating a homo- genous mass of graded particles.

Puddled earth block buildings were s

in some farm buildings after that. Clay Lump was probably the best of the tradit- ional Earth Wall techniques in Britain. Generally, these were puddled monolithic techniques, the best known being Devon- ian Cob and Wiltshire Chalk Mud

shape of the moulds in the machine, it is possible t o produce a wide range of soill cement materials - . such as 'U' shaped

en, 43 to 44% water, and 1 - 2% sifyingagent; the water i s released

compressive streng 'red for a day or two, keeping the the required moisture content. The can be anything up moist. Soil lime blocks should be ks are cured in the same way as soill

inimum required to moist for at least seven days, (14 der Building Regula ther solutions such as resins, waste

ucts (sump oil, mollasses, latex) and

All earth walls, including block wails,

in cavity form, so increasing their insulat- ion and retaining the properties o f heavy mass and thermal storage.

Earth has many unique qualities and an

Colin Tavlor

Cytryns, S. - So// Construction. Hous ion, Ministry of Labour, Israel, Weizmann Science Press of Israel, 1957.

cription of the properties of certain soils.

Ransom W. H. - So// Stabilization - a Review of Principles and Practice 1963, Tropical Build- ing Studies No. 5. Department of Science and Industrial Research, Building REsearch Station. H.M.S.O. London.

OF S O i l Mi 110 REPLACED

continued from page 14 stocks frequently, particularly to practice their own favourite form of swarm prev-

cr i s not often available in Britain under ention, while others believe that the min- the right conditions, but when honey i s ob- imum amount of interference with the tamed from heather i t has a particular natural functions o f the colonv is best. jelly-like consistency and is very difficult Thus, at the two extremes, there are those to extract, but it i s the most nutritious beekeeoers who ooen their hives once a honey available. The surplus for the year week during spring and summer, and those i, generally all stored h} the end of July, who do so onlv three or iour times a vear. or beginning of August, so in an ordinary Most books on beekeeping are written by

this i s the best time to remove honey. the first sort of beekeeper as they tend t o bees should be allowed to keep any be fanatical about bees. The second sort, e they may gather. naturally, have very much less to say.

Those operations which are generally con-

ractor i s an expensive item an dered to be essential are; cleaning of the

r reason why i t i s a good idea ;addition of queen ex-

eping Society, because thin extra chambers for honey stor-

usudlly kept in common and ood rearing in May/june/july;

de available to members who need al o f surplus honey July/August.

hem. The frames are fitted into the extrac- Sylvia Lee or and whirled round verv fast so that the

Lindauer, M. Communication among social bees. Harvard U.P. 1961 £3.30

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES &FOOD PAMPHLETS Advice to inrending beekeeper Advisory leaflet no. 283. Revised Bees farfruit pollination Advisory leaflet 328. Revis Beeswax from the apiary. Advisory leaflet no. 347. 1959. The British National Hive. Advisory leaflet no. 367. 1961. (Thisgiv ensions for making hive). Feeding bees. Advisory leaflet 4 1 2 . 1963 . 8tigmtciy beekeepins Advisory leaflet 344. 1950 The pollination of apples and pea Advisory leaflet 377. Revised 1971.

count ry , appea r s t o have

on wind noc:cr, by a d e s c r i p t i o n s i & n and how

perforiuinc; so far. t i s s u e , ~0'11 hrve

roLres s r e p o r t ,

r twice as much wind power at e of year when it is most needed.

r, so the velocity-duration curve ven value of the mean annual wi can be drawn fairly accurately. ty-duration curve shows the flu

t e a t low wind speeds and have a top

their power uulput is proportional to the sauarc of the aiamrier of the 'propeller' (blades'. In other words, double the size of the propeller, and the power output

ill increase b y a factor of four.

