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CANADA-MANITOBASoil Survey

Soils of the Souris,Virden and WawanesaTownsites

Report D56

Government Gouvernement Government Gouvernement d~rof Canada du Canada of Manitoba du Manitoba

SOILS REPORT N0 . D56 1985

Soils of the Souris, Virden and Wsaanesa Toansites

by

Glenn Podolsky

CANADA-MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY

AGRICULTURE CANADA

MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

PREFACE

This interim report and map of the detailed field and laboratory study ofthe soils of the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa area are one in a new series ofsuch soil survey reports covering special interest areas in southern Manitoba .These reports reflect the growing concern by various government agencies thatsupport the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, that a knowledge of the developmentand distribution of the soils of Manitoba is the key to understanding theirproperties, behavior and response to management . This concern requires thatsoils be described both in terms of their basic properties and the nature ofthe environmental setting in which they are found . Thus, when an area such asthat in the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa study requires delineation of land ofhigh or low value for crop production or for other uses, the basic referencedocument is an accurate and reliable soil map .

The land resource information included in this resurvey covers approximate-ly 6 400 ha of land adjacent to the towns . It includes only a fraction of thearea covered in the former reconnaissance surveys of the Virden Map Sheet Area(Report No . 6, 1956), the southwestern Map Sheet Area (Report No . 3, 1940),and the South-Central Survey (Report No . 4, 1943) . However, the projectedmore intensive use of the soils for agriculture and the growing competitionfor other uses of land in the area has created a need for more up-to-date,more accurate and more detailed soil information . The increased examinationof soils in the field, the use of current aerial photography, the use ofimproved methods of studying soils in the laboratory and the accumulatedknowledge of the properties and uses of soils over the years have all contrib-uted to the additional information contained in this new series of reports andmaps .

During the course of the resurvey of the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa areas,a significant volume of site specific data for the soils mapped in the areawas generated, that for practical reasons cannot be included in this interimreport . These data are currently being input into the Canada Soil Information(CanSIS) data bank . This computerized system of data management permits auto-mated manipulation and statistical evaluation of large volumes of data forsoil characterization and interpretations . These data will shortly be avail-able on request . In addition, the cartographic file of CanSIS provides acapability to produce derived maps of various kinds quickly and inexpensively .The types of derived maps that can be generated from the basic soil mapinclude the sixteen interpretations that are provided in tabular form in thisreport as well as a number of single feature maps for such characteristics asdrainage, texture of surface deposits, slope, stoniness, distribution ofsalinity, etc . A package of interpretive maps and single feature derivativemaps can be made available on request to : The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey,Dept . of Soil Science, Rm . 362, Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba, WinnipegR3T 2N2 .

The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey trusts that this report and accompanyingmap will be of value to all individuals and agencies involved with the use ofland within the map area .

ACRNOWLEDGENENTS

This report on the Soils of the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa townsites wasconducted as a joint project of the Manitoba Department of Agriculture and theCanada Department of Agriculture in response to a request from the MunicipalPlanning Branch .

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following persons :

R.E . Smith, Director of the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey for reviewing themanuscript .

J . Griffiths, R.DePape and Malcom Brown for compiling, drafting and digi-tizing the sketches and maps .

D . Sandberg for typing and assisting in preparation of the report .

R . Mirza, J . Madden, E . St . Jacques .and J . Yeung for laboratory analyses,carried out under the supervision of P . Haluschak .

'The soils were mapped by G.P . Podolsky, assisted by G . Martin .

HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT

This soils report contains considerable information about the soils, theirorigin and formation, their classification and their potential for varioususes such as dryland agriculture, irrigation, engineering and recreation . Thereport is divided into four parts : Part I provides a general description ofthe area ; Part 2 describes the methodology used in the study ; Part 3 discussesthe development, scientific classification and morphological characteristicsof the soils in the study area, and Part 4 provides an interpretation of soilproperties and associated landscape features as they affect soil capability orsuitability for various uses .

The soil map of the study area is compiled on an uncontrolled air photobase which is included in a pocket of the report folder . The map shows thedistribution of soil types and associated landscape features that are signifi-cant for potential use as field management units . It provides a linkage fromlandscapes within the study area to the information contained in the report .

To assist the user in retrieving soil information quickly, the followingsteps are suggested :

If project consists of many individual maps, proceed with STEP 1 ., if onlysingle map in pocket, proceed with STEP 2 to 6 .

STEP 1 Consult the index to map sheets if the report contains many maps .Locate the areas of interest and note the map-sheet number(s) whichidentify the township and range on each map.

STEP 2 Consult the soil map in pocket of report folder . Locate the area(s)of interest on the map and identify the pertinent map unit symbols .Arabic numerals placed as superscripts following map symbols indi-cate the approximate proportion of each soil type within the mapunit .

STEP 3 Consult the extended legend accompanying the soil map for an alpha-betical listing of soil symbols giving the soil name, classifica-tion, drainage and related information concerning landforms, natureand depth of materials, and dominant vegetation .

STEP 4 For interpretive information about the soils, consult the appropri-ate Table in Part 4 . Criteria utilized as guidelines in makingthese interpretations are provided in the Appendix .

STEP 5 Further information concerning the morphological properties andextent of the soils is presented in Part 3 where the soils aredescribed alphabetically according to soil name .

Additional site-specific information not contained in this report isavailable on request from the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, EllisBuilding, University of Manitoba .

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBAJANUARY, 1986

Map Project Name (Soil Report No .) Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Designation Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretations

tion Level

Detailed Studies and Surveys

Pasquia (No . 11) Pub . 1960 57 200 a,b,d 3 1 :63 3607 620

Colorh

AAD2 Glenlea Research Station Int . 1963 541 a ,b 1 1 :

1~ 0001otoP

h AD3 Morden Experimental Farm Int . 1961 256 a,b 1 :7 020

otoPh UD4 Onanole Int . 1968 768 a, b 1 1 :

0 360P otoB&WD5 York Factory Area Int . 1969 768 a 3 1 :

bD6 McCreary Tile Drain Project Int . 1971 64 a, b 1 1 :5, 00 B&W AD7 Brandon Experimental Farm Int . 1985 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo AD8 Portage Potato Farm

7Int .b

19721972 113

480200

a ,bb

12

1 :4 8001 2b 000

PhotoPhoto

AA I E U R)Portage la Prairie (No . 1 Pu . a, ,c : , , , , ,

Morden-Winkler (No . 18) Pub . 19731975

711

424400

a,b,c:b

21

1 :20 0001 :6 a00

PhotoB&W

A,I,E,U,RRD11 Deep Lake Int . a ,

D12 Thompson Environmental Int . 1976 32 a, b 1 1 :1,000 B&WStudy

D13 Organic Soil Study of Int . 1975 29 456 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W AAlexander L.G .D .

D14 Winnipeg Region Pub . 1975 280 000 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,RD15 Brandon Region Pub . 1976 59 600 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,R

Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 1978 262 912 a ., 'C 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,RD17 Carman Pre . 73 905 a,b 2 1 :20 000

1 1 600B&WB&W

A,E,RD18 Orr Lake Int . 1977 20 a, b 1 :

bD19 Pelican-Rock Lake Int . 1983 14 080 a, b 2 1 :2 ,000 Photo A,E,R,ID20 West Portage Int . 1982 120 956 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,RD21 Minnewasta Int . 1978 2 560 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID22 Killarney Int . 1979 4 600 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID23 Matlock-Gimli-Riverton Int . 1981 18 400 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID24 Glenboro Int . 1979 5 960 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID25 Sandy Lake Int . 1980 1 720 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID26 Brokenhead Int . 1979 10 813 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,UD27 Rockwood Int . 1980 12 928 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,UD28 Oak Lake Int . 1979 1 293 a :b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,ID29 Bird River Int . 1980 2 560 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD30 North Shore Lac du Bonnet Int . 1980 2 400 a :b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD31 Grindstone Point Int . 1979 8 040 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map Pro~ect Name (Soil Report No .) Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Des igna ion Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretationstion Level

D32D33

Paint Lake Int . 1980Cranberry Portage Int . 1980

2 88080

a,ba, b

21

1 :10 0001 :5 600

PhotoPhoto

A,E,RA,E RD34 Dauphin Int . 1981 6 400 a,b 2 1 :2a,000 Photo

,A,E,R,I

D35 South Riding Mtn. Pre . 23 488 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD36 West Interlake Int . 1981 10 036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,I,RD37 Swan R . Townsite Pre . 7 680 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID38 Hadashville-organic Int . 1981 6 475 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,RD39 Part of L.G.D . Stuartburn Pre . 27 972 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,R

F iD40D41

alcon LeBrereton L Pre .Quesnel Lake-

25 900 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RNorth Shore Winnipeg River Pre . 3 000 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD42 Duck Mountain Int . 1982 3 036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD43 Spruce Woods Pre . 26 300 e 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,RD44 McGregor Int . 1982 3 910 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD45 Pine Creek Int . 1983 1 942 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID46 Arborg-Riverton Int . 1982 2 590 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID47

D48Roblin Int . 1983Flin Flon Pre .

4 0964 600

a, ba ,b

22

1 :20,0001 :20,000

PhotoPhoto

A,E,R,IA,E,RD49 St . Anne-La Broquerie Pre . 74 592 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D50 City of Brandon Int . 19844 6622 980

a,ba ,b

22

1 :20,0001 :20,000

PhotoPhoto

A,E,R,IA,E,R,ID51 Westbourne Int . 1985 51,456 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID52 Notre Dame, Rathwell,

Treherne Townsites Int . 1984 6 144 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID53 Altona, Emerson, GretnaIle des Chenes, Landmark,Letellier Rosenort,St . Jean fownsites Int . 1984 14 080 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID54 Russell,Binscarth-Townsites Int . 1984 3 584 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID55 St . Rose Du Lac-Townsite Int . 1985 1 536 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID56 Souris, Wawanesa, Virden,

D57Townsites Int, 1986Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno

6 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ITownsites,Lake Man . Shoreline Pre . 1 856 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID58 Hallboro, Minnedosa-Townsites Int . 1984 4 544 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID59 Beaudry Park Data 640 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD60 Portions of Dufferin,Grey , and Roland Data 68 488 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID61 Meditation Lake Data 3 072 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD62 Wanipigow Lake Data 8 960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map ProjectDPsignation

Name (Soil Report No .) ReportlStatus

AHereacta

in Map Unit2 Survey3 Mapres Descrip- Intensity Scale

tion Level

D63 Shellmouth Resevoir-N Data 4 650 a ,b 2 1 :20,000D64 Assiniboine River Pre . 4 095 a,b 2 1 :20,000D65 Villages of Hamiota,

Strathclair, Rapid City,Newdale, Birtle, Shoal Lake Pre . 5 180 a,b 2 1 :20,000

D66 Springfield R .M . Pre . 13 440 a,b 2 1 :20,000D67 St . Eustache, Springstein,

Perimeter Strip, Brunkild,La Salle R. Pre . 6 200 a ,b 2 1 :20,000

D68 Spruce Point Mine Area Pub . 450 a,b 2 1 :10,000D69 Snow Lake Data

Reconnaissance Surveys

South Western No . 3 Pub . 1940(No . 709 600 d 3 1 :125,000South Central 4~ Pub . 1943 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000Winnipeg and Morris No . 5 Pub . 1953 1 419 200 d 3 1 :125,000Rossburn and Virden No . 6~ Pub . 1956 1 372 400 d 3 1 :125,000Carberry (No . 7) Pub . 1957 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000West-Lake (No . 8~ Pub . 1958 592 800 d 3 1 :125,000Grandview (No . 9 Pub . 1957 689 200 d 3 1 :125,000Nelson River Basin (No . 10) Pub . 1973 224 000 b 3 1 :100,000Fisher and Teulon (No . 12) Pub . 1961 949 200 a,c 3 1 :100,000Swan River (No . 13) Pub . 1962 316 000 a,c 3 1 :125,000South Eastern (No . 14) Pub . 1964 749 200 a,c 3 1 :125,000Lac du Bonnet (No . 15) Pub . 1967 764 800 a ,c 3 1 :125,000Grahamdale (No . 16) Pub . 1971 764 800 a,b 3 1 :125,000Red Rose-Washow Pub . 1975 704 400 a,b 3 1 :125,000Bay (No . 19)Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 1978St R (N 21) P b 1981

299676

520 a, b 2 1 :40 000705 b 3 1 12~ 000e . ose o . u . a , : ,

Waterhen (No . 23) Pub . 1985 949 600 a,b 4 1 :125,000R18 Swan Lake Data 599 200 a ,b 3,4 1 :125,000

The Pas (No . 22) Pub . 1982 791 700 a,b 4 1 :125,000R20 Grand Rapids Pre . 675 031 a,b 4 1 :125,000R21 Cormorant Int . 1975 920 000 a, b 4 1 :125,000R22 Wekusko Pre . 1 400 000 a, b 4 1 :125,000R23 Pointe du Bois Data 740 000 a,bR24 Roseau River Pub . 1977 45 200 a,b 3 1 :63,360R25 Red Deer Lake Pub . 1966 34 860 a ,b 2 1 :31 680R26R27

Cross Lake and Norway House Pre .ntr nt PreS th C l - Es r

615107

200 a,b 4 1 :1B 000744 b 2 3 1 :40 b00ou pme .e a ca a , , ,

R28 Pasquia Lake Pub . 1984 2 330 a,b 3 1 :50,000R29 Lorne R.M . Pre . 512 a,b 2 1 :20,000

4 608 a b 1 2Q QQQ

117 ReA:t~oodlandsR32 Whitemouth PeatlandR33 R.M. RockwoodR34 R .M . South Norfolk

Pre .Pre .

