uatla - smart workshop grenoble january 2005 universidade atlântica - portugal wp 10 comparative...
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UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Universidade Atlântica - Portugal
WP 10 Comparative policy analysisComparative policy analysis
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water renewable and withdrawal (trends)
Socioeconomic indicators and water resources
Population and water scarcity
Water scarcity and sustainable development Comparative water policies
Report: Main TopicsComparative Analysis
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
National Water Indicators
Water Policies Analysis
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Complex Water Comparative Complex Water Resources Indicators: Resources Indicators:
National LevelNational Level
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
HDI – Human development Index
WPI – Water Poverty Index
Resources IndexAccess to safe drinking water IndexCapacity IndexUse of Water IndexEnvironmental Index
WSI - Water Stress Index
SWSI - Social Water Stress Index
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index
Source: UN Human Development Report
Components of HDI•life expectancy•educational attainment •income
The HDI sets shows where each country stands in relation to these scales – expressed as a value between 0 and 1
The scores for the three dimensions are then averaged in an overall index
It is here taken as the best available approach to the adaptive capacity of a society facing scarcity of water
The HDI facilitates the determination of priorities for policy intervention and the evaluation of progress over time
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index
UN World Development Report
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
0 300 600 Kilometers
-500000
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4000000 4000000
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5500000 5500000
0
85
58
68
91
12
138
20
97
26
5019
8275
49
32
2227
76
11
124138 146 140 123
#
21
#
55
#
23
12
No data
0 - 0.50.5 - 0.60.6 - 0.70.7 - 0.80.8 - 0.90.9 - 1
Human Development Index
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Human Development Index - 2000
Egypt 0.635
Jordan 0.714
Lebanon 0.758
Tunisia 0.714
Turkey 0.735
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Source: World Development Report (UNDP), 2000
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Combining water scarcity issues and socio-economic aspects
5 aspects considered:
Resources, Access, Use, Capacity and Environment
Water Poverty Index (Lawrence, et al 2002)Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
The idea of WPI is to combine measures of water availability and access with measures of people’s capacity to access water
Ex:People can be ‘water poor’ in the sense of not having sufficient water for their basic needs because it is not available
People can also be “water poor” because they are “income poor”; although water is available
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Poverty IndexComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Poverty Index - Conceptual FrameworkComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
x i – x min / x max – x min
The basic calculation, of a 5 components, is based on the following formula:
where xi , xmax and xmin are the original values for country i, the highest value country, and the lowest value country respectively. The indices therefore show a country’s relative position and for any one indicator this lies between 0 and 1.
[Resources] + [Access]+ [Use] + [Capacity] + [Environment]
Water Poverty Index
Within each of the five components, sub-component indices are 5 averaged to get the component index. Each of the five component indices is multiplied by 20 and then added together to get the final index score for the WPI, which is in the range 0 to 100.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
National Values for the Water Poverty IndexComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
107. Tunisia
71. Egypt
118. Jordan
86. Lebanon
78. Turkey
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Poverty Index
Resour
ces Rank Access Rank Capacity Rank Use RankEnvironm
ent Rank
Egypt 3.4 136 18.3 34 13.3 86 12.5 127 10.5 101
Jordan 0.4 144 13 82 14.9 63 10.8 97 7.3 143
Lebanon 6.1 117 15.7 56 15.8 45 10.5 88 7.7 140
Tunisia 3.2 137 12.4 85 15.3 55 12.2 123 7.8 137
Turkey 7.8 87 14.8 62 13.1 91 10.7 93 10.1 110
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
5 components (with ranks)
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Resources Index - 2000
0 300 600 Kilometers
Resources
-500000
-500000
0
0
500000
500000
1000000
1000000
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3000000 3000000
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4000000 4000000
4500000 4500000
5000000 5000000
5500000 5500000
0
135
145
64
87
86
89
136
55
6988
129
45
66
113
6872
137
65
144143
128#
117
10364 112 78 85
86 60
No data
0 - 200200 - 680681 - 830831 - 10401041 - 12201221 - 1990
Resources
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Water Poverty Index
Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; Gleick, 2000
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Access to Water - 2000-500000
-500000
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0
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4000000 4000000
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5000000 5000000
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64
0
91
61
62
34
16
7
138
33
6623
104
9085
51
76
1213
82
11
50
119
138 142 145 105
4016
#
55 #
56
0 300 600 Kilometers
Access0 - 33- 99 - 13.513.5 - 16.716.7- 18.618.6 - 20No data
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
0 300 600 Kilometers
Water Poverty Index
Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Capacity – 2000/01
Water Poverty Index
0 300 600 Kilometers
-500000
-500000
0
0
500000
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1000000
1000000
1500000
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2000000
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3000000 3000000
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67
41
391
86
14
144
98
18
4625
6455
33
34
2429
63
13
14
127 144146 139 126
#11#45
#
36
65
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Capacity Index1 - 100100 - 120120 - 140140 - 160160 - 180180 - 200no data
Sources: GDP - HDR 2001; Under-5 mortality - World Resources Institute, 2000; Education - HDR 2001