3 5 8 11 13 6 12 18 24 29

40 80 120 160 200 75 150 230 310 390

el. We used 2 inch mild steel

tower vertical. Control Mechanisms

2 7 540 1360 2660 46W

UNDERCURRENTS 11

e w'll be installing one of his

CURE FOR METHAN ional Centre for the D native Technology at : he describes himself as

an alternative technologi tone thing I'm sceptical

f the capital recove s. These are h a d

METHANE WAS ONCE the great brown This basic approach has of thibasic system and do not include

hope of the Alternative Technology move- been exploited by Bio Gas cost of various accessories which would ment - a member of the revered holy trin. Plant of Midhurst in Sussex6? who thi probably be essential in most circumsta

i t y of Sun, Wind and Shit whose "natural, Spring announced two intriguing new for instance, an accessory cabinet (£19.5 endless, free" pow rm ester designs. The company's latest SY the tank heater a l l our lives. II and System Ill digesters are the first

small-to-medium scale products of their type which have been produced, as far as

and fertiliser from the dung

' e, and then connect up your r. But slowly, gradually, less- news began to filter through. blow when Harold Bate, idol of

Farmers' "~co-House" in So though it did turn out some could be the most important output of er, stubbornly refused to gen

One of Mitchell's sue self digester designed along (maybe he can be persuade

UNDERCURRENTS 11

'Self-sufficiency', that meretricious con- cept/tendency/archetype/slogan made rich

systems, and this can be even more expen- sive than doing it conventionally. But what i s this gap? There's the rub.

High autonomy and high demand, i.e.

cchnology and lifestyles. Its Leeflang, i s the editor of De

ably owing to the assumptions of, and con- struction tend to be rough and ready

ces of sup~ l v such as water, sewerage, elec- head of Cambridee Universitv's Architect- struction. and much is reauired in ma .. . , ~

r : c i t \ , gds, fuels, dnd fooa; 0i course, i t ' s ure ~ e ~ a r ~ m e n t i s t ~ l e s "enthusiasts" - ance. In consequence, wch dwellings lend not that CJIY or A C would dl1 habe done i t im~o\erished architecture students. soar- to becul tura l l~ undccfotable l o the Dersui

, UNDERCURRENTS 11

d as it exists now. What are the most

The solar collector. An array of 20 one m$tr" square panel radiators, connected in parallel. This photograph shows the construction before blacking and glazing.

pipe later to be housed in a brick

king: 415 litreslday via sand f i t waste water tank. sh1Shower: water direct from header, wast ter tank under bathroom

: water hand-pumped from waste-w room, with external outlet.

emperature: 1 8 ~ day, lS0c nit1".

to house via insulated buried pipes.

Concrete foundation 18cm thick? chamber a double cyli

Plasticised canvas inflatable, capacity 4

bears wind generator and solar still. (photo: John Donati

ost people believe they haven't. Self- It is interesting to compare the house aintenance also reduces costs, because with others. On the "enthusiast" side,

posal and food. It was often erratic in per- formance, and cost about £500,; head. On

RESS. Some late news from making some special flanges to fix this, and meanwhile we have to wait for the

oved into the house on Sunday 2nd of insulation to dry out. ch dnd had some friends round to help In February we did some measurements

The next day the Boxtel on the solar collector on sunny days and Fire Brigade filled the basement with 15 i t reached temperatures o f 37 C The cubic meters of water, while national TV windmill has been oueratine auite satisfac-

arc wailing for hctter weather before we

n z on outside temnorriturc- whirh 8s 2

N O EXPANSI 0 N

If only two per cent of the people of the world w tation, " says the Maharishi, " all our problems cou is easv t o be cynical about such extravagant clai

ays be justified ost accounts of T rol, Psychocybernetics, Arica Open Path

and similar techniques are written either by enthusiastic converts or by jaded sceptics. So it is hard to set a balanced view of what i s being offered. My own opinion is that the Buddhists are right: the claims made for a particular course or method or guru should not be taken too seriously. In particular, guru hunting is a waste of time. I t i s born out of laziness and conceit and leads only to disappointment and disillusion. Everything depends on yourself and little or nothing on the method you choose. I t i, no more than ' A finger oointine to the Moon'and only a fool confuses the two.

u t here, nevertheless; are a couple of personal descriptions of two methods on ondon today. The first relates my own experience of Maxwell Cade's

-Cybernetics' classes at the Franklin School o f Contemporary Studies. I n the Richard Elen describes the 'Silva Mind Control' course he took recently. r the Moon, you have to find that for yourself. "Work out your own salvation, gence", as the Buddha put it.