,7,~zA a ,b

a;b10 240 a,b

Pre . 7 936 a,b 3 1 :50,a00h ? i!?n nnn2 In4 a _

: ,1 :5U,VUU1 :50,0001 "50,000

3 1 :50 0001 :12a 000

Map4Base

Land Evaluation5& Interpretations

Photo A,E,R,IPhoto A,E,R,I


Photo A,E,R,IPhoto E,R

B&W AB&W AColor AColor AColor AColor AColor AColor AColor AColor AColor A ,FColor A,F,RColor A,F,U,R,EColor A,F

Photo A,I,EColor A,I,R,E,FB&W A,I,R,E,FB&W AColor A,I,E,R,FB&W AB&W AB&W A

B&W APhoto AB&W APhoto A,E,RB&W A,EPhoto A,E,R,IPhoto

T SA,E,R,~A E R. .N . , , ,


N .T .S . A,E,R,Iphnrn A F R .T

Map ProjectDesignation

Name (Soil Report No .) ReportStatus

l

JANUARY,

Area in MapHectares Des

1986

Unit 2crip-

Survey3Intensity

Map Map4Scale Base

tion Level

Biophysical and Exploratory Surveys

B1 Lake Winnipeg, Churchill & Pub . 1973 3 600 000 e 4 1 :250 000 B&W600

B2Nelson RiversChurchill Transportation Data 1974 179 000 f 4

1 :501 :1H,000 B&W

B3Corridor54C Hayes River Int . 1976 1 370 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W

B4 54D Kettle Rapids Int . 1976 1 370 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 52M Carrol Lake Int . 1977 634 000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 62P Hecla Int . 1977 466 200 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB6 53D Deer Lake Int . 1978 629 700 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB6 63A Berens River Int . 1978 848 500 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB7 53M Knee Lake Int . 1978 1 405 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 53L Oxford House Int . 1978 1 441 100 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 63H Norway House Data 540 800 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB9 SE 1/4 64A Split Lake Int . 1979 342 400 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB9 63P Sipiwesk Int . 1979 1 405 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB10 53E Island Lake Pre . 1 286 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB11 63H Norway House Data

51 :125 000 MSS

000 B&W1 2971E1 Surface Deposits & Int . 1963 ,,:Soils of Northern

E2ManitobaExploratory Terrain Int . 1974 g 5 1 :1,000,000 B&WStudy of NorthernManitoba and SouthernKeewatin, N.W .T .

1 .Report StatusPub.-Published Report and MapInt.-Interim Report and Map AvailablePre.-Preliminary Map and Legend AvailableData-Field Data Available Only

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)

Land Evaluation5& Interpretations

2 .Map Unit Descriptions Codea-sing le series and phasesb-series complexes defined as to proportionc-series complexes undefined as to proportiond-associationse-biophysical units (materials and physiography)f-biophysical units (associations & complexes of associations)^-regional and local physiographic units

3 .Survey Intensity Levels

Code Name Scale Minimum SizeDelineation(ha)

2Very detailedDetailed

>1 :12 000a00 to 1 :40 0001 :12

<1 .51 .5-16

4Semi-detailedReconnaissance

,1 :40 000 to 1 :12~ 000

000 to 1 :25a 0001 :125~16 to 256256 to 625

5 Exploratory,

1 :250,000 to 1 :1,Oa0,000 625 to 110 000

4 .Published Map Base Code

Photo-PhotomosaicB&W -Black and white lineColor-Colored line

5 .Interpretations Code

Inspection Density(Approx . range)>1 per 3 ha1 per 3 to 50 ha1 per 10 to 1 000 ha1 per 100 to 110 000 ha1 per 300 to 500 000 ha

A-Agriculture CapabilityE-EngineeringF-ForestryI-Irrigation SuitabilityU-Urban Planning and CommunityR-Recreation

TOTAL HECTARAGE COVERED

Initial ReconnaissanceInitial Detailed surveyDetailed ResurveyBiophysical Survey

Published Reports, Ma s Interima ai ab e at a cost o~ ~2 .00 per(except for D20) from :

ueen's Printer,?ublications BranchManitoba Archives Bldg .,200 Vaughan St .,Winnipeg Manitoba R3C 1T5Phone :94i-3103

Reports,copy

Detailed Surveys of Winnipeg Region andBrandon Region available at a cost of $6 .00each from :

Munici pal Planning BranchManitoba Dept . of Municipal1418-405 Broadway Ave .,Winnipeg,

5M21 5aR3C 3L6

Phone :

Affairs

1985 To Date

18,619,4361,554 18,014

123,029 1,970,19212,521,000

Development

Biophysical Land Classification Ma s and Reportsava3lable at a cost of $3 .50 each ?rom :

Surveys and Mapping BranchCentury Industrial Branch989 Century PlazaW~ "

nipe9~+5M666bR3H OW4

Phone :

Preliminary Map and other field dataa ailable from :

Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Office,Rm . 362 Ellis Bldg ., University of ManitobaWinnipeg Man ., R3T 2N2Phone : 4~4-6115 or 474-6118

CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , v

PART pa g e

1 . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1

Location and Extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , 1Land Use . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Relief and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , , , . , , , , 8Physiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Surface Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , 8Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2, METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Simple and Compound map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 . FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Soil Development"

. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , , , , . 15Description of Soil Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Basker Series (BKR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Bede Series (BED) . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . , , 26Beresford Series (BSF) . . . . . . . . , , . . . , , . . . , , . 26Cameron Series (CMR) . . . . . , . . . . . . , . , , , , , , , , 27Capell Series (CXT) . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , , , , , , , . 27Carvey Series (CAV) . . . . . . . , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , . 27Charman Series (CXV) . . . . . . . . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , 28Clementi (CLN)

". . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . , , . , 28

Cranmer Series (CME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Crookdale Series (CKD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Croyon Series (CYN) . . . . . . . . . . . , . , , . , , , , , , , 29Denbow Series (DBW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , , . . . . 29Dexter Series (DXT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , , , , , . . 30Dorset (DOT)

". . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , . 30

Druxman Series (DXM) . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . , . . 30

Emblem Series (EBL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . 31Eroded Slopes Complex (ERX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 31Fairfax Series (FFX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 31Fairland (FND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . " " " " " " " " 32Gendzel Series (GDZ) . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " 32Goodlands Series (GOL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " 32Grande-Clairiere Series (GDC) . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " 32Grover Series (GRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . . 33Hartney Series (HRY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " . . . . . 33Hummerston Series (HMO) . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " . . . . 33Kilmury Series (KUY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . 34Lauder Series (LUD) . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " . . . . . . . 34Lavenham ( LVH ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Levine Series (LEI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . 35Liege Series (LIG) . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " . . . 35Lowroy Series (LOW)

". . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . . 35

Lyleton Series (LYT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . 36Maon Series (MON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . . 36Melita Series (MLT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . 36Mentieth Series (MNH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " 37Miniota Series (MXI ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " 37Mowbray Series (MOW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 37Naples Series (NPS) . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " . " . . . . . 38Oak Lake Series (OKL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . 38Onahan Series (ONH)

". . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . 38

Plum Lake Series (PAK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 38Prodan (PDA) . .

". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Ralston Series (RTO) . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " 39Ramada Series (RAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 39Sewell Series (SEE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . 40Souris Series (SOU)

". . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " . . . . . 40

Stanton Series (STU) . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " . . . . . 40Stockton (SCK)

". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " 41

Switzer Series (SWZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " 41Tadpole Series (TDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Vodroff Series (VFF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 42Waskada Series (WKD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " 42Wheatland (WHL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " . . . 43Wytonville Series (WVI ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . 43

USE AND NANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . 44Soil Capability for Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Dryland Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . . . . 44Irrigation Suitability

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Soil Suitability for Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . 55Definition of Soil Suitability Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Soil Suitability Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Soil Suitability for Selected Recreation Uses . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Appendix a e

A. CORRELATION OF VIRDEN, SOURIS AND FIAWANESA AREA RESUR`1EY WITH THESOILS OF THE VIRDEN I4AP SHEET AREA REPORT N0 . 6, 1956 THESOUTH-CENTRAL REPORT N0 . 4, 1943 AND THE SOUTH-WESTERN REPORTN0 . 3, 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

B . GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES . . . . . . . 83

C . GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

D . SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

ORGANIC HORIZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

E . DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

GENETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Unconsolidated mineral component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Qualifying Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Organic component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Particle size classes for unconsolidated mineral materials . . 123Fiber classes for organic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

SURFACE EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface classes . . . . 124Organic surface classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

F . DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR SELECTED PROFILES SAMPLED WITHINTHE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

G . SOIL LEGEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

SYMBOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 . Summary of Survey Coverage for Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a

v

e

ii

2 . Soil Series of the Virden, Souris and Wawanesa Study, arranged inRelation to Soil Moisture C1ass,Subgroup and Parent Material . . . 17

3 . Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Souris, Virden andWawanesa Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 . Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 . Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area . . . . . . . 52

6 . Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soilsuitability for selected Engineering and RecreationalUses(Tables 8 and 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

7 . Engineering Description of the Soils and Their EstimatedProperties Significant to Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations for Soils in the Study Areafor Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

9 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area forVarious Recreational Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

10 . Correlation of Soil Series in the Souris, Virden and WawanesaAreas with Soil Associations and Associates of the Virden SheetArea 1956, the South-Central Survey 1943 and the South-WesternReport 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

11 . Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability . . . . . . . 84

12 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil . . . . . . 85

13 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel . . 86

14 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill . . . . . . 87

15 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings . . . . . 88

16 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets . . . 89

-xv-

17 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench type sanitarylandfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

18 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitarylandfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

19 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

20 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewagelagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

21 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorptionfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

22 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds . . . . . . . . . 95

23 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas . . . . . . . . 96

24 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas . . . . . . . . . 97

25 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails . . . . . . 98

LIST OF FIGURES

FiQure a e

1 . Location of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 . Geology, Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 . Relief and Drainage Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 . Physiographic Regions of the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 . Ecological Regions of the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

8 . Family particle-size classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9 . Soil Textural Classes . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

PART 1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

1 .1 LOCATION AND EXTENT

The townsites of the study areaare located in the southwestern partof Manitoba and involve an area of6 400 hectares . The study includesthe towns of Virden in the RuralMunicipality of Wallace, Souris inthe Municipality of Glenwood and Waw-anesa in the Municipality of Oakland .(Figure 1) . The lands being surveyedare in close proximity to the towns .

This project is a detailed resur-vey of a portion of the areas former-ly covered in the reconnaissance sur-veys of the Virden Map Sheet (ReportNo . 6, 1956), the South-Western Sur-vey (Report No . 3, 1940), and theSouth-Central Survey (Report No . 4,1943) . The current resurvey was car-ried out at a scale of 1 :20,000 asopposed to the former reconnaissancesurvey at 1 :125,000 . A summary ofsoil survey coverage for Manitoba isprovided in Table 1 .

1 .2 LAND USE

The present land use throughoutthe study area is primarily agricul-ture . Each of the towns also pro-vides the essential services andindustries necessary to support thelocal population . Variation in landuse may occur from one area toanother depending on land quality,

market availability, etc .

The Souris area is a good grainproducing area with the bulk of farmincome being derived from variousgrain crops and special crops . Theraising of purebred stock, dairyfarming, feed lot operations and hogproduction are also important in thedistrict . Souris is known for thefamous semiprecious stone "agate" anda great tourist attraction for the"longest suspension bridge in Canada"over the Souris River .

At Virden mixed farming predomi-nates with the growing of wheat,oats, barley, rye and flax, whileother land is better suited for live-stock pasture . Virden is also thesite of Manitoba's main oil fielddiscovered in 1951 . Besides the areabeing dotted with oil wells, thereare a number of sand and gravel pitsto the west of town .

The Wawanesa district is a partic-ularly good grain farming area aswell as being noted for hogs andpurebred cattle . Along with thegrowing of cereal grains ; canola,flax and other special crops are typ-ical of the area . Wawanesa is alsothe home of the well known WawanesaMutual Insurance Co .

1 .3 GEOLOGY

The bedrock formations of thestudy area are outlined in Figure 2 .Each of the townsites is underlain byrocks of the Cretaceous Period in theMesozoic Era . The rocks are largely

shales of the Millwood and OdanahMembers in the Riding Mountain Forma-tion . In addition, shales of theVermilion River Formation occur atthe northern edge of the Wawanesastudy section .

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MESOZOICUpper Cretaceous

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KVR

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Vermillibn River Formation : ,Morden Member - block corbonoceousshale. Boyne Member - groy calcareous speckled shale andcorbonoceous shale . Pembina Member - thinly interbedded corbon-oceous shale, bentonite and bentonitic shale.

Fovel Formation : calcareous speckled shale, minor limestone

Figure 2 : Geology of Study Area

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1 .4 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The principal relief and drainagefeatures of the study areas are shownin Figure(s) 3 . The relief rangesfrom an elevation of approximately1,225 ft . (373 m) at Wawanesa to ahigh of 1,475 ft . (450 m) at Virden .The local topography may be describedas level or very gently sloping tomoderately sloping . A major topo-graphic feature common to each of thetownsites is the dissection of thearea by a major river or creek chan-nels . Here the elevation of the sur-rounding landscape drops considerablyto the floor of the channel . Therough, dissected landscape which bor-ders the main waterways ranges frommoderately to extremely sloping withareas of active slumping .

Surface drainage is generally welldeveloped over most of the studyarea . Some problems exist at Virdenwhere groundwater seepage occurs atthe peripheral scarp of the sand andgravel deposits to west of town .However, the Bosshill, Gopher andScallion Creeks, which empty into theAssiniboine River just east of thestudy provide adequate drainage forthe area . Drainage at the Sourisportion of the study is facilitatedby the Souris River and its contribu-tory Elgin and Plum Creeks . The welldrained soils of the Wawanesa areaare also drained by the Souris Riverand its tributary drains . The SourisRiver occasionally floods duringperiods of heavy spring runoff .

1 .5 PHYSIOGRAPHY

The distribution of physiographicareas as related to the study area isshown in Figure 4 . The Wawanesa sec-tion of the study area is within theBrandon Lakes Plain subsection of theAssiniboine River Plain . The land-form of the area is basically a levellacustrine plain grading to an undu-lating lacustrine blanket . The Sour-is River forms a U-shaped meltwaterchannel with dissected valley sides .

Virden and Souris are part of theAntler River - Lake Souris Plain sub-section of the Souris River PlainSection . The landscape is typifiedby a level lacustrine plain and anundulating lacustrine veneer . Gla-ciofluvial materials are particularlyevident at Virden and to a lesserdegree at Souris .

1 .6 SURFACE DEPOSITS

The surface deposits throughoutthe study area are dominantly deepiacustrine materials . At Wawanesathe deposition is consistently of aloam to silty clay loam texture .Drill data and field investigationsindicate the presence of glacial tillat depths of approximately 1 to 3meters .

The lacustrine deposits of theSouris area are much coarser innature and are subject to wind ero-sion . Boulder till occurs at a depthof 2 .5 m in the southeast corner ofthe study adjacent to the Sourischannel . A gully exposure in the SE1/4 of section 35 revealed shale bed-rock at approx . 5 meters .

The Virden area is comprised ofdeep, sandy lacustrine and fluviola-custrine sands and gravels . Smallareas in the northcentral and south-western portions of the study have a

veneer of loamy lacustrine materialsoverlying glacial till .