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Use – 2000/01
Water Poverty Index
0 300 600 Kilometers
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0
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122
138
47
93
33
5
18
127
70
64
126
51
56
141
5710
123
97
67
33
14247 73 41 144
147
#
109#
88#100
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Use Index1 - 5050 - 7070 - 9090 - 110110 - 130130 - 170No data
Sources: Gleick, 2000; World Resources Institute, 2000; World Bank, 2001
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Environment - 2001
Water Poverty Index
0 300 600 Kilometers
-500000
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0
0
500000
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2500000 2500000
3000000 3000000
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86 6665
138
139
49
11
11034
101
4598
146
117
19
133
7
14
137
118
114
143
11
11349
56
78 136
53
#
63#140
#
130
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Environmental Index1 - 8080 - 100100 - 120100 - 140140 - 150150 - 170Do data
Sources: World Economic Forum, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy, 2001
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
0 300 600 Kilometers
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
-500000 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 4500000 5000000
2500000
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0
110
101
78
71
39
14
6852
119
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2930
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1813
111146 141137
#86
#
93
#46
Water Poverty Index
no data
1 - 47.948 - 55.956 - 61.962 - 67.968 and more
2500000
3000000
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4000000
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5000000
5500000
Water Poverty Index – 2000/01
Egypt 58
Jordan 46.3
Lebanon 55.8
Tunisia 50.9
Turkey 56.5
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Stress Index (Falkenmark)
It is the number of hundreds of people who has to share 1 000 000 m³ annually available renewable water
WWater availability per person, calculated as an average according both temporal and spatial scale and thereby omits water shortages in dry seasons or in certain regions within special characteristics
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Stress Index (Falkenmark, 1989)Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Originally, the indicator based on the estimation that a flow unit of
1,000,000 m³ of water can support 2,000 people in a society with a high level of development.
Water availability of more than 1,700m³/capita/year is defined as the threshold above which water shortage occurs only irregularly or locally.
Below this level, water scarcity arises in different levels of severity.
It does not take the water quality into account at all or does it give information about a country’s ability to use the resources. Even if a country has sufficient water according to the WSI, these water resources possibly cannot be used because of pollution or insufficient access to them.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Stress Index - 2000
0 300 600 Kilometers
-500000
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0
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6446
7
0
12
85
56
17
60
47
7719
9448
108
64
8
11
7890
124
10389
86
10
7485 62 88 82
60
#21#
32
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
WSI1 - 22 - 33 - 55 - 77 - 1111 - 140No data
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Egypt 11
Jordan 31
Lebanon 5
Tunisia 23
Turkey 3
Unit - Hundreds of persons per flow unit. (One flow unit is one million m³ of renewable water)
Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Social Water Stress Index (Ohlsson, Leif 1999)
Social Water Stress Index represents a society’s
social adaptive capacity in facing the challenges of physical water
scarcity
Dividing the Water Stress Index by the Human Development
Index for each country
A higher value indicates a greater degree of
social water stress
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Social Water Stress Index
0 300 600 Kilometers
-500000
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0
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1000000
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1 - 23 - 55 - 1010 - 1515 - 2525 - 140No data
64
86
9
0
14
46
67
20
80
70
7624
71117
102
7512
9096
128
116
11
98
86
13
5446
26 59 57
#
35#
43
80
Projection MercatorSpheroid International
Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Egypt 17
Jordan 43
Lebanon 8
Tunisia 31
Turkey 4
Unit - hundreds of persons per flow unit; divided by HDI
Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Correlation Matrix - world countriesComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Resources Access
Capacity Use
Environment HDI WPI WSI SWSI
Resources
Access 0,054
Capacity -0,057 0,822
Use -0,012 -0,056 -0,110
Environment 0,276 0,271 0,280 -0,276
HDI 0,029 0,868 0,941 -0,119 0,467
WPI 0,456 0,853 0,767 0,122 0,467 0,809
WSI 0,584 0,145 0,109 -0,038 0,055 0,108 0,345
SWSI 0,628 0,073 0,014 -0,026 0,027 0,016 0,291 0,974
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Correlation Matrix - SMART countriesComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators
Resources Access
Capacity Use
Environment HDI WPI WSI SWSI
Resources
Access 0,304
Capacity -0,284 -0,497
Use -0,341 0,252 -0,246
Environment 0,463 0,717 -0,922 0,360
HDI 0,420 -0,543 0,544 -0,821 -0,566
WPI 0,753 0,817 -0,494 0,167 0,776 -0,214
WSI -0,930 -0,628 0,366 0,215 -0,606 -0,171 -0,917
SWSI -0,949 -0,584 0,361 0,228 -0,594 -0,205 -0,903 0,998
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies Analysis
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Analysis
Objectives
To compare water policies and practices between five countries (case studies)
Typifying each case study departing from a common list of indicators Compare the policies adopted by each case study region with EU-WFD
Description of the main causes and effects of water scarcity
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisKey Institutional Framework
Egypt: There is a shortage of institutional capabilities for monitoring and land use changes. The main characteristics of water regulations are set by Law 4/1994. This law deals with marine pollution in general and land based sources which require treatment before disposal. It sets limits on possible discharge in the marine environment.