Chris Hutton-Squire

What I Think When I Med Well. I could tell vou that I rout

vou but vou wouldn't iindersra

You'dunderstand but I can't. I me this here guitar is gone bust

1 hate to sit crosslegged

WHAT I think about when I med

I remember it well the empty heads the fire

like dancing hairs and goo

them without delay8'*.

keting himself) which measure the waves directly and produce an audi signal when the student is in 'alpha 'theta'. These devices - mechanised

ctice so the main work o f each ses-

t do them. To help, Cade has ano

anscendental Meditation. ~ - ~.~

}ou cdn learn to r i se or ovver vour bluud -. . .

Maxwell Cade St , London SW2 01. 2403103. £25 !emoeral~re a1 tour exlremi1;es 31 will. (Soecial rates for cwules. oensioners and I

into a bucket o f ice or o f boi r. Many people have poor veri

ulation, so they teelthe cold a

Either way, it 's overprice

function better in the w

f people have benefited from practising M. What I obiect to i s the crude and in-

ere way in which i t i s marketed by Mr

an's hype that is an insult to one's c alifornia that it never occurs to the intelligence. But not Cade. The troubl hat a more straightforward, not to

as, however, that he had too much to nderstated, approach might be mor

or hardnosed sce

RCURRENTS 7 1

THAT WE TRAI

ally, but all the time, and absolutely. I a id ten cases that day and each one was 00%. As far as I know, wo were nearly

e everyone else's. Not only did I get irnpres- sions of the various illnesses, but accurate

Finally, we undertook a short mental . explains various levels of consciousness , in the form of a guided mediation,

I leave you t o your beliefs. o t you accept the existence o

'UNDERCURRENTS 11

Cellulose fermentation in the rumen

snatch the odd mouthful of washing ng out to dry, and will also sometimes organism and host ensures paper and similar substandes, but none rients to both but it is as well to

that digestion within the rumen i

cur, and more rarely three or more kids re born. Birth weight varies with the

breed and other factors, but our records an average o f 7 - 8 Ibs. ds are born with eyes open and are eir feet almost at once looking For a o suck. For the first few days after'

ding the udder will supply colostrum. i s will provide the kid with many o f the

antibodies i t needs to survive in a world filled with micro-organisms. After a short

ace o f time the kid becomes incapable absorbing these essential antibodies, so

to make sure i t gets a dec- n k within twenty minutes o f birth, esn't make the attempt itself. Col-

i s also a fairly laxative food and kid's bowels moving.

on t be surprised a t any dark looking aeces which appear, these are the contents f the bowels which were ingested via the

The dam usually makes an effort to lick kids dry, not because she wants them but because she will seek to replace e of the manv oints o f bodv fluids lost

you have had them castrated. So d

until the Springgrasi

barley straw, or dried bracken. Wheat aw isn't much use and green bracken

oxic effects, having been known to blindness in sheep.

once i t 's down it stays how much it cost you.

Housed goats need

are two or three weeks old Not that the

i s everv 21 davs. but this can varv a da wind.

Kids are enjoyable to rear by hand, if you have the time. If you don't hand rear, your milking goat wilt not provide you with the milk you want, as supply will keep pace with the demands of the kid. After about six months she is likely to start t o dry UD if the kid runs with her. Additional lactors drc involveu here for, f tnc k d stays on the ddm, i t will very i k e k be a, near A w l d dnima. a, vou could find. This i s not t o say that'it would not be just as good as a hand reared kid, but you'll never get near it.