The fluvial sand and gravel depos-its are most extensive in the Virdenarea, however they do occur adjacentto the Souris River channel at Sourisand Wawanesa .

Alluvial deposition occurs in allthree areas adjacent to the majorriver and creek channels . Theserecent, stratified soils range fromloam to clay loam in texture .

1 .7 CLIMATE

In relation to worldwide climaticconditions, the study area is withinthe region designated as Dfb',subhumid, cool continental . Due toits location in the center of thecontinent, summer temperatures arehigher and winter temperatures arelower than the world average for thesame latitude .

Within Manitoba' the study areasare considered to be in the Mid Bore-al Temperate Ecological Region,subregions 2 and 3 (MBt2, MBt3) asoutlined in Figure 5 . Virden andWawanesa are in the region designatedas (MBtz) with a mean annual tempera-ture range of 0 .6 to 1 .9°C, and hav-ing 100 to 114 frost free days . TheSouris portion of the study lies inthe MBta region which has a meanannual temperature of 1 .9 to 3 .0°C .The mean annual precipitation rangefor the entire study is from 425 to

More specific data from a site atSouris3 indicates an average annualtemperature of 2 .3°C . Total precipi-tation records from 1951-80, suggestan average annual precipitation of455 mm . The average length of thefrost-free period for 0°C is 110 daysand 132 days for -2 .2°C . These fig-ures represent consecutive frost-freedays .

1 .8 VEGETATION

The entire study area is withinthe Aspen-Oak Section of the BorealForest Region of Canada as delineatedby Rowel . Being in a forest andgrass transition zone, it is charac-terized by treed landscapes with ashort and tall grass, herbaceousplant mix . Trembling aspen is theprevalent species occuring as smallpatches or continuous good growthstands . Bur oak is conspicuous alongriver slopes and in drier positions .Other common species on the alluvialsoils and along valley walls are elm,green ash, Manitoba maple, cottonwoodand white birch . The undergrowth ofshrubs found in association with thelarger trees include mainly hazel,chokecherry, pincherry, saskatoon,gooseberry, raspberry, dogwood, snow-berry and cranberry .

545 mm .

Canadian Climate Normals, Volumes 2and 3, Temperature and Precipita-

Koppen, W . and Geiger, "Handbuck tion 1951-1980 Environment Canada,der Klimatologie", Bond L ., Teil 1982 .C ., Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin,1936 . Rowe, J.S . 1972 . Forest Regions of°

2 Mills, 1979 . Ecological Regionsand Subregions in Manitoba .

Canada, Publication No . 1300 .Dept . of the Environment, CanadaForestry Service, Ottawa .

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.

R.26 R.24 R.22 R.20 R.18

SECTION SUBSECTION

E2 Tiger Hills Upland

E7 Pembina River Plain . l Boissevoin Plain

E8 Souris River Plain . l Antler River - Lake Souris Plain.2 Souris Plain

E9 Assiniboine River Plain . l Pipestone Plain.2 Newdo% Plain.3 St - Lazore Plain.4 Brandon Lakes Plain.5 Upper Assiniboine Delto

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SOIL CLIMATEREGION NAME SUBREGION TEMPERATURE MOISTURE DOMINANT VEGETATION

SYMBOL CLASS SUBCLASS SOIL ORDERS ZONES

Mid Boreal -Temperate MBt2 Boreal , cool Subhumid Chernozemic (Black) , Gleysols Grassland andAspen Porkland

MBt3 Boreal, moderately cool Subhumid Chernozemic (Black) , Gleysols Grassland andto cool Aspen Porkland

PART 2

I4ETHODOLOGY

2 .1 MAPPING

Soil mapping in this project wasconducted by soil surveyors employingan intensive grid or systematic sam-pling method . Soil profiles wereexamined to a depth of one meter atsites approximately 150 meters apartalong foot traverses that, in turn,were spaced approximately 0 .8 kmapart . In this project, the initialinspection point in each section waslocated 50 to 100 meters from a roadallowance fence approximately .4 kmfrom a selected corner of the sectionto be surveyed . The direction eachtraverse took was determined on thebasis of maximizing the informationthat could be derived from the rangeof known soil-landscape variations ineach section . Additional sites alongroad allowances were also examined tohelp locate soil boundaries betweensections . This method of samplingprovided approximately 25 to 30inspection sites per section, or putanother way, each site representedapproximately 8 to 10 ha . Thisintensity of sampling permitted theconfident delineation of soil mappingunits comprised of narrowly definedsoil types and other landscape fea-tures such as slope, stoniness anderosion on maps at a scale of 1 :20000 (3 inches equal one mile) .

2 .2 MAP UNITS

A map unit represents mappableportions of the soil landscape thattogether have characteristics andproperties varying within more orless narrow limits that are deter-mined by the intensity of the survey .A map unit contains predominantly oneor more than one soil or non-soilindividual plus a certain proportion(varying within prescribed limits) ofunnamed and undescribed inclusions .They are delineated on the basis ofthe types and relative proportions oftheir soils or non-soils, as well ason the basis of external criteriasuch as slope, stoniness or erosion .

Soil maps show the distribution ofkinds of soils and, as such, servesas a link so that the knowledgegained in one locality about the use-fulness or behavior of a kind of soilcan be extended to other bodies ofthe same soil .

A map unit is named from its prin-cipal component soils or non-soils .It is described in terms of the prop-erties of these components, theirrelative proportions and other exter-nal land attributes . In thisproject, units are described in termsof named soil series and phases ofsoil series .

Map units will always contain atleast small proportions of inclu-sions . These inclusions may be soilor non-soil mapping individuals thatare named and have their own mapunits elsewhere in the survey, orthey may be rare or insignificant

12 -

soils or non-soils that are not rec-ognized and named at all in the sur-vey . They may, however, be mentionedin the description of soil types inthe report .

2 .3 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS

There are two major types of mapunits : simple and compound . The dif-ference between them is defined interms of the proportion and contrastof their components .

A Simple Map Unit contains predom-inantly one soil or non-soil such asbedrock outcropping . The proportionof its components vary from thosethat are comprised of at least 65percent of the predominant type leav-ing up to 35 percent of similar butnon-limiting components to at least85 percent of the predominant typehaving up to 15 percent of stronglycontrasting, limiting components .

A Compound Map Unit contains pre-dominantly two soils or non-soils (ora combination of the two) . The pro-portion of the two major componentsmay vary from one considerablyexceeding the other to both beingabout equal . If the components aresimilar and non-limiting, no singlecomponent represents more than 65percent or if they are dissimilar andmore limiting, no single componentrepresents more than 75 percent, orif dissimilar and limiting, no singlecomponent represents more than 85percent . Components of mapping unitsare considered dominant if they occu-py over 40 percent of the unit, jLg-nificant from 15 to 40 percent, andminor if they occupy less than 15percent . Minor components aredescribed only if they are highlycontrasting .

Compound units are employed inmapping complex soil landscapes wheredissimilar soils occur in very intri-

cate patterns and in such small seg-ments that it is not practical todelineate them separately on the map .

Very often, it is desirable toindicate by map unit symbol, minorvariations in certain intrinsic prop-erties of soils or landscape featuresthat deviate from the normal . Thesevariants or phases of series usuallyaffect soil management . In thestudy, the effect of four such prop-erties and features are indicated .These are erosion, slope class,degree of stoniness and salinity .The degree or magnitude of each isdesignated in the following manner :

Erosion

x - none-eroded or minimal1 - weakly eroded2 - moderately eroded3 - severely eroded0 - overblown

Slope Class

x - 0 to 2% level to nearly levelc - 2 to 5% very gently slopingd - 5 to 9% gently slopinge - 9 to 15% moderately slopingf - 15 to 30% strongly slopingg - 30 to 45% very strongly

slopingh - 45 to 70% extremely sloping

Stoniness

x - non stony1 - slightly stony2 - moderately stony3 - very stony4 - exceedingly stony5 - excessively stony

Salinity

x - non saline (0-4 mS/cm) /s - slightly saline (4-8 mS/cm) ;'t - moderately saline (8-15 mS/cm)u - strongly saline (>15 mS/cm)

- 13 -

The convention employed to indi-cate these features in the map symbolis as follows :

If none of the above propertiesare observed to be significant, themap symbol representing the normal orunaffected soil series is used alonewithout modifiers .

If one or more phase features arerecognized, the appropriate letter ornumber is placed below the soilseries symbol in one of four desig-nated locations in the map unit sym-bol . The designated order is ero-sion, slope class, stoniness andsalinity . If a particular feature isnot observed to be significant, an xis used in its appropriate designatedlocation in the map symbol .

For example, the compound map unitcoded :

Soil Series Percent of map unit

~ 5 5/_SOU - LUDlcxx~

stoniness

Is interpreted to mean that 50percent of the mapping unit consistsof Souris (SOU5) series having slighterosion (1), very gently sloping (c)topography, no (x) stoniness, nosalinity (x) : and 50 percent Lauder(LUD5) series having slight erosion(1), very gently sloping (c) topogra-phy, non stony (x) surface conditionsand no (x) salinity .

Definitions of the erosion, topog-raphy, stoniness and salinity classesare given in the Glossary .

2 .4 SANPLING

During the course of field inves-tigations and mapping, soil sampleswere taken at selected locations forsoil characterization, salinity andirrigation suitability studies . Fourprofiles were described in detail andsampled for soil characterizationanalysis (Appendix F) . In areaswhere salinity was suspected to be aproblem soils were sampled at 10 to25 cm and at 50 to 60 cm for electri-cal conductance measurements andsoluble salt analysis .

PART 3

FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS

3 .1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT

Soil genesis is the process orprocesses responsible for the devel-opment of soil . The principal fac-tors of climate, vegetation, reliefand drainage act upon the unconsoli-dated parent material to produce thesoil profile . The type of soilformed in any one place is dependentupon the interaction of these factorsand upon the length of time they havebeen active .

In the study area, the degree ofsoil development is related to theregional climate and the degree ofleaching, translocation and accumula-tion of the soluble and colloidalfractions of the soil . In grasslandareas, the amount of water availablefor leaching is relatively low, butsufficient to support grassland vege-tation ; this results in accumulationof organic matter in the mineral sur-face horizons and gives the soils the"black color" . The translocation ofsoluble and colloidal fraction isrelatively shallow . A majority ofthe study area is mapped as Cherno-zemic Black soils . In parkland areas(transition from grassland to for-est), the soil climate is favorablefor tree growth as well as grasslandspecies . There is a greater degreeof leaching and translocation than inthe grassland area proper, and lessorganic matter accumulation . Theresult is the formation of soils witha "dark gray" surface and identifia-

tions of the forested areas, there isa greater degree of leaching andtranslocation of soluble and colloi-dal soil material resulting in soilswith a characteristic leaf mat, ableached light coloured zone and anaccumulation zone dominantly of thetranslocated clay and organic matter .These soils are classified as Luvi-sols .

In a similar climatic region,soils may differ due to the textureand mineralogical composition of theparent material . Soils developed onsandy to loamy materials are morepermeable to water and allow for agreater leaching of the soluble andcolloidal fraction as compared tofiner textured soils . Soils devel-oped on moderately calcareous sedi-ments are noticeably deeper thansoils developed on strongly calcare-ous sediments ; soils developed onextremely calcareous material arevery shallow because of the difficul-ty of leaching the large quantity oflime carbonate present ; the maximumdepth of soil development on theseextremely calcareous materials is 20to 30 cm .

Restrictions on normal soil devel-opment are not only imparted by highlevels of lime carbonate, but also bythe length of the saturation periodin an area affected by surface pond-ing, lateral inflow, seepage or nearsurface groundwater . Under theseconditions, the leaching of soluble

ble accumulation of translocated and colloidal material is minimal,products such as clay and organic and in some cases the translocationmatter lower in the soil profile . of soluble soil material is towardUnder more favorable moisture condi- the surface ; the soil environment is

15

altered from an oxidative state to adepleted oxygen or reductive state .The characteristics associated withvarious restricted drainage andhydrological conditions are dull soilcolors, the development of mottles ofiron and manganese, the presence oflime carbonate near the surface ofthe soils (not applicable to betterdrained shallow soils developed onextremely calcareous materials), thepresence of, and accumulation ofsoluble salts within the rootingzone, and the accumulation of peat atthe surface . The soils in the studyarea characterized by poor drainageare classified as Gleysols . Theyouthful soils of the study areaoccuring along the Souris River andBosshill Creek, lack genetic horizonsand are classified as Reaosols .

3 .2 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES

The soil series of the study areaare described in alphabetical orderand include a general description ofthe genetic profile type, texture,parent material, topography anddrainage . General statements on thedistribution, surface runoff, stoni-ness, erosion and vegetation charac-teristics are also given . A conven-ient, abbreviated key form of tablereference on the relationship of soilseries in the study to soil drainage,subgroup and parent material is pro-vided in Table 2 . A more comprehen-sive grouping of soils and parentmaterials is presented in Table 3 .