Lebanon: In general, water related legislation is out of date. Legislation concerned with land use and specific sectoral water management is lacking, as are laws concerned with the preservation and protection of natural resources and pollution control. Institutional capabilities for monitoring and implementing laws are poor.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisKey Institutional Framework
Jordan: The establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority will probably increase tourist activity and therefore water demand. No more data available about water legal framework
Tunisia: Since the beginning of the 60’s, a vast program to access alternative water sources, or non conventional water, has been applied. No more data available about water legal framework
Turkey : There are serious institutional, legal, social and economic drawbacks, which enhance water allocation and environmental pollution problems. There are constraints to achieving basin management objectives. Institutional evolution is slow in comparison to rapid evolution in water management problems. Legislation used in current management practices is too old and can not meet current demands.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Price
Egypt: Legislation doesn’t establish water price for irrigation as yet
Lebanon: Legislation that regulates water prices is out of date
Jordan: The main legislation on water price was established in 1997 and updated in 2003, the price of water is regulated for all uses
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Price
Tunisia: Water cost is calculated by consumption ranges. This system is implemented Nationally. Water cost is proportional to the specific use and the different set quantities used every term. Unique prices are set for tourism and agriculture.
Turkey: There is no specific regulation to determine the price of surface water or groundwater. If consumers use water for irrigation from the water distribution systems installed by government, they pay for water considering the cost of the maintenance and operation of the system. Domestic and industrial water prices are determined by local municipalities if the consumers use the public water distribution systems.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Rights and Water Allocation
Egypt: Traditional water rights for irrigation are ensured by law.
Lebanon: Legislation affecting water rights does not take a global or environmental approach.
Jordan: There is a lack of legislation concerning water rights. Domestic use is given priority to followed by tourism and industry. The remaining water is allocated to agriculture.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Rights and Water Allocation
Tunisia: There are no groups that are given priority. Water demand is satisfied in every case.
Turkey: The law that governs surface water use rights in Turkey foresees that water is a public good which everyone is entitled to use, subject to the rights of prior users. There is no registration system for surface water rights or water use. Each landowner has the right to use groundwater on the condition that it is used for meeting personal needs and after getting permission from DSI.
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Quality
Egypt: In general, legislation for water quality is weak. There are requirements for the treatment of land based pollution sources before disposal and limits on possible discharge in the marine environment.
Lebanon: Quality standards and controls are lacking as part of an integrated overall watershed approach.
Jordan: Existing regulation about water quality is very restricted
Tunisia: Work in progress to identify water quality standards
Turkey: There is a surplus of regulations concerning water quality
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Comparative Analysis
Problems related to international comparative analysis
•differences in implementation policies
•goal differences
•differences in steering systems
At the theoretical point of view, the international scale of
analysis is more difficult to obtain the optimal
preconditions for comparative analysis
Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies Analysis
UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005
Detailed taskWP 10 - Comparative Policy AnalysisWP 10 - Comparative Policy Analysis
Task Name%
CompNº
Months
2005
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
National Water Indicators: Comparative Analysis 4
Completing the Analysis 90% 2
Writing the Report 20% 4
Water Policies Analysis 4Data inputs (Improvement) 90% 2
Completing the Analysis 75% 2
Writing the Report 20% 4
Compiled and format WP10 deliverable (Report)
0% 2