For the first two weeks kids will need five bottles a day, starting with 8 oz feeds and working up to 1 pint. After that the feeds can be adjusted to four per day for

, -, two either side. one of our goats cycles ad 19 days, and seems none the worse for it. A slight discharge o f clear mucus, a brisk- ly wagging tail and sometimes a lo t of cal- ling will tell you soon enough when your 1 goatling is in season.

Bear in mind that 150 days, and work out when you want he to kid. .Then take her of f to a suitable ma1 goat for mating.

During pregnancy she will need normal feeding for the first three months and an I increased diet for the last eisht weeks. A high level of feeding throughout the preg-' nancy can lead to kids which are simply TOO big to he norn with ease, dnd a h:gh mneral diet cdn lc;id to kids whose bones arc- to0 brittle at birth. Kids ^row berv I

a week or so, and then down to three a slowly in the first twe b e weeks of prig. day. By this time they should be on 1A nani.) anu ther fooa requirements tire

ts milk and the child was unable to and the names and addresses of loc

the soft cheeses the easie

e same pint of milk from a cow has been members you will get a fair idea of goatkeeping will demand of you. It's be ter than jumping in at the deep e

T HELPS t o have a picture, or ocial change in your mind whe to change society. Most radical e a simple model of social chang

uallv seen as oolitical change - w

versus Left model as used by those with radical views (1.e. Right and Left radicals). Those with so calledmoderate views - the conservatives (small c) of all central parties - sometimes use a cunning vanat- ion of figure 1 (a) in which the ends are bent back to form a circle. This allows

em to deduce that 'extremists' (radicals) Left and Right are 'as bad as each

ow these models have no sense o f soc- olution, o f real peoples actively mak-

ed, they give one the s as some kind of game of those who use them,

at just about sums i t up. A social model which takes account of

evolution shown In Its simplest form at figure 1 (b). (Note that in this case there is no such thing as a Right wing radical: any expose' the image with other ideas allow- an unstable condition. (This s political force moving against the wheel of ing some kind of social organisation), this be confused with the conflicts betwe history i s reactionary by definition.) This concept i s highly damaging to the growth lone individuals, groups and species, type of thinking has been accompanied by of understanding which might guide con- competition may be stable in an over-all great advances in social understanding, and structive action for change. I will coiogical sense). Thus the greater part o

he triangle contained by the three ex- icai force on the stage o f history - emes is uninhabitable (indicated by the

otted lines). All real social groups must e close to the line between hierarchy an ommunity. This i s observed to be the

ut with the growth of human civihsa ,especially in the modern era, very im

ified t o take account of these va tant changes have been taking place ir o interpret historical change as a man nature and human society - the process, but the early confidenc o are dialectically related to each othei

ourse. It is as though there were two Partly in response to the spectacle o f t human societies completely inte

apitalist' and 'socialist' states with with each other; not just consistii unpleasant features, partly as a sy people and those, but often co-

within the same individual.

friend or foe. With the emergence of 'rat- ional man' it becomes oossible to think o dnothcr humdn bring as an ob'ecl who5e needs cdn be used as 3 means to one's ow

A t the psychological level, part o f the change has been the gradual triumph of rational over instinctive patterns of thought. With the older thinking, another human beine would be classified as either

1 independent of instinctive (or subjective) attitudes. Those concerned can have relat- ions of friendship, enmity, indifference or not even know each othe

which are fairly stable. The tion has begun.

Whereas in figure 2(a),

societies. as figure 2(b). It is not onlv the

nds of development, are also

s struggle. This in turn explains a num- r of situations which have been observed

er Russian 'socialism 's greater unorthodox

greater interest to us are t ing the one we suffer fro

ave matured to the point whe

the obvious remark

much conservative ideology.) We can now return to another subject

ive muth which i s just as ridiculous as th one above, though this is not obvious at first. The libertarian model shown at figure 1 (c) holds up the liberated individ ual, the free human being, as i t s target: a social bonds are seen as oppressive. But

combination of them. But it has convincingly demonstrated that in man is man the 'animal'. Compare such an animal, even ape colonies

towards alienation th

so the objective purpose o f these radicals' moves through alienated anarchy to socizl

hy and beyond (figure 3(b)). aving said all that, we can now define clarity our own social purpose: we

condition of the other.