Table 2a . Soil Series of the Virden, Souris and Wawanesa Study, arranged in Relation to Soil MoistureClass,Subgroup and Parent Material (Mid Boreal Temperate Subregion 2)

Soil Subgroup P a r e n t M a t e a 1 aMoisture putvash Lacustrine over Outvash Eolian Lacustrine Lacuetrine Lacuscrine/Till AlluviumClass

Sandy Skeletal Sandy (FS,LFS,LS)/ Coarse Loamy (VFS, Loamy (L,CL,SiCL/ Sandy Sandy Loany Fine Loamy Loamy (L,SiL, Fine Loamy(CL, Loavy(L,SiL,SiCL Loamy(FSL Undiffer-(Gr.,Gr .S ., S) Sandy Skeletal LVFS,FSL,SL)/Sandy Sandy Skeletal (FS,LFS) (FS,LFS) (L,SiL,VFSL) (CL,SiCL,SCL) VFSL)/eandy SiCW /sandy (F5, CL)/Loamy(L,SiL

,VPSL,L,SiL,SiCL entiacedSkelecal (FS,LFS,LS) LFS,LS) SiCL)Till CWstratified

Well Cuoulic RegosolOrthic Blank Dorset(DOT) Yheatland(WML) Miniota(lDII) Croyon(CYN) Stockton(SCK) Fairland(FND) Remada(RAM)

Cleexncf(CLN)Movhray(MOV)

Calcareous Black Eroded,.SoBlack

9l

Imperfect Cleyed Regosol Q'ahan(ONM)1opes

C lexo°pGleyed Cumulic Levine(LEI)

Ragoaol (ERX)

Cloyed Black Dezcer(D%T) Wytonville(VVI) Dru-MM) Lavenhan(LVN) Charwn(CXV)

Glayed Rego Gendral(CDZ) Kiluury(KUY) Capell(C%T) Nummeraton(H110) Prodan(PDA) Crover(CRO) Crookdale(CKD) Beresford(BSF)Black

Poor Rego Nuoic Lovroy(LOY) Carvey(CAV) Sevell(SEE) Tadpole(TDP) Vodroff(VFF) Saeker(BKR)Gleysol

Table 2b (concluded) (Mid Boreal Temperate, Subregion 3)P a r e n t M a t e r i a 1 s

Soil Subgroup Eolian Lacustrine Lacustrine/Till Outwash AlluviumMoistureClass Sandy Sandy Coarse Loamy Loamy Fine Loamy Coarse Loamy Loamy(L,SiL, Sandy Skeletal Loamy(L,Sil,

(FS,LFS) (FS,LFS) (SL,LVFS,VFS) (L,SiL,VFSL) (CL,SiCL,SCL) (SL,LVFS,VFS) CL)/Loamy Till (Gr .,Gr .S .,S) VFSL)/Loamy Till(L,SiCL,CL)

Well Orthic Grande(GDC)Regosol Clairiere

Cumulic Melita(MLT)Regosol

Orthic Stanton(STU) Lyleton(LYT) Cameron(CMR) Waskada(WKD) Bede(BED)Black

Rego Maon(MON)Black

Imper- Gleyed Liege(LIG)fect Cumulic

Regosol

Gleyed Lauder(LUD) Denbow(DBW) Goodlands(GOL)Black

Gleyed Souris(SOU) Switzer(SWZ) Hartney(HRY) Cranmer(CME) Mentieth(MNH)RegoBlack

GleyedRegosol Ralston(RTO

Poor Rego Oak Lake(OKL) Plum Lake(PAK) Emblem(EBL) Fairfax(FFX)HumicGleysol

Orthic Naples(NPS)HumicGleysol

TABLE 3

Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa StudyArea

(Mid Boreal Temperate, subregion 2)

A . Soils developed on fluvial outwash

1 . Deep (>1 m) moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, medi-um sand to gravelly textured, fluvial outwash or beach depositsconsisting of dominantly limestone and granitic fragments .

a) Well drained

o Dorset series (Orthic Black) DOT

o Dorset, shaly variant (Orthic Black) DOT .

b) Imperfectly drained

o Dexter series (Gleyed Black) DXT

B . Soils developed on shallow lacustrine overlying outwash

1 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy(FS, LFS, LS) lacustrine sediments overlying moderately tostrongly calcareous, medium sand to gravelly deposits .

a) Well drained

® Wheatland series (Orthic Black) WHL


o Gendzel series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) GDZ

c) Poorly drained

o Lowroy series (Rego Humic Gleysol) LOW

2 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous,coarse loamy (VFS, LVFS, FSL, SL) lacustrine sediments overlyingmoderately to strongly calcareous, medium sand to gravellydeposits .

a) Well drained

9 Miniota series (Orthic Black) MXI


o Kilmury series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) KUY

o Wytonville series (Gleyed Black) WVI

3 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy(L, CL, SiCL) lacustrine sediments overlying moderately tostrongly calcareous, medium sand and gravel deposits .

a) Well drained

o Croyon series (Orthic Black) CYN

o Croyon, shaly variant (Orthic Black) CYN


o Druxman series (Gleyed Black) DXM

o Capell seri~:s (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) CXT

c) Poorly drained

o Carvey series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) CAV

C . Soils developed on eolian deposits

1 . Deep (>1 m) weakly to noncalcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS) domi-nantly eolian sediments .

a) Imperfectly drained

4 Onahan series (Gleyed Regosol) ONH

D . Soils developed on lacustrine sediments

1 . Deep (>1 m) weakly to moderately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS)lacustrine deposits .

a) Well drained

o Stockton series (Orthic Black) SCK


o Lavenham series (Gleyed Black) LVH

o Hummerston series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) HMO

c) Poorly drained

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o Sewell series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) SEE

2 . Deep (>1 m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, loamy (VFSL,L, SiL) lacustrine deposits .

a) Well drained

o Fairland series (Orthic Black) FND

3 . Deep (>1 m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy(CL, SiCL, SCL) lacustrine deposits .

a) Well drained

o Ramada series (Orthic Black) RAM


o Charman series (Gleyed Black) CXV

o Prodan series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) PDA

c) Poorly drained

o Tadpole series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) TDP

4 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy(L, SiL, VFSL) sediments overlying moderately calcareous, sandy(FS, LFS, LS) deposits .


o Grover series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) GRO

5 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous, fineloamy (CL, SiCL) sediments overlying moderately calcareous,sandy (FS, LFS, LS) lacustrine deposits .


o Crookdale series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) CKD

E . Soils developed on lacustrine over glacial till

1 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy(L, SiL, SiCL, CL) lacustrine sediments overlying strongly cal-careous, loamy (L, CL, SiCL) glacial till of shale, limestoneand granitic rock origin .

a) Well drained

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o Clementi series (Orthic Black) CLN


o Beresford series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) BSF

c) Poorly drained

o Vodroff series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) VFF

F . Soils developed on alluvium

1 . Deep (>1 m), moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loa-my (FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, SiCL, CL) alluvial sediments .

a) well drained

o Mowbray series (Cumulic Regosol) MOW


o Levine series (Gleyed Cumulic Regosol) LEI

c) Poorly drained

o Basker series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) BKR

Soils of(Mid Boreal Temperate, subregion 3)

A . Soils developed on eolian deposits

1 . Deep (>1 m) weakly to noncalcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS) eoliansediments .

a) Well drained

o Grande Clairiere series (Orthic Regosol) GDC


o Ralston series (Gleyed Regosol) RTO

B . Soils developed on lacustrine materials

1 . Deep (>1 m) moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS,LS) lacustrine sediments .

a) Well drained

o Stanton series (Orthic Black) STU


o Lauder series (Gleyed Black) LUD

o Souris series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) SOU

c) Poorly drained

a Oak Lake series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) OKL

2 . Deep (>1 m) moderately to strongly calcareous, coarse loamy (SL,LVFS, VFS) lacustrine sediments .

a) Well droined

o Lyleton series (Orthic Black) LYT

o Maon series (Rego Black) MON


o Denbow series (Gleyed Black) DBW

o Switzer series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) SWZ

c) Poorly drained

o Plum Lake (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) PAK

3 . Deep (>1 m) strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL) lacustrinesediments .

a) Well drained

o Cameron series (Orthic Black) CMR


o Hartney series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) HRY

c) Poorly drained

o Emblem series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) EBL

4 . Deep (>1 m) strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL, SCL)lacustrine sediments .


o Goodlands series (Gleyed Black) GOL

o Cranmer series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) CME

b) Poorly drained

o Fairfax series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) FFX

e Naples series (Orthic Humic Gleysol) NPS

C . Soils developed on shallow lacustrine overlying glacial till

1 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of moderately calcareous, coarse loamy (SL,LVFS, VFS) lacustrine sediments overlying strongly calcareous,loamy (L, SiL, SiCL) glacial till of shale, limestone and grani-tic origin .


o Mentieth series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) MNH

2 . A thin mantle (<1 m) of strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, CL)lacustrine sediments over strongly calcareous, loamy glacialtill of shale, limestone and granitic origin .

a) Well drained

o Waskada series (Orthic Black) WKD

D . Soils developed on fluvial outwash

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1 . Deep (>1 m) sandy skeletal (Gr, GrS, S), moderately to stronglycalcareous fluvial deposits .

a) Well drained

o Bede series (Orthic Black) BED

E . Soils developed on alluvium

1 . Deep (>1 m), stratified, moderately calcareous, loamy (L, SiL,VFSL) recent alluvial deposits .

a) Well drained

o Melita series (Cumulic Regosol) MLT


o Liege series (Gleyed Cumulic Regosol) LIG

Basker Series (BKR)

The Basker series consists ofpoorly to very poorly drained RegoHumic Gleysol, carbonated soilsdeveloped on moderately to stronglycalcareous, stratified dominantlyloamy (FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, SiCL)recent alluvial sediments . Theyoccur as bottom lands adjacent tostream channels and are subject toflooding and are saturated for a con-siderable period of time in thespring or following heavy rains .They are closely associated with theimperfectly drained Levine series .The native vegetation consists ofdominantly sedges, rushes and willow .

The profile is characterized by athin layer (3 to 5 cm) of moderatelydecomposed organic material, and anolive brown to light yellowish brownweak Ahg or Ckg horizon with ironstains . The subsoil is stratifiedand may have thin organic layersindicating former surfaces . The soilcolors are olive to pale yellow andmay have some iron mottles in thesandy strata . Basker soils are morepermeable than the very similar Ker-ran series .

Bede Series (BED)

The Bede series consists of welldrained Orthic Black soils of theBede Association, developed onstrongly calcareous, sandy skeletal,deltaic, beach and outwash deposits .This soil commonly has complex, verygently sloping topography, gooddrainage, very rapid permeability andmoderate surface runoff . The depthof water table is estimated to be atabout 3 m during the growing season .This soil is non-saline, non-stonyand when cropped, tends to bedroughty for most of the growing sea-son . Unless rains are timely on Bedesoils, the moisture can be rapidlydepleted to more than 1 m . Most

cereal crops and even some deep root-ing forage crops can be severelyaffected by early summer heat andlack of moisture .

The surface texture of this soilranges from a sandy loam to loamysand grading to coarser materialswith depth . The soil profile usuallyconsists of a Black Ah horizon 5 to10 cm thick, a very dark brown Bmhorizon 15 to 20 cm thick and a palebrown, very coarse textured C hori-zon . The Bm horizon is usually welldeveloped as indicated by the strongprismatic to subangular blocky struc-ture . A BC and a prominent Cca hori-zon are also common in these soils .

In MBT2 climatic subregion thesesoils are equivalent to the Dorsetseries .

Beresford Series (BSF)

The Beresford series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed RegoBlack, carbonated soils developed ona thin mantle (<1 m) of loamy (L,Sil, CL, SiCL) lacustrine sedimentsover strongly to very strongly calca-reous, loam to clay loam glacial tillof shale, limestone and granitic ori-gin . These soils occur on near levelto undulating topographic landscapesin association with the Clementi(Orthic Black) soils . They occur inlandscapes which are considered to bein a discharge to weak recharge(groundwater) area and may have solu-ble salts within the rooting zone orsubsoil . The runoff is slow, andpermeability is moderately slow toslow .

The Beresford soils are character-ized by a very dark gray to black Ahhorizon 20 to 30 cm, a dark gray ACkhorizon of 6 to 12 cm thick . A limeaccumulation zone may occur in theloamy lacustrine sediments if the

26

overlay is thick ; the underlyingstrongly calcareous till of shalelimestone and granitic origin is gen-erally more compact .

Cameron Series (CMR)

The Cameron series consists ofwell drained, Orthic Black soils ofthe Cameron Association, developed ondeep, strongly calcareous, loamylacustrine sediments . These soilshave dominantly a loam surface tex-ture, very gently sloping to gentlyundulating topography, moderatelyrapid permeability, and moderate sur-face runoff . This soil is moderatelyto well drained with an estimateddepth to water table of 3 m duringthe growing season . These soils arenon-saline, non-stony, fertile agri-cultural soils .

Cameron soils generally occupyslightly higher landscape positions

Capell Series (CBT)

The Capell series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black(carbonated) soils developed on athin mantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous loamy (L, SiL,CL, SiCL) sediments overlying moder-ately to strongly calcareous mediumsand to gravelly textured deposits .These soils occur on level to verygently sloping topography or on thelower slope positions on undulatingtopography . The soils have moderatepermeability in the upper sedimentsand rapid permeability in the lowercoarser sediments, but restrictedduring periods of subsoil saturationdue to a perched condition or highwater level . In some areas, wherethe water contains appreciable solu-ble salts, a sufficient concentrationof salts may occur to inhibit orretard the growth of grasses or-cere-als .

The soil is characterized by athan the Hartney and Denbow soils andare commonly found in close associa-tion with Lyleton soils . ExposedCameron soils are quite susceptibleto erosion and attempts should bemade to maintain trash residues .

very dark gray to black Ahk horizon15 to 24 cm thick, a dark gray togray AC horizon 5 to 15 cm thick, anda lime accumulation horizon 8 to 12cm thick that extends to or into thecoarser materials . Brownish yellowmottles are common in the coarser

A modal Cameron soil has a black sediments below . Capell soils haveAp horizon 5 to 15 cm thick, a very less permeable surface layers thandark gray Ah horizon 5 to 12 cm the very similar Kilmury series .thick, a dark grayish brown Bm hori-zon 15 to 20 cm thick, a light grayCca horizon 7 to 12 cm thick and anolive yellow Ck horizon . Carvep Series (CAV)

In MBT2 climatic subregion thesesoils equal the Fairland series .

The Carvey series consists ofpoorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol(carbonated) soils developed on athin mantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous loamy (L, SiL,CL, SiCL) sediments overlying moder-ately to strongly calcareous, mediumsand to gravelly textured deposits .They occur in level to depressionalsites which have a water table at ornear the surface for part of theyear . They occur in close associa-

- 27

tion with the imperfectly drainedCapell and Druxman series and thewell drained Croyon series . Runoffis negligible ; permeability of theloamy sediments is moderate to moder-ately slow above the saturation zone .In areas where the seepage water con-tains soluble salts, a sufficientconcentration of salts may occur inthe soil to inhibit the growth ofnative sedge and meadow grasses .They are less permeable than the verysimilar, coarser Bornett series .

Charman Series (CBV)

The Charman soil is a Gleyed Blacksoil develcped on imperfectlydrained, strongly to very stronglycalcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL)lacustrine deposits . This soiloccurs above the escarpment on levelto very gently sloping topography inareas where the water table is oftenwithin a meter of the surface associ-ated with Ramada, Carroll, Prodan andTadpole soils . Surface runoff isslow . Permeability is moderate, butcan be restricted due to saturationof the subsoil . In areas of seepageor discharge, soluble salts in thesubsoil and groundwater can be tran-slocated nearer the surf ;ce in quan-tities sufficient to affect crop:rowth .

The Charman soil profile has avery dark gray to black Ah horizon,15 to 25 cm thick ; a dark grayishbrown Bmgj horizon, 12 to 30 cmthick ; a thin transitional BC horizonapproximately 5 cm thick, and a palebrown, silty textured, erosive Ckgjhorizon with yellowish brown ironmottles . A light gray Cca horizon oflime accumulation is usually present .Also, gypsum crystals frequentlyoccur below the Cca horizon in someareas . This soil differs from thesimilar Prodan series in that it hasa prominent Bmgj horizon and is freeof calcium carbonate in its solum .

Clementi (CLN)

The Clementi series consists ofmoderately well to well drained Orth-ic Black soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of loamy (L, SiL, C1,SiCL) lacustrine sediments over astrongly calcareous loam to clay loamtill of shale, limestone and graniticorigin . These soils occur in inter-mediate to upper slopes of a gentlysloping, undulating or rolling topog-raphy in association with the imper-fectly drained Beresford series .Runoff is moderate to moderately rap-id ; permeability is moderate in thelacustrine sediments, and moderatelyslow to slow in the more compact,somewhat fissile, loam to clay loamtill .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to black Ah horizon 10to 14 cm thick, a dark brown to brownBm horizon 8 to 12 cm thick ; the Aand B horizons are developed in thelacustrine overlay ; the underlyingvery strongly calcareous till appearsas a strongly developed lime carbo-nate layer .

Cranmer Series (CME)

The Cranmer series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black(carbonated) soils, developed ondeep, strongly calcareous, fine loamylacustrine sediments . This soil usu-ally has a clay loam surface texture,nearly level to very gently slopingtopography, and slow to moderatepermeability and surface runoff .This soil can be weakly to moderatelysaline and is imperfectly drained .The estimated depth to water tableduring the growing season is lessthan 2 m . Most of these soils arecultivated and, depending on thedegree of salinity, produce goodcrops .

-28-

The soil is characterized by blackAp horizons 10 to 20 cm thick, blackto dark gray AC horizons 18 to 25 cmthick and brown to yellowish brownCgj horizons . The C horizons areoccasionally stratified and banded .

The Cranmer series resembles theimperfectly drained soils of the Was-kada Association except that theCranmer series is not underlain byglacial till .

Cranmer is equal to the Prodanseries of climatic subregion MBT2 .

Crookdale Series (CRD)

The Crookdale series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blacksoils developed on a thin mantle (<1m) of strongly calcareous clay loamto sandy clay loam sediments gradingto moderately calcareous sandy depos-its . They occur on level to verygently sloping topography . Runoff ismoderate to moderately slow ; perme-ability is moderate in the upper loa-my strata and moderately rapid in thesandy subsoil when not restricted bya high water table in early springand summer .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to black Ah horizon,15 to 20 cm thick and a weakly mot-tled gray to dark gray horizon 5 to10 cm thick .

A lime carbonate horizon Cca isusually present . The subsoil isolive brown to light olive brown withyellowish brown mottles . This soildiffers from the very similar Prodanseries in that it has a sandy subs-tratum .

Cropon Series (CYN)

The Croyon series consists of mod-erately well to well drained OrthicBlack soils developed on a thin man-tle (<1 m) of moderately to stronglycalcareous loamy (L, SiL, CL, SiCL)lacustrine sediments overlying moder-ately to strongly calcareous mediumsand to gravelly textured deposits .The soil occurs in the mid and upperslope positions of gently undulatingto undulating topography in closeassociation with the imperfectlydrained Druxman and Capell soils andthe poorly drained Carvey soils . Therunoff is moderately rapid ; perme-ability is moderate to moderatelyrapid in the upper sediments and veryrapid in the lower, coarser sedi-ments .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to black Ah horizon 20to 30 cm thick, a dark brown Bm hori-zon 10 to 18 cm thick, a brown todark brown BCk horizon 5 to 10 cm anda yellowish brown, stratified looseCk horizon . Croyon soils have sur-face layers that are less permeable,hold more water and are less droughtythan the very similar Miniota soils .

Denboa Series (DBW)

The Denbow series is the imper-fectly drained, Gleyed Black memberof the Lyleton Association, developedon deep, moderately calcareous,coarse loamy, lacustrine sediments .This soil occurs in areas of complexvery gently sloping topography and ischaracterized by imperfect drainage,moderately rapid permeability andslow surface runoff . The estimateddepth to water table during thegrowth season is 2 m . This soil isnon-saline, non-stony and cultivated .It often occurs in close associationwith the Switzer series .

-29-

Denbow soils are characterized by Dorset (DOT)a black Ap horizon 10 to 12 cm thick,a weakly stained gleyed very dark The Dorset series consists of mod-grayish brown Bmgj horizon 10 to 12 erately well to well drained Orthiccm thick, an olive gray to grayish Black soils, developed on moderatelybrown iron stained Cca horizon 25 to30 cm thick and a gleyed, ironstained and mottled, light yellowishbrown Ckg horizon .

Dexter Series (D%T)

The Dexter series is a GleyedBlack Soil developed on imperfectlydrained, moderately to strongly cal-careous, sandy and gravelly (S, CS,GrS), stratified outwash and glaciof-luvial deposits . These soils occurabove the escarpment on very gentlyto gently sloping topography, and inlower slope positions associated withMarringhurst soils on irregular,undulating topography . Surfacerunoff is moderate, and permeabilityin the upper solum is rapid, but canbe restricted in the spring and earlysummer by a saturation zone in thesubsoil . The soil parent materialshave strata ranging in texture fromfine sand to coarse gravel .

to strongly calcareous, stratifiedoutwash and glaciofluvial deposits ofmedium sand to gravelly texture .These soils occur on gently slopingto irregular, gently rolling topogra-phy in close association with Marrin-ghurst soils . On the complex topog-raphy, they occur as a complex withother soils . Runoff is moderate tomoderately rapid ; permeability isvery rapid .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray Ah horizon, 12 to 18cm thick and a brown to dark brown Bmhorizon (BA and Bm), 15 to 22 cmthick . The Cca horizon is 6 to 12 cmthick . These soils differ from theMarringhurst which has carbonatespresent in the Ah and Bm horizons .Dorset soils are more permeable anddroughty than the very similar Wheat-land soils .

Dorset is equivalent to the Bedeseries in climatic subregion MBT3 .

The Dexter soil profile has a verydark gray Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cmthick, and a grayish brown to brownBmgj, horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick . ACca horizon can also be present . Thedepth of solum varies with the depthof finer textured surface layersoverlying coarser textured gravellymaterial . Distinct yellowish brownmottles are common in the lower Bgjand Cgj horizons .

Druxman Series (DSM)

The Druxman series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Blacksoils developed on a thin mantle (<1m) of moderately to strongly calcare-ous loamy (L, SiL, CL, SiCL) sedi-ments overlying moderately to strong-ly calcareous medium sand to gravellytextured deposits . These soils occurin gently sloping to level topogra-phy . They have a high water tableduring the spring and early summer .Runoff is moderately slow ; permeabil-ity is moderate in the upper loamysediments, and rapid in the coarsersediments below, when not restrictedby a high water table .

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The soil is characterized by avery dark gray Ah horizon 15 to 24 cmthick, a dark yellowish brown toolive brown Bmgj horizon with yellow-ish brown mottles ; the depth of solumdepends on the depth of the loamysediments, with the Bmgj or BC ter-minating at the contact of the under-lying coarser textured sediments . Alime accumulation horizon is oftenpresent at or immediately below thiscontact . The Druxman series differsfrom the very similar Capell seriesin having an Ah and Bmgj horizon freeof lime carbonate . These soils arealso less permeable than the coarsertextured Wytonville soils .

Emblem Series (EBL)

The Emblem series consists ofpoorly drained carbonated Rego HumicGleysols of the Cameron Associationdeveloped on deep, strongly calcare-ous, loamy lacustrine sediments .These soils usually have depressionalto level topography, loam surfacetextures ; moderate permeabilities andvery slow surface runoff . Thesesoils are poorly drained due to acombination of depressional topogra-phy and high groundwater levels . Theestimated depth to water table isless than 1 .5 m during the growingseason . These soils occur in drain-age channels and depressions and arefrequently flooded by ponded or flow-ing water . Emblem soils supporthydrophytic vegetation, are non-stonyand rarely cultivated . They may beweakly to strongly saline dependingupon location and groundwater condi-tions .

Emblem soils are characterized bythin L-H horizons 1 to 5 cm thick inthe undisturbed state black Ahkghorizons 5 to 18 cm thick, very darkgray AC horizons 20 to 25 cm thick,very dark grayish brown to light grayCcag horizons 12 to 22 cm thick and

iron stained, gleyed Ckg horizons .The parent material is commonly stra-tified .

Eroded Slopes Complex (ERR)

This soil complex includes all theland occupied by the eroded slopes ofriver valleys, former river valleys,and ravines . It is a miscellaneousland type rather than a unit of nor-mal soil because soil development iseither absent or very weak on steepslopes and the soil material that ispresent varies from one site toanother . In the study the materialsgenerally consist of deep lacustrinematerials over till and colluvium .However, where the deposits have beendissected and eroded, shale bedrockis often exposed in the mid to lowerportions of these channels . Thesoils in this complex are largelyRegosols, with other soils at varyingstages of development .

Fairfax Series (FF%)

The Fairfax series consists ofpoorly drained, carbonated Rego HumicGleysols of the Elva Association,developed on deep, strongly calcare-ous, fine loamy lacustrine sediments .These soils have a clay loam surfacetexture, nearly level to depressionaltopography, slow permeability, andvery slow surface runoff . Thesesoils are poorly drained with thewater table at or near the surfacemost of the year . Surface pondingand flooding are very common . Thesesoils are not cultivated and general-ly support a lush growth of hydrophy-tic vegetation such as cattails,reeds, and slough grass ; some willowsmay also occur .

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Fairland (FND)

The Fairland series is an OrthicBlack soil developed on moderatelywell to well drained, strongly tovery strongly calcareous, loamy(VFSL, L, SiL) lacustrine sediments .These soils occur in the Upper Assi-niboine Delta and Brandon Lakes Plainon gently sloping to gently rollingtopography . These soils have beensubjected to surface erosion andoften occur in complex patterns withthe eroded Knoll series and Durnansoils .

The Fairland soil profile has avery dark gray to very dark grayishbrown Ah horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick ;a brown to dark brown Bm horizon, 10to 14 cm thici~, and a pale brown BCkhorizon . A light gray Cca horizonusually occurs over the very palebrown calcareous C horizon . Thissoil profile differs from the similarDurnan series in having a prominentBm horizon . The associated Knollsoils are the result of severe windand water erosion that removed all ormost of the soil profile from Durnanand Fairland soils .

Fairland is equivalent to the Cam-eron series in climatic subregionMBT3 .

Gendzel Series (GDZ)

The Gendzel series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black(carbonated) soils developed on athin mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moder-ately to strongly calcareous, sandysediments overlying moderately tostrongly calcareous medium sand togravelly sediments . The soil occursin a level to gently sloping topogra-phy . Runoff is moderately slow ;permeability is moderately rapid torapid, but may be restricted in thesubsoil during periods when the watertable is high .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to black Ahk horizon,10 to 16 cm thick, a dark gray tolight gray ACk horizon 5 to 9 cmthick and a lime accumulation horizon6 to 12 cm thick . In the soils witha shallow solum, the lime accumula-tion horizon occurs at the transitionof the sandy to gravelly sediments .

Goodlands Series (GOL)

The Goodlands series consists ofimperfectly drained, Gleyed Blacksoils of the Elva Association, devel-oped on deep, strongly calcareous,fine loamy lacustrine sediments . Thesurface texture is clay loam, thetopography is nearly level to gentlysloping, permeability is slow andrunoff is slow . These imperfectlydrained soils have an estimated depthto water table of 2 m during thegrowing season . They may be weaklyto moderately saline in subsurfacehorizons . These soils are non-stonyand cultivated .

This soil is characterized byblack to very dark gray Ap horizons10 to 25 cm thick, black to very darkbrown gleyed Bmgj horizons 12 to 20cm thick, very dark gray to dark graygleyed BC horizons 18 to 25 cm thickand gleyed, light olive brown to paleolive Cgj horizons . Weakly salineparent materials are common .

Grande-Clairiere Series (GDC)

The Grande-Clairiere series con-sists of rapidly drained, OrthicRegosols of the Grande-ClairiereAssociation, developed on deep, weak-ly calcareous to noncalcareous, sandyaeolian deposits .

This soil has a fine sand surfacetexture, complex duned topography

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ranging from undulating to stronglyrolling, rapid permeability and nosurface runoff . In these rapidlydrained soils, depth to water leveloccurs at more than 3 m . Native veg-etation consists of groves of whitepoplar (Populus tremuloides) domi-nantly, hazel nut (Corylus spp.),poison oak, some low creeping juniper(Junperus horizontalis) and variousgrasses and shrubs . These soils gen-erally occur in the area of sanddunes in the north 'central part ofthe map area . They are very droughtyand generally low in fertility, andvery few are cultivated . MostGrande-Clairiere soils are managed asrange land .

The soil is characterized by athin L-H horizon, 0 to 5 cm thick,composed of decaying leaves andgrasses, a thin, broken, gray Ahejhorizon less than 3 cm thick over abrown, sometimes stratified C hori-zon .

The Grande-Clairiere Associationis similar to the Souris Association,in respect to the parent materialbeing coarse textured . The main dif-ference is the Grande-Clairiere Asso-ciation is composed of regosolicsoils on duned sand, while the SourisAssociation is composed mainly ofChernozemic soils developed onlacustrine sands .

Grover Series (GRO)

The Grover series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blackcarbonated soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous loamy (VFSL, L,SiL) sediments grading to moderatelycalcareous sandy (FS, LFS, LS) depos-its . The soil occurs in a level togently sloping topography . Runoff ismoderately slow to slow ; permeabilityis moderate with some restrictions inthe subsoil during periods of high

water table .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 15cm thick, a dark gray to dark grayishbrown ACk horizon, 4 to 8 cm thick,and a lime accumulation layer .

Hartnep Series (HRY)

The Hartney series consists of theimperfectly drained, Gleyed RegoBlack carbonated member of the Camer-on Association developed on deep,strongly calcareous, loamy lacustrinesediments . This soil has level tovery gently sloping complex topogra-phy, moderate permeability, slow sur-face runoff and a loam surface tex-ture . The estimated depth to watertable is less than 2 m during thegrowing season . This soil is usuallycultivated .

Hartney soils are characterized byblack Apk horizons 10 to 12 cm thick,dark gray AC horizons 5 to 7 cmthick, light olive gray Cca horizons7 to 10 cm thick overlying a paleolive to pale yellow Ckgj, horizon .