tension with each other. When an in- ual, religious or political group, or e society, loses i t s faith in its own ness, disintegration is on the cards.

need to prove we are right almost like e need bread. So we often create some

one-dimensional methods of

o f the rational o

greatest: all make their contribu ents o f manipulation and c also reasonable to suppose re vital still is the victory of qu en in defence o f the culture quantity. The comparison of,

d ceased: an unreal will be received sympathetically. As a

summed up in 0

before the action of the

from Nowhere. This anarchist soc-

Urras a full load

The new society of Anarres devel in this framework. We see Anarresti iety through the eyes of the physici Sherek, his friends and acquaintances. The novel is the story of Sherek's strivi to live out his Odonian anarchist princi les, and his development of a new kind physics. I t i s also the story of how his co . . sc;ousnes\ as a member of that society leads him to an unpopular course o f action, which he take-, oreciselv because he feels responsibility. ' . [he realisedl that he was in fact a revolutionary: but he felt profoundly that he was such bv virtue of his uobrinaina and education as an Odonian and a-

-

Anarresti. He could not rebel again society, because his society, proper1 ceived, was a revolution - a perma one, an ongoing process. To reasse validity and strength. . . one need act, without fear of punishment an out hope of reward: act from the

characters are real. Sherek i s a product the ideology of his world and we s world and Urras through his eyes. most important part of Anarresti s i s the way people relate to one anoth and the possibilities opened up by th social organisation. The most reviled of behaviour are those summed up derogatory terms 'propertarian' an 'profiteer', together with the accus 'you're egoising!' The artificial ianguag Pravic, together with the education of Anarres, leads to a practice in which

UNDERCURRENTS 11

. . ...the derogatory terms 'Propertarian' and 'Profiteer', together with the accusation: 'You're egoising' ,"

rson will say "the room I am using" with an established physicist: akes a speech which expresses the feel- ther than "my room". "Sabul hadceased to be a func g deep within him of the human possib. Every person on Anarres has a different ingphysicist yearsago;his high reputa l i t ies realisable in the society he corn

e or six-lettered name, with no sex dis- ion was built on expropriations from from, and o f the qualities needed to tinction implied. The roots of sexual other minds. Sherek was to do th hieve such a societv: oppression and repression have been re- andSabu1 would take the credit . . So ' I f it is Anarres want, i f it is the moved. The language helps: they had bargained, Sabul and he, bargain- future you seek, then I fell you that you

must come to it with empty hands. Yoi cannot buy the Revolution. . . You can only be the Revolution. I t is in your spirit or it is nowhere. "

The demonstration i s bloodily broken

physics'. A syndicate is set up to notsomething icate with Urrasti physicists, and action of the story firmly in our world

r future. He says of his visit to Urras: ". . . I finished the work at last.

human solidarity, an d though I was very

cratised socialist state, he is told why he that by pursuing the was invited to A-lo: am betraying the other.

"Why do they bring you here from the opertarians buy the truf

Ursula Ie Guin shows us Urras from ' . . there is nothing, no that we Anarresti need!. . .

y by the help of the Hainish om another world. ve here a new Utopia, a new vie

a district laundry. . ods distribu tory, a th , . No doors were loc ere were no disguises,

othing. Nothing, Sherek. We forfeit- of ~eoole. tolerated. who wande chance for Anarres centuries aoo. I . . . - .

not forming part of any community. they say, 'May you be reborn on Anarres!' " before i t ever came in to being." In Abennay Sherck ha, to compromise At the anti-war demonstration, Sherek Gavin Browning ,

UNDERCURRENTS 11

'The consumption o f commodi t ies has created a passive living dea

g the Twentieth Century - The May days o f Paris 1968. Situationism was complete Work o f the Siiuationist the main tendency from which the March ternational. Edited by Christopher 22nd Movement descended - despite the