Hummerston Ser ies (HMO )

The Hummerston series is a carbo-nated, Gleyed Rego Black soil devel-oped on imperfectly drained, weaklyto moderately calcareous, sandy (FS,LFS, LS) lacustrine and fluvial sedi-ments . The surface texture rangesfrom loamy fine sand to loamy veryfine sand . These soils occur abovethe escarpment within the BrandonLakes Plain and Upper AssiniboineDelta in association with Stockton,Lavenham and Sewell soils . Topogra-phy is level to gently undulating andrunoff is moderately slow . Perme-ability is moderately rapid, but someimpediment to downward movement of

33

water can occur during the spring andearly summer due to a high watertable . Wind erosion has caused somesurface damage to these soils .

The Hummerston soil profile has avery dark gray Ah horizon, 15 to 20cm thick ; a dark gray ACk horizon, 10to 18 cm thick, and a yellowish brownCkgj horizon with prominent mottles .This soil differs only slightly fromthe similar Lavenham series in nothaving a prominent Bmgj horizon .

Hummerston is equivalent to theSouris series in climatic subregionMBT3 .

Rilmurv Series (KUY)

The Kilmury series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blackcarbonated soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous sediments of VFS,LVFS, SL and FSL texture overlyingmoderately to strongly calcareousstratified medium sands to gravellytextured deposits . They occur inclose association with Wytonvilleseries, the well drained Miniotaseries and the poorly drained Bornettseries . The topography is level tovery gently sloping ; runoff is moder-ately slow ; permeability is moderate-ly rapid in the very fine sandy sedi-ments and rapid in the subsoil, butrestricted by a high water table dur-ing spring and early summer .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray Ah horizon, 20 to 35cm thick, a dark gray to grayishbrown ACk horizon 10 to 16 cm thickand a lime accumulation horizon 10 to18 cm thick . Yellowish brown mottlesare common in the sandy and coarsersubsoil . Kilmury profiles differfrom Wytonville profiles in not hav-ing a Bmgj horizon and in having freelime carbonate in their Ah horizons .They are more permeable than the

Capell soils .

Lauder Series (LUD)

The Lauder series is the imper-fectly drained Gleyed Black member ofthe Souris Association, developed ondeep, weakly to moderately calcare-ous, sandy lacustrine sediments .Lauder soils generally have a loamyfine sand to fine sand surface tex-ture, level topography, moderatelyrapid permeability and very littlesurface runoff . These soils are non-stony, rarely saline and have anestimated depth to water table ofless than 2 m during the growing sea-son . Most are cultivated and producecereal crops .

The profile is characterized byblack Ah horizons 10 to 25 cm thick,gleyed, faintly mottled very darkbrown Bmgj horizons 20 to 50 cmthick, light gray, gleyed Ccagj hori-zons 15 to 25 cm thick and lightbrownish gray Ckg horizons with ironstaining and mottling .

Lauder corresponds with Lavenhamin climatic subregion MBT2 .

Lavenham (LVH)

The Lavenham series is a GleyedBlack soil developed on imperfectlydrained, weakly to moderately calca-reous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS), lacust-rine sediments . These soils occur inthe Upper Assiniboine Delta on levelto very gently sloping topography, inassociation with Stockton, Cactus,Hummerston and Sewell soils . Surfacerunoff is slow, and permeability ismoderately rapid . Downward movementof water is restricted in the subsoilduring periods of high water table .The water table ranges from 1 metershortly after spring runoff, to 3

34

meters below the surface in late falland winter . These soils are alsosusceptible to erosion .

The Lavenham soil profile has avery dark gray to very dark brown Ahhorizon, 18 to 25 cm thick ; a darkbrown to yellowish brown Bmgj hori-zon, 20 to 40 cm thick, with distinctbrown mottles in the lower part ofthe horizon ; a lime carbonate accumu-lation (Ccagj) horizon, 12 to 20 cmthick, and a pale brown Ckgj horizonwith distinct to prominent brown mot-tles . This soil profile differs fromthe very similar Hummerston soilseries in having a prominent Bmgjhorizon . Lavenham and Hummerstonsoils are coarse textured and morepermeable than the finer texturedGateside and Pleasant soils .

Levine Series (LEI)

The Levine series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed CumulicRegosol soils developed on moderatelyto strongly calcareous, stratified,dominantly loamy (L, SiL, VFSL, FSL,CL, SiCL) recent alluvial deposits .They occur as part of the flood plainassociated with the Assiniboine Riverand other rivers and creeks in theregion . The topography is level toundulating . Runoff is slow to moder-ately slow, and permeability is mod-erate, but restricted during periodsof high water in channels . Thesesoils have been subject to inundationduring years of above average waterflows .

The soil is characterized by darkgray to grayish brown Ap or Ah hori-zons 10 to 15 cm thick, and a palebrown to light yellowish brown Ckgjhorizon . The underlying strata mayvary in color from light to dark andmay have thin former surface andorganic strata . Yellowish brown mot-tles of iron are common throughoutthe soil .

Levine is equivalent to Liege inclimatic subregion MBT3 .

Lie9e Series (LIG)

The Liege series is the imperfect-ly drained Gleyed Cumulic Regosolmember of the Melita Association,developed on deep, moderately calca-reous, loamy alluvial sediments .These deposits are stratified andcontain numerous dark colored bandsof former surface horizons . Thesesoils generally have a silt loam tovery fine sandy loam surface texture,nearly level to gently undulatingtopography, moderate permeability andmoderate surface runoff . The drain-age is imperfect and the estimateddepth to water table is less than 2m . These soils are very susceptibleto spring flooding due to high waterlevels in the creeks and Souris Riv-er . Some of these soils are culti-vated and produce excellent crops .

This soil is characterized by darkgray Ap horizons 7 to 12 cm thick,gleyed carbonated dark gray Ahkgjhorizons 5 to 7 cm thick, gleyed graybrown Ckgj horizons overlying arecurring dark gray brown Ahk hori-zons and light brownish gray to graybrown Ckgj horizons .

Loaroy series (LOW)

The Lowroy series consists ofpoorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol(carbonated) soils developed on athin mantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous sandy (FS, LFS,LS) sediments overlying moderately tostrongly calcareous, medium sand togravelly textured deposits . Theyoccur in level to depressional siteswhich have a water table at or nearthe surface for part of the year .Runoff is negligible ; permeability of

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the sandy sediments is moderate tomoderately rapid above the saturationzone . In areas where the seepagewater contains soluble salts, a suf-ficient concentration of salts mayoccur in the soil to inhibit thegrowth of the normal sedge and meadowgrasses .

The soil is characterized by amoderately decomposed organic layer 2to 5 cm thick, a very dark gray Ahkhorizon 7 to 15 cm thick, a thin darkgray AC horizon and a lime accumula-tion layer . Yellowish brown mottlesare common in the AC and Ccag horizonand subsoil .

L9leton Series (LT)

ktaon Series WON)

The Maon series is the welldrained Rego Black member of theLyleton Association, developed ondeep, moderately calcareous, coarseloamy lacustrine sediments . Thissoil has a loamy very fine sand sur-face texture, gently sloping to gen-tly undulating topography, moderatepermeability and slow surface runoff .The drainage is moderately good andthe estimated depth to water table is2 m . In the cultivated state thissoil is moderately susceptible toerosion as is indicated by the graywhite buff colored spots in the fieldwhere C material has been incorporat-ed into the Ap horizon .

The Lyleton seria ; is the wail klelita Series (MLT)drained Orthic Black mer,~ber of theLyleton Association, developed on The Melita series is the welldeep, moderately calcareous, coarse drained, Cumulic Regosol member ofloamy lacustrine sediments . This the Melita Association developed onsoil usually has sandy loam to loamyvery fine sand surface texture, com-plex gently sloping to gently undu-.Lating topography, moderately rapidpermeability and moderate surfacerunoff . The depth to groundwater isestimated at 2 m during the growingseason . The surzace ;.-- non-stony andnor-saline . Under cu~ ;.iva.tion theseboils are moderately susceptible toerosion, somewhat droughty in periodsof low precipitation and generallylow in natural fertility . The major-itv of these soils occur in thesouthwestern portion of the SourisRiver Basin .

The profiles are often deep andconsist of black to very dark brownAp horizons 12 to 15 cm thick, verydark gray to black Ah horizons 18 to25 cm thick, very dark grayish brownBm horizons 12 to 18 cm thick, lightbrownish gray Cca horizons 15 to 20cm thick and calcareous, light brown-ish gray Ck horizons .

deep, moderately calcareous, loamyrecent alluvial sediments . Thesedeposits are stratified and containnumerous dark colored bands of formerAh horizons in the profile . The soilhas a very fine sandy loam to siltloam surface texture, nearly level todepressional topography, moderatepermeability and moderate surfacerunoff . They are moderately welldrained soils and have an estimateddepth to water table of 2 m . In theuncultivated state they are coveredby lush growth of native vegetationsuch as western snowberry, (Symphori-carpus occidentalis), elm, (Ulmusamericana), maple, (Acer negundo),forbs, grasses and chokecherry . Inthe cultivated state these soilsproduce excellent crops .

The soil usually consists of thickdark gray brown Ah horizons 15 to 30cm thick and very dark grayish brownC horizons . They also have buriedsurface horizons as indicated by darkbands in the profile .

36

The Melita series corresponds withthe Mowbray series in climatic subre-gion MBT2 .

Ment ieth Series (AINH)

The Mentieth series is the imper-fectly drained, Gleyed Rego Black,carbonated member of the MentiethAssociation, developed on thin moder-ately calcareous, coarse loamylacustrine sediments overlyingstrongly calcareous loamy glacialtill . A very thin (< 5 cm) gravellypebble line may occur at the contact .This soil has a very fine sand toloamy very fine sand surface texture,nearly level topography, moderatepermeability and moderately slow sur-face runoff . These soils are imper-fectly drained because of their posi-

and the poorly drained Bornettseries . Runoff is moderate to moder-ately rapid, and permeability is rap-id in the sandy strata and very rapidin the lower coarser strata .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to very dark grayishbrown Ah horizon, 12 to 20 cm thick,a dark brown to brown Bm horizon, 10to 18 cm thick, and a pale brown BCkhorizon . The depth of solum varieswith the depth of the sandy strata ;the lime accumulation horizon usuallyoccurs at the transition from sandyto coarser sediments . Miniota soilsare less permeable and less droughtythan the very similar coarser tex-tured Wheatland and Dorset soils .The similar finer textured Croyonsoils are less droughty .

tion in the landscape and theproximity of the underlying lesspermeable till . Although ponded sur-face waters are not common the pro-

Aioabra9 Series (MOW)

The Mowbray series consists of afile is frequently saturated due to well drained, Cumulic Regosol soilthe high water table . The surface is developed on deep, moderately tonon-stony and cultivated . strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL,

The Mentieth series resemble theSwitzer series of the Souris Associa-tion . The only difference is theMentieth series is underlain by gla-cial till .

Miniota Series (MXI)

The Miniota series consists ofmoderately well to well drained Orth-ic Black soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous very fine sand tofine sandy loam textured sedimentsover moderately to strongly calcare-ous, medium sand to gravelly textureddeposits . The topography varies fromgently sloping to irregular, moder-ately rolling . They occur in closeassociation with the imperfectlydrained Wytonville and Kilmury soils

CL, SiCL) recent alluvial sediments .These deposits are stratified andcontain dark colored bands of formerAh horizons in the profile . Thesoils are located in upper terraceand flood plain areas that have beeninundated during years of high floodwaters . They occur in associationwith the Levine and Basker soils .Topography is very gently to moder-ately sloping, runoff is moderate andpermeability is moderate .

The soil is characterized by adark gray to gray surface horizon (Ahor Ap) 8 to 20 cm thick and a lightercolored (C) substratum with darkbands consisting of former organiclayers or buried Ah horizons . Thesesoils may exhibit weak profile devel-opment .

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Naples Series (NPS)

The Naples series is the poorlydrained, Orthic Humic Gleysol memberof the Elva Association, developed ondeep, strongly calcareous fine loamylacustrine sediments . These soilshave a dominantly clay loam surfacetexture, nearly level to depressionaltopography, slow permeability and nosurface runoff . Naples soils arepoorly drained, and have an estimateddepth to water table of less than 1 mduring the summer . Naples soils arerarely cultivated and usually supportlush growth of slough grass . In latesummer they are frequently dry enoughto permit access for haying purposes .These soils sometimes occur in thebottom of depressions with Bunclodysoils around the outer edge or theysometimes occur around the edge ofdepressions which have Fairfax soilsin the central portion . They mayalso occur in stream channels .

Oak Lake Series (ORL)

The Oak Lake series is the poorlydrained, Rego Humic Gleysol, carbo-nated member of the Souris Associa-tion, developed on deep, weakly tomoderately calcareous, sandy lacust-rine sediments . This poorly drainedsoil generally has level to depres-sional topography ; a loamy fine sandsurface texture, moderately slowpermeability and slow surface runoff .The depth to water table is usuallyless than 1 m . These soils are sel-dom under cultivation probablybecause of their poor drainage .These soils are generally used fornative hay production . The profilesare often strongly iron stained andcontain prominent, abundant iron andmanganese concretions .

A typical profile would have verydark gray Ah horizons 10 to 30 cmthick ; gleyed, gray AC horizons 12 to18 cm thick, and stratified, strongly

gleyed gray brown Ckg horizons con-taining prominent mottles and ironconcretions .

Onahan Series (ONH)

The Onahan series is a GleyedRegosol soil developed on imperfectlydrained, weakly to noncalcareous,sandy (FS, LS, S), eolian sediments .These soils occur on the Upper Assi-niboine Delta and Brandon Lakes Plainin areas with stabilized dunes . Theyare found in lower and mid-slopepositions on complex hummocky topog-raphy in association with the Shiloxseries which is found on steeperslopes, and Mockry soils in associat-ed depressions . Surface runoff isslow, and permeability is rapid, butcan be restricted by a high watertable in the spring and early summer .These soils have been stabilized formore than 60 years as indicated bytree growth . Some areas have beenseeded to grasses and used for pas-ture .

The Onahan soil profile has a par-tially decomposed LH horizon, 1 to 3cm thick, and a gray to dark gray Ahhorizon, 5 to 18 cm thick . The Cgjhorizon is pale brown with strongbrown to yellowish brown mottles .This profile differs from the some-what similar Hummerston soil series,in not having a Chernozemic A hori-zon .

Plum Lake Series (PAR)

The Plum Lake series is the poorlydrained, Rego Humic Gleysol, carbo-nated member of the Lyleton Associa-tion, developed on deep moderatelycalcareous, coarse loamy lacustrinesediments . They are poorly drained,and have a water table within 1 m ofground level throughout most of theyear . They have a loamy very fine

38

sand surface texture and occur indepressional areas . They have moder-ately good permeability but no sur-face runoff . Surface ponding orflooding is a common occurrence inthe spring and after heavy summerrains . Some of these soils may besaline .

Prodan (PDA)

The Prodan series is a Gleyed RegoBlack, carbonated soil developed onimperfectly drained, strongly to verystrongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL,SiCL), lacustrine sediments . Thesesoils occur in the Upper AssiniboineDelta and Brandon Lakes Plain on gen-tly sloping topography in associationwith Ramada, Charman, Carroll andTadpole soils . Surface runoff ismoderately slow, and permeability ismoderate to moderately slow . A sea-sonal water table frequently occurswithin 70 cm of the surface .

The Prodan soil profile has a verydark gray Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cmthick ; a dark gray to gray ACk hori-zon, 8 to 15 cm thick, and a Ccahorizon . The Ckgj horizon is lightbrownish gray with yellowish brownmottles . This soil differs from thesimilar Charman series in not havinga prominent Bmgj horizon . Prodansoils are finer textured and lesspermeable than the similar loamy tex-tured Taggart and Torcan soils . Thevery similar Capell soils havecoarse, sandy and gravelly texturedsubsoils that are very rapidly perme-able .

Ralston Series (RTO)

The Ralston series is the imper-fectly drained, Gleyed Regosol memberof the Grande Clairiere Association,developed on deep, weakly to noncal-careous, sandy eolian deposits . Thissoil has a fine sand surface texture,rapid permeability, no surface runoffand occurs in lower slope and depres-sional positions of undulating dunedtopography . The drainage is imper-fect and the water table occurs with-in 3 m of the surface . The vegeta-tion consists of poplar, aspen, rosebushes, willows, saskatoons and vari-ous shrubs . These soils have a weak-ly developed Ah horizon and have beenstabilized for 30 to 60 years as isindicated by the tree growth . Occa-sionally, these soils are cultivatedbut most, when used, are used forgrazing . Many Ralston soils have adark gray to black band 5 to 10 cmthick containing iron and manganeseconcretions within 1 m of the sur-face . This layer appears to affectthe moisture regime of this soilbecause it is less permeable than thesoil above and below .

This soil is characterized by par-tially decomposed L-H horizons 5 to10 cm thick, gray to dark gray Ahhorizons 5 to 20 cm thick, pale brownCgj horizons and commonly a grayishbrown to brown band 30 to 60 cm thickcontaining abundant iron and manga-nese concretions, mottles and stains .

Ramada Series (RAM)

The Ramada series is an OrthicBlack soil developed on well to mod-erately well drained, strongly tovery strongly calcareous, fine loamy(CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments .These soils occur in the Upper Assi-niboine Delta, and Brandon LakesPlain on very gently sloping topogra-phy or on mid and upper slope posi-tions of undulating topography asso-

39 -

ciated with Barren, Carroll, Charman,Prodan and Tadpole soils . Surfacerunoff is moderately rapid, andpermeability is moderate to moderate-ly slow .

The Ramada soil profile has a verydark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cmthick ; a dark grayish brown to brownBm horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, and aBCk horizon, 6 to 10 cm thick . A Ccahorizon is usually present . The Ckhorizon is pale brown to light yel-lowish brown . This soil differsslightly from the Carroll soil inhaving a prominent Bm horizon . Rama-da soils are finer textured and lesspermeable than the similar coarsertextured, loamy Fairland soils, aswell as, the Croyon and Zarnet soilswhich have coarse sandy and gravellytextured subsurface layers and veryrapid permeability .

Seaell Series (SEE)

The Sewell series is a Rego HumicGleysol, carbonated soil developed onpoorly drained, weakly to moderatelycalcareous, sandy (FS, LFS, LS),lacustrine and fluvial sediments .These soils occur in the Upper Assi-r.iboine Delta and Brandon Lakes Plainon level to depressional topographyin association with Stockton, Laven-ham and Hummerston soils . Surfacerunoff is negligible . Permeabilityis usually moderately rapid, but isrestricted when the water table iswithin 1 meter of the surface .

The Sewell soil profile has a mod-erately decomposed organic layer, 2to 5 cm thick ; a very dark gray Ahhorizon, 10 to 18 cm thick ; a darkgray to gray ACk horizon with yellow-ish brown mottles ; usually a Ccaghorizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, and anolive to pale olive Ckg horizon withyellowish brown iron mottles and fineblack manganese mottles . This soildiffers from the very similar Mockry

series which is found on more uni-formly fine sandy eolian deposits inbeing somewhat more stratified in itssubsurface layers . Sewell soils arecoarser textured and more permeablethan the finer textured coarse loamyPoolex soils and the loamy texturedVordas and Tadpole soils . The poorlydrained Carvey soils have finer tex-tured surface layers and coarser tex-tured subsurface layers than Sewellsoils .

Souris Series (SOW

The Souris series is the imper-fectly drained, Gleyed Rego Black,carbonated member of the Souris Asso-ciation, developed on deep (greaterthan 100 cm), weakly to moderatelycalcareous, sandy lacustrine depos-its . This soil has a fine sand toloamy fine sand surface texture,nearly level to depressional topogra-phy with simple and complex slopes,imperfect drainage, no surface runoffand moderately rapid permeability .The depth to water table is estimatedat about 1 .5 m during the growingseason . It is generally cultivatedor used for pasture .

A typical profile usually has ablack Apk horizon, 12 to 15 cm thick,a black Ahk horizon, 5 to 7 cm thick,a gleyed, dark grayish brown AC hori-zon, 7 to 12 cm thick and a gleyedyellowish brown stratified Ckgj hori-zon .

Stanton Series (STU)

The Stanton series is the welldrained, Orthic Black member of theSouris Association, developed on deep(greater than 1 m), weakly to moder-ately calcareous, sandy lacustrinesediments . This soil has a fine sandto loamy fine sand surface texture,

40

complex undulating topography, goodinternal drainage, rapid permeabilityand very slow surface runoff . Thedepth to water table is estimated tobe 3 m during the growing season .Under cultivation, this soil is sus-ceptible to wind erosion .

Stanton soils usually have deepprofiles consisting of black Ap hori-zons, 10 to 15 cm thick, very darkgray Ah horizons, 20 to 25 cm thick,dark brown to brown Bm horizons 25 to50 cm thick and stratified grayishbrown Ck horizons .

Stanton is equal to Stockton inclimatic subregion MBT2 .

Stockton (SCR)

The Stockton series is an OrthicBlack soil developed on moderatelywell to well drained, weakly to mod-erately calcareous, sandy (FS, LFS,LS), lacustrine sediments . Thesesoils occur in the Upper AssiniboineDelta, the Brandon Lakes Plain and afew areas within the Lower Assini-boine Delta on very gently sloping toirregular undulating topography inassociation with Cactus, Lavenham,Hummerston and Sewell soils . Surfacerunoff is moderate, and permeabilityis rapid . wind erosion is common ifthe soil is not protected with ade-quate surface or trash cover .

The Stockton soil profile has avery dark gray to very dark grayishbrown Ah, 18 to 25 cm thick ; a brownto grayish brown Bm horizon, 12 to 22cm thick ; a pale brown to light yel-lowish brown BC horizon, 8 to 12 cmthick, and a very pale brown Ck hori-zon with a few yellowish brown mot-tles below 0 .7 m depth . A Cca hori-zon is also frequently present . Thissoil differs from the very similarCactus series in having a prominentBm horizon . The sandy Stockton soilsare coarser textured and significant-

ly more rapidly permeable than theincreasingly more finer texturedProsser, Fairland and Ramada soilseries . The similar Croyon series isfiner textured and less permeable inits surface layers and coarser tex-tured in its subsurface layers thanthe Stockton soils .

Stockton is equivalent to Stantonin climatic subregion MBT3 .

Saitzer Series (SWZ)

The Switzer series is the imper-fectly drained, Gleyed Rego Black,carbonated member of the LyletonAssociation, developed on deep, mod-erately calcareous, coarse loamylacustrine deposits . This soil has aloamy very fine sand surface texture,complex gently undulating topography,imperfect drainage, moderate perme-ability, and no surface runoff . Thedepth to groundwater during the grow-ing season is estimated at less than2 m . Switzer soils are closely asso-ciated with Hartney soils .

The soil profile consists of blackApk horizons, 12 to 15 cm thick, darkgray AC horizons, 12 to 15 cm thick,gleyed gray Ccagj horizons, 12 to 15cm thick, and stratified gleyed Ckgjhorizons .

Tadpole Series (TDP)

The Tadpole series is a Rego HumicGleysol, carbonated soil developed onpoorly drained, strongly to verystrongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL,SiCL), lacustrine sediments . Thesesoils occur in the Upper AssiniboineDelta and Brandon Lakes Plain in lev-el to depressional positions of gen-tly sloping to undulating topographyin association with Carroll, Firdale,Charman and Danlin soils . Surface

41

runoff is very slow and permeabilityis restricted . Free water occurs ator near the surface for a considera-ble part of the year . In areas whereseepage water contains appreciablesoluble salt, a sufficient salt accu-mulation can occur to inhibit orretard the growth of normal hydrophy-tic vegetation .

The Tadpole soil profile has amoderately decomposed organic layer,2 to 6 cm thick ; a very dark gray Ahhorizon, 10 to 18 cm thick ; a darkgray ACk horizon, 4 to 6 cm thick ; aCcag horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, andan olive to olive gray Ckg horizonwith distinct yellowish brown mot-tles . In areas affected by salts,white pseudomycelia are common in thesurface horizons . Tadpole soils arefiner textured and less permeablethan the very similar and increasing-ly more coarse textured Vordas, Poo-lex and sandy Mockry and Sewellsoils . The similar Carvey soils havecoarser textured sandy to gravellysubsurface layers that are much morerapidly permeable than the Tadpolesoils .

Vodroff Series (VFF)

The Vodroff series consists ofpoorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol,carbonated soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of loamy (L, SiL, SiCL,CL) sediments over calcareous loam toclay loam glacial till of shale,limestone and granitic origin . Thesesoils have free water at or near thesurface for a considerable period ofthe year . The topography is level todepressional ; runoff is negligible ;permeability is restricted duringperiods of free water within a meter .In areas where the inflowing waterscontain appreciable soluble salts,the salt may accumulate in the soilin sufficient amounts to affect thegrowth of normal hydrophytic vegeta-tion .

The soil is characterized by amoderately decomposed organic layer,2 to 5 cm thick, a very dark gray Ahhorizon, 10 to 18 cm thick, a mottleddark gray ACk horizon, 4 to 8 cmthick and a lime accumulation hori-zon, 8 to 12 cm thick . The Ckg hori-zon is olive to pale olive and usual-ly contains yellowish brown mottles .In saline areas, white pseudomyceliasalt accumulations are present in theAh and ACk horizons .

Waskada Series (WRD)

The Waskada series is the welldrained, Orthic Black member of theWaskada Association and is developedon thin (<1 m), strongly calcareous,loamy (L, CL, SiCL) lacustrine sedi-ments overlying strongly calcareous,loamy glacial till . A very thin(less than 5 cm), gravelly pebbleline may occur at the contact . Thesesoils have complex, gently slopingtopography, moderately good drainage,loam to clay loam surface texture,moderate permeability and moderatesurface runoff . The depth to watertable is estimated to 3 m during thegrowing season . Most of these soilsare cultivated and produce excellentcrops . Waskada soils usually occurin intermediate and upper slope posi-tions . The knolls are sometimesslightly to moderately eroded .

A typical profile in the Waskadaseries has very dark gray Ap horizons10 to 15 cm thick, dark brown Bmhorizons, 12 to 15 cm thick ; some-times a brown BC horizon occurs abovethe pale brown IICk horizon .

The Waskada series resembles theCameron series of the Cameron Associ-ation . The only difference is theWaskada series is underlain by gla-cial till . Sometimes the till hasvery little stones and it is hard todetect where the overlay ends and thetill starts .

42

Yaheatland (WHO

The Wheatland series consists ofwell to moderately well drained Orth-ic Black soils developed on a thinmantle (<1 m) of moderately tostrongly calcareous sandy sediments(FS, LFS, LS) overlying moderately tostrongly calcareous medium sand togravelly textured deposits . Topogra-phy is very gently to gently sloping ;runoff is moderately slow ; permeabil-ity is rapid in the upper sandy stra-ta and very rapid in the underlyingcoarser strata . These soils, if cul-tivated, are very susceptible to winderosion .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to very dark grayishbrown Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick,a brown to yellowish brown Bm hori-zon, 12 to 24 cm thick, and a lightyellowish brown BCk horizon . Thesolum extends to the contact of thecoarser textured strata . A limeaccumulation usually occurs at thetop of the coarser strata . Wheatlandsoils are less droughty than the verysimilar, coarser textured Dorsetseries but more droughty and morepermeable than the very similar, fin-er textured Miniota and Croyon soils .

The Wytonville series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Blacksoils developed on a thin mantle (<1m) of moderately to strongly calcare-ous, coarse loamy (VFS, LVFS, FSL,SL) sediments, overlying moderatelyto strongly calcareous medium sand togravelly textured deposits . Topogra-phy is gently sloping to irregular,undulating . They occur in closeassociation with the Kilmury soils,the well drained Miniota soils andthe poorly drained Bornett series .Runoff is moderately slow ; permeabil-ity is moderately rapid on the upperstrata, and very rapid in the lowerstrata unless restricted by a watertable within a meter of the surfaceduring the spring or following heavyrains .

The soil is characterized by avery dark gray to very dark grayishbrown Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick,a brown to dark brown weakly mottledBmgj horizon, 14 to 22 cm thick and alight yellowish brown BCkgj withstrong brown mottles . A lime accumu-lation horizon occurs at the upperboundary of the coarse strata .Wytonville profiles differ from Kil-mury soil profiles in not having thepresence of free lime carbonate intheir Ah and Bm horizons . They arealso more permeable than the verysimilar Druxman soils .

Wvtonville Series (WVI)

PART 4

USE AND MANAGENENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS

4 .1 INTRODUCTION

This section provides predictionsof performance or soil suitabilityratings for various uses of soilsbased on field observations of soiland landscape characteristics, labo-ratory data and on observations ofsoil behavior under specified condi-tions of land use and management .Suitability ratings or interpreta-tions are intended only to serve asguides for planners and managers .Caution, with an understanding of thelimitations of the soil map must beexercised when applying suitabilityratings to soil map units . The valueof any rating or interpretationdepends upon the nature and composi-tion of individual map unit delin-eation which in turn depends on thescale of mapping and intensity ofground truthing employed in the sur-vey .