Free Fall Publications. 1974. 8% situationists' walk-out at its refusal to ex- pel known Stalinists. But, as happened

IEW the writings of spectacle is with the other spontaneous movements of a spectacle of the writings. To that time, May '68 was t o be the beginning se situationism, t o Present it as a of the end of the Situationist International. historical documents is to pass The next, and final, edition o f infemation- ites on theory which was, in all ale situatimniste did not appear until Sep-

essence, located in action. tember 1969 and was entitled 'Revue de The Situationist International a section francaise de 1'l.S.' This contained

existed from 1958 to 1969. In total it their own analysis: nly ever had 70 members, and at any one "The dawn which in a single moment oint in time considerably less, but the lights tip the whole ahape o f the new world fluence it exerted was fantastically greater - ̂ st was mhst we saw ihsn May in

than its numbers would suggest. France. The red and black flags of workers' Situationism emerged from the Post- democracy flew topther in Die wind. The

Dada Lettrist movement, developing the axe is laid to the root o f the tree. And i f Lettrist critique of art into a total critique we, to howeversmallan extent, have em- of society. Capitalism, either in its Western blazoned our name on the reawakening of form or i t s statist Eastern form. has reduc- ihic movement it is no t to~recowe am/ . - . - ~~ ~,~~ ~~~. c-d life to d stale of conlplct~' voyeurism. single moment o f i t nor toattain anypar- l h c cconsmp~~on of commodities h.15 ticular celebrity. Now we are sure of a sat- created a passive libinn death. "Young isfactory conclusion to all we have done: people everywhere have been allowed to the Sl will be superseded."

ween love and a garbage dispos- As selected works the most important re they have chosen the omission from Leaving the Twentieth Cen- unit"(Gilles Ivain, For- mry is an excerpt from On StudentPov- City, I.S. 1, 1958). erfy, One could also have expected an ex- rybody wants to breathe tract from Vaneigem's Revolution of breathe and a l o t of Every Day Life. These aside, it does very

eop e say we be able to breathe later'. comnrehensmelv cover the drift of situat- ~ndmostpeop le don't die because they 'ãni theory and is excellently produced, are already dead." (Graffitti, Nanterre, A t 80p for 170 pages of historically-

l i s t o f the membership o f the Situationis International he omits a biblio

1975) says that the S.I. lacke standing of tragedy. And the Caucus o f Labor Committees own inimitable understandin

The loose and programless anarchist 'left cover' counterga

(New Solidarify, Aug. 28 and Septem 6, 1974).

I f this last somewhat-dubious assert

s is that final magic moment in human history when we finally become what we are to

reallv trying, build an entirely new civilis- tion - a new economics, a new science, a

BLIC EPI new technology, a new morality, a new olitics, a new culture - without deration o f tactics, strategy, ultim

goals, and not least,how to overco

5. elass and iust the size vou Now i t 's true that the new Who The Last Whole Earth Ca%lag Random House (Penguin in UK), 448 pp, $5.00. Public Works, edited & compiled by Walter Szykitka, Links Books, 1024 pp, £5.00

" 'We are as gods and might as well get goodat it' Yes." THAT OUOTATION mav sound familiar. but it 's not from the celebrated Last Whole Earth Catalog, or from its new off- spring, the Whole Earth Epilog. It's from the introduction to Public Works, a mas- sive new volume compiled and edited by Walter Szykitka, whose 1024 pages recent- Iv landed with a thud on this side o f the Atlantic.

A better title for Public Works mieht have been The Whole Earth ~ncyclopaedia, for it reoresents an attempt to deal in depth with the i.-ntire, enbrrnuL.5 range ol subjects w h i ~ n the Cataloo .ind Eoi lo.~ have merely reviewed. he idea, says- Stvkitka. was t o write "the ultimate how- to book".