In this section, interpretive soilinformation is provided for the fol-lowing land use evaluations :

1 . Agriculture

a) dryland farming capability

b) irrigation suitability

2 . Engineering Uses

3 . Recreation Uses

4 .2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE

Dryland Agriculture

Soil capability classification fordryland agriculture is based on anevaluation of both internal andexternal soil characteristics thatinfluence soil suitability and limi-tations for agricultural use . Inthis classification, mineral soilsare grouped into capability classes,subclasses and units based on theirlimitations for dryland farming, riskof damage when the soils are used andthe way they respond to management5 .There are seven capability classes,each of which groups soils togetherthat have the same relative degree oflimitation or hazard for agriculturaluse . The limitation becomes progres-sively greater from Class 1 to Class7 . The class indicates the generalsuitability of the soils for agricul-ture . The first three classes areconsidered capable of sustained pro-duction of common field crops, thefourth is marginal for sustained ara-ble culture, the fifth is suitableonly for improved permanent pasture,the sixth is capable of use only fornative pasture while the seventhclass is for soils and land typesconsidered incapable of use for ara-ble agriculture or permanent pasture .

5 Anon . 1965 . Land capability clas-sification for agriculture ReportNo . 2, Canada Land Inventory, Cana-da Dept . Regional Economic Expan-sion, Ottawa . 16 pp .

-44-

Organic soils within the map areaare rated for "potential" agricultur-al capability after the method ofLeesonfi . Capability ratings oforganic soils for agriculture mustrecognize that most organic soilshave little or no value for agricul-ture in their native state and theirpotential is only achieved throughreclamation or development implement-ed with varying degrees of difficul-ty . Capability class definitions fororganic soils are the same as formineral soils . They are however,identified on maps and tables withthe prefix "0" .

Soil Capability subclasses aredivisions within classes which groupsoils with similar kinds of limita-tions and hazards for agriculturaluse . The various kinds of limita-tions recognized at the subclass lev-el are defined in Table 4 .

Soil capability units are divi-sions within the subclass categorythat groups soils together that willrespond similarly to a given manage-ment input .

A summary of the soils in thestudy area showing their major char-acteristics and their interpretiveclassification for dryland agricul-ture is presented in Table 5 .

s Leeson, Bruce et al . 1969 . Anorganic soil capability classifica-tion for agriculture and a study ofthe organic soils of Simcoe County,Soil Sci . Dept ., Ontario Agricul-tural College, Guelph, Ontario .

-45-

Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes

Class 1

Soils in this class have no important limitations for crop use . The soilshave level or gently sloping topography ; they are deep, well to imperfectlydrained and have moderate water holding capacity . The soils are naturallywell supplied with plant nutrients, easily maintained in good tilth and fer-tility ; soils are moderately high to high in productivity for a wide range ofcereal and special crops .

Class 2

Soils in this class have moderate limitations that reduce the choice ofcrops or require moderate conservation practices . The soils have good waterholding capacity and are either naturally well supplied with plant nutrientsor are highly responsive to inputs of fertilizer . They are moderate to highin productivity for a fairly wide range of crops . The limitations are notsevere and good soil management and cropping practices can be applied withoutserious difficulty .

Class 3

Soils in this class have moderate limitations that restrict the range ofcrops or require moderate conservation practices . The limitations in Class 3are more severe than those in Class 2 and conservation practices are more dif-ficult to apply and maintain . The limitations affect the timing and ease oftillage, planting and harvesting, the choice of crops and maintenance of con-servation practices . The limitations include one or more of the following :moderate climatic limitation, erosion, structure or permeability, low fertili-ty, topography, overflow, wetness, low water holding capacity or slowness inrelease of water to plants, stoniness and depth of soil to consolidated bed-rock . Under good management, these soils are fair to moderately high in pro-ductivity for a fairly wide range of field crops .

Class 4

Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the choice ofcrops or require special conservation practices or both . These soils havesuch limitations that they are only suited for a few crops, or the yield for arange of crops may be low, or the risk of crop failure is high . The limita-tions may seriously affect such farm practices as the timing and ease of til-lage, planting and harvesting, and the application and maintenance of conser-vation practices . These soils are low to medium in productivity for a narrowrange of crops but may have higher productivity for a specially adapted crop .The limitations include the adverse effects of one or more of the following :climate, accumulative undesirable soil characteristics, low fertility, defi-ciencies in the storage capacity or release of soil moisture to plants, struc-ture or permeability, salinity, erosion, topography, overflow, wetness, stoni-ness, and depth of soil to consolidated bedrock .

-46-

Class 5

Soils in this class have very severe limitations that restrict their capa-bility to producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are fea-sible . These soils have such serious soil, climatic or other limitations thatthey are not capable of use for sustained production of annual field crops .However, they may be improved by the use of farm machinery for the productionof native or tame species of perennial forage plants . Feasible improvementpractices include clearing of bush, cultivation, seeding, fertilizing andwater control .

Some soils in Class 5 can be used for cultivated field crops providedunusually intensive management is used . Some of these soils are also adaptedto special crops requiring soil conditions unlike those needed by the commoncrops .

Class 6

Soils in this class are capable only of producing perennial forage cropsand improvement practices are not feasible . Class 6 soils have some naturalsustained grazing capacity for farm animals, but have such serious soil, cli-matic or other limitations as to make impractical the application of improve-ment practices that can be carried out on Class 5 soils . Soils may be placedin this class because their physical nature prevents the use of farm machin-ery, or because the soils are not responsive to improvement practices, orbecause stock watering facilities are inadequate .

Class 7

Soils in this class have no capability for arable culture or permanent pas-ture because of extremely severe limitations . Bodies of water too small todelineate on the map are included in this class . These soils may or may nothave a high capability for forestry, wildlife and recreation .

TABLE 4

Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations

C - Adverse climate : This subclass denotes a significant adverse climate forcrop production as compared to the "median" climate which is defined asone with sufficiently high growing season temperatures to bring fieldcrops to maturity, and with sufficient precipitation to permit crops tobe grown each year on the same land without a serious risk of partial ortotal crop failures .

D - Undesirable soil structure and/or low permeability : This subclass isused for soils difficult to till, or which absorb water very slowly orin which the depth of rooting zone is restricted by conditions otherthan a high water table or consolidated bedrock .

E - Erosion : Subclass E includes soils where damage from erosion is a limi-tation to agricultural use . Damage is assessed on the loss of produc-tivity and on the difficulties in farming land with gullies .

F - Low fertility : This subclass is made up of soils having low fertilitythat either is correctable with careful management in the use of ferti-lizers and soil amendments or is difficult to correct in a feasible way .The limitation may be due to lack of available plant nutrients, high

. acidity or alkalinity, low exchange capacity, high levels of carbonatesor presence of toxic compounds .

I - Inundation by streams or lakes : This subclass includes soils subjectedto inundation causing crop damage or restricting agricultural use .

L - Coarse wood fragments : In the rating of organic soils, woody inclusionsin the form of trunks, stumps and branches (>10 cm diameter) in suffi-cient quantity to significantly hinder tillage, planting and harvestingoperations .

M - Moisture limitation : This subclass consists of soils where crops areadversely affected by droughtiness owing to inherent soil characteris-tics . They are usually soils with low water-holding capacity .

N - Salinity : Designates soils which are adversely affected by the presenceof soluble salts .

Stoniness : This subclass is made up of soils sufficiently stony to sig-nificantly hinder tillage, planting, and harvesting operations . Stonysoils are usually less productive than comparable non-stony soils .

R - Consolidated bedrock : This subclass includes soils where the presenceof bedrock near the surface restricts their agricultural use . Consoli-dated bedrock at depths greater than 1 meter from the surface is notconsidered as a limitation, except on irrigated lands where a greaterdepth of soil is desirable .

-48-

T - Topography : This subclass is made up of soils where topography is alimitation . Both the percent of slope and the pattern or frequency ofslopes in different directions are important factors in increasing thecost of farming over that of smooth land, in decreasing the uniformityof growth and maturity of crops, and in increasing the hazard of watererosion .

W - Excess water : Subclass W is made up of soils where excess water otherthan that brought about by inundation is a limitation to their use foragriculture . Excess water may result from inadequate soil drainage, ahigh water table, seepage or runoff from surrounding areas .

X - Cumulative .minor adverse characteristics : This subclass is made up ofsoils having a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect oftwo or more adverse characteristics which singly are not serious enoughto affect the class rating .

Irrigation Suitability

Irrigation suitability of soils isdetermined by evaluating the natureof both internal and external soilcharacteristics' . The classificationof soils for irrigation suitabilityconsists of three categories : class,subclass and unit .

The suitability class groups soilshaving the same relative suitabilityor degree of limitation or hazard forirrigation use . Four classes areutilized grading from Class 1, whichis very good to Class 4, which ispoor . The four classes are :

Class 1 - Very good : These are soilsof fine sandy loam to clayloam texture which are wellsuited for irrigation use .The soils have good waterretention capacity, goodpermeability, low salt con-tent, good drainage and lowgeneral gradient of landsurface .

Class 2 - Good : These are soils ofloamy fine sand to lightclay texture which are mod-erately well suited forirrigation use . Slightlimitation to use resultsfrom soil factors such aswater holding capacity,permeability, depth ofmaterial, salt content,topographic factors such asslope and pattern or drain-age restrictions arisingfrom surface drainage anddepth to water table .

' PFRA . 1964 . Handbook for the clas-sification of irrigation land inthe prairie provinces . Prepared byCommittee of the Canada Dept . ofAgriculture . PFRA, Regina, Sask . 92pp .

Class 3 - Fair : These are coarse orfine textured soils whichare fair to marginallysuitable because of someunfavorable characteristicsthat limit production andcause management problemsunder irrigation use .Soil, topographic or drain-age factors are morerestrictive than in Class2 .

Class 4 - Poor : These are soils thatare considered poor tounsuitable for irrigationuse because of severedrainage problems, imperme-able geologic material,salinity, very low waterholding capacity, very rap-id permeability, topographyor a combination of theseproblems .

The suitability subclass identi-fies soils with similar kinds of lim-itations and hazards related to bothinternal and external soil character-istics . The internal characteristicsinclude both permanent and non-perma-nent properties ; the permanent prop-erties are those that will not changeover time whereas the non-permanentproperties may be altered with timeby specific management . The proper-ties which affect irrigation suit-ability of soil are listed as fol-lows :

1 . Internal Characteristics

a) Permanent - Texture, uniformi-ty and depth of geologicdeposit, hydraulic conductivi-ty and water storage capacity

b) Non-permanent - Structure,drainage, fertility, reaction,salinity, exchangeable sodium

2 . External Characteristics

-50-

a) Topography, erosion, stoni- in Table 11, Appendix B . The soilsness, vegetative cover of the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa

areas are evaluated for irrigationThe classification criteria for suitability in Table 5 .

irrigation suitability are summarized

TABLE 5 " AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY CLASSES FOR SOILS

Map Symboland Phase Soil Name

AgriculturalCapability Class

[16]

IrrigationSuitability

[17j

BED Bede 5M 4SBED /xc2x Bede 5M 4SBED /xdlx Bede 5M 4SBKR Basker 5W 4DBKR /xcxx Basker 5W 4D

BSF Beresford 3W 3SDCAV Carvey 4W 4DCAV /xxlx Carvey 4W 4DCAV /xxxs Carvey 4W 4DCKD Crookdale 2W 2D

CKD /xxxs Crookdale 3N 3SCKD /xcxs Crookdale 3N 3SCLN Clementi 1 3SCLN /xcxx Clementi 2T 3SCLN /xclx Clementi 2T 3S

CLN /lclx Clementi 2T 3SCME Cranmer 2W 2DCMR Cameron 1 1CMR /xcxx Cameron 2T 2TCMR /lxxx Cameron 2X 1

CXT Capell 2W 3SDCXT /xcxx Capell 2T 3SDCXT /xdxx Capell 3T 3STCXT /xxlx Capell 2W 3SDCXT /xcxs Capell 3N 3SD

CXV Charman 2W 2DCYN1 Croyon 3M 2SCYN1/xcxx Croyon 3M 2SCYN1/xdxx Croyon 3MT 3TDBW Denbow 2W 2D

DBW /lxxx Denbow 2W 2DDOT Dorset 5M 4SDOT /xcxx Dorset 5M 4SDOT /xxlx Dorset 5M 4SDOT1/lglx Dorset 6T 4ST

DXM Druxman 2W 3SDDXM /xcxx Druxman 2W 3SDDXT Dexter 4M 4SERX Eroded Slope Compl " 6T 4TEBL Emblem 5W 4D

TABLE 5 . AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY CLASSES FOR SOILS


AgriculturalCapability Class

[16]

IrrigationSuitability

[17]

EBL /xxxs Emblem 5W 4DFFX Fairfax 5W 4DFND Fairland 1 1FND /xcxx Fairland 2T 2TGDC Grande-Clairiere 5M 3S

GDC /xcxx Grande-Clairiere 5M 3SGDZ Gendzel 3MW 3SDGOL Goodlands 2W 2DGOL /xxxs Goodlands 3N 3SGRO Grover 2W 2D

HMO Hummerston 3MW 3SDHMO /xdxx Hummerston 3MW 3STHRY Hartney 2W 2DKUY Kilmury 3MW 3SDLEI Levine 21 3D

LEI /xcxx Levine 2T 3DLIG Liege 21 3DLIG /xcxx Liege 21 3DLOW Lowroy 5W 4DLOW /xxxs Lowroy 5W 4D

LUD Lauder 3M 3SDLUD /lxxx Lauder 3M 3SDLUD /lcxx Lauder 3M 3SDLVH Lavenham 3M 3SDLYT Lyleton 2M 1

LYT /lxxx Lyleton 2M 1LYT /xcxx Lyleton 2MT 2TLYT /oxxx Lyleton 2M 1LYT /lcxx Lyleton 2MT 2TMLT Melita 21 2S

MLT /xcxx Melita 21 2TMNH Mentieth 2W 3DMOW Mowbray 1 1MOW /xcxx Mowbray 2T 2TMON Maon 2M 1

MON /xcxx Maon 2MT 2TMON /oxxx Maon 2M 1MON /lexx Maon 4T 4TMXI Miniota 4M 2SMXI /lcxx Miniota 4M 2T

TABLE .5, AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY CLASSES FOR SOILS

Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigationand Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability

[16] [17]

NPS Naples 5W 4DNPS /xxxs