" I f vou were lost in the wilderness, and

ose, finally come crashing out of the Iderness, with flags flying, in yourself- ade Land Rover with four wheel drive, a triumphant return to civilisation." It 's not surprising that,as Szykitka read-

ily admits, Public Works does not live up to so impossible a specification. Even to attempt to produce a Whole Earth Ency- clopaedia , you'd need an Encyclopaedia Britfanica-sized budget, an army o f freaked- out researchers, and ii very long time. Havng none of thcse, S~yk i tka has resor- li'J to thr expedient o l assembling a large dmuunt of already-printed "how-to" mat- eridl, mostly frum obscure Government oamoh cis. hence the "Public Works" title.

ese cover with varying equacy many of the areas which our tative Whole Earth Encyclopaedia uld deal with. Some of the details in

instance, that according t o a US Air ce manual on survival in the wilderness' n ounce of 12% rontenone will ki l l ry fish for half a mile down a stream

n the glass. Pour a little molten lead into Epilog is a little more explicit politically, t h i s hole and the piece o f glass will drop but only a little. There's an article by Odu out." (You knew that too, eh7 What's a on Energy, an excellent guide to China am smart Alec like you doing reading a mag- an equally-good section on Soft Technolo! azine like this, anyway?) But apart from being more thoroughly

But these official publications, by their written and produced than the Catalog, very nature, can onlv deal with the world and aoart from being. as vou'd exoect. ", , . , as itis, not as we would like it to be. For amazing value for money, the book sticks t h i s reason, sections like the one on Trans- to basicaliv the same formula as its ore- port and Communication are disappoint- decessors. ing: there's a huge, 92 page chapter on car What the Eoiloo needs i s a clear. coher- repair which, apart from being far too long, ent, stirring introduction like ~z~k i t ka 's . carries detail to the point of triviality. And Szvkitka believes that the "Movement" of there's not a word about alternative energy 1968 (or thereabouts), which at the time sources, low-energy transport, or the pos- seemed destined to sweep humanity irres- sible use of decentralisation and telecom- isibly "across the threshold of human tran munications to reduce our need for trans- formation" failed because "the vision of a port. new social order was imperfectly develope

Of course the sheer amount o f it fell short of stimulating an amalgamatioi useful information in the book's of causes that would have forced 2 million-odd words make i t a work which mental socialchange. everyone should have access to. But the . . . we simply need to go all "straight" perspective o f the contents . . . taking the simplest o f princip es uni ts i t s effectiveness as an inspirational terhuman relationships - co-operation -

their unwillingness to spell out a coherent seated human need, a need which is only politca diid L 'ul t~idl lfiinit'uurk into no# cap-ibl~ UI being fulfilled. Why now? which their dazzling drrd) o i dca j iind Uecduse te~ t~ i~o lo i ' \ hds tid&.in;ed to thi; gadgets is supposed t o fit. necessary level ofsophistication; because

The Whole Earth Catalog sent shivers communications can now allow everyone uf delight down my spine when I cdnie to couperdte e~s i ly ; and because if \\c across a copy muie thdn live )ears ago don't make Utc.,pl.i work nou, it's obliviur Inn God, ib i t that lonr?l. I was t~tillated. tor us 3.1.

to the po in tof orgasm, by the "Yes, I believe this i s it", Szykitka con- orosuect o f "access t o tools" [unfortunate cludes in a Ivrical final uaraeraoh. "that .. . , metaphor, this), tools thdt could help this is what we have allbeen waiting fur, create the uracticdl alternative sm-ietv thdt this i s that final 'mane' moment in which most o f us. until then, hdd iniuher- human histor) when we finally become rntly dre,inied about. I t nab as i f Stewart what we drc to becomf. Some ma', call i t Brand and his friends hdd taken Ruszak's ii revolution. But I believe rcvolutiuii i5 Making o f a Counter Culture dnd turned really the wrong word fur it, hcc.i~se what i t intoa detailed recipe huuk. The Catalog i s hdppening today naa never happened be was, to adapt the phrase of Buckminster f~)re and wi l l never hd pen agam. And hulk'r, its $odfather, an annotated Index wncn i t i s over. we wi I find ourselves on lo the Operating MdnudI I or Spaceship

r another, aiid higher, plane of existence,

firth. No *under t sold a million cuoics. with effects more ~ ru fnund th,in tho-if But, as with all titillation trips, the ex- growing out of the first glimmerings of

citement of the Catalo~ended for me when intelligence in humans uncertain millenia I began t o want the real thing. 1 wanted ago. we will finally catch sight o f avis- the Ooeratina Manual itself, not the Index ion of our true potential. We will see that

not even an annotated one. I w~nted we are thc mo>t inipr!ndnt ~IcIerminant of Whole Earth Encvclooaedia. not the our uun f ~ i u r t ' iind that u e can nccomc Whole Earth catalog. whatever we choose to become. We will

More than that. I increasingly felt that see that the vast energies of our universe

ves no precise answers - or, more precisely, no answers at all.'

hint is yes. Complete break

nds on the division of iatrogenesis

"It hasbeen eitablished," says Illich, Illich gives us nu prcci-ie answers or, inc, and arc already convinced of the lim- "that one out of every five patiens ad- more precisely, no answers at all. The its to industrid1 society, you will ledrn

UNDERCURRENTS 11

ich they would never for a

e faithful to this doctr i t is in terms of selfle

Schumacher. He m things right we nee

row created by peopl

re done on Saturdays

determined. The huma

IN THE INTERESTS o f Truth, and t o redress the balance somewhat between the fat moneybags of Con O'Neill's 'Britain in Europe' campaign and the meagre resour- ces o f the anti-Common Market groups, we are printing the following excerpt from

side Europe in any case. 5 . That investment would laneuish. -

unhappy consequences for the jobs any workers. The reality i s that, once ncouragement to concentrate capital

eve opmenton the Continent which Brit- ish membership o f the EEC has been found to generate i s eliminated, the level of investment in this country could wed start going ahead again.

6. That Britain i s in such a bad shape in the economic sense that she cannot

renegade Financial Times columnist Gordon Tether's pamphlet The &eat Common afford to leave the Common Market - Market Conspiracy, (published by the 'Get Britain Out' Group, 67 Upper Berkeley however impressive the other arguments St., London W1H 7DH at 25s post free).

it is obvious that the referendum is a farce, and that our rulers have no more in- tention of allowing us t o quit the EEC than they have of letting us decide anyt else of importance. It's not often that Undercurrents shares a bed with even re gade Financial Times columnists and we know that many of the fellow the anti-Market side are every b i t as repulsive as their opponents. None think it wrong t o say 'a plague on both your houses'. This may be quite appro at an election (Don't Vote, It Only Encourages Them as Peace Mews puts i t ) b misrepresentations, exaggerations and referendum i s something different. Our rulers have been trapped into holding it. sheer untruths so significant i s that m ignore it is to play their game, the tired old game of rule by Parliament. expect the anti-Marketeers to win the day but a big No vote will show our 'co for all men governing'. It will further weaken their already flimsy morale and stren then that of radical groups of all kinds. It would be a tragic error t o forgo such a

words o f ~ d m u n d Burke - that "

come from staying in the EEC, the most believing that only a yes vote

terrible fate will befall the British people if they should be "misguided" enough to elect to withdraw. Here are some examples of these fictions, along with the related facts.

1. That the official figures show that in should always have the last say dies hard.

the first year after Britain's entry into Eur- But other very powerful factors are clear1

ope, EEC investment in this country soar- also at work. And while one hesitates t o

ed to some £2,00 million. The reality is by i m t a n t l ~ plunge the Country into its use the word conspiracy, it is inescapabl

that this jump entirely reflected borrowing "worst economic Crisis ever". The reality that those who see themselves as havin

by Britain from Continental banks to fin- is that> as is not On

Britain was only a fraction of the move ment of similar finance in the opposite direction. pro-Market propaganda excesses have the good imitation o f one.

2. That virtually the whole of the rest effect of generating unnecessary anxiety What the British public has to

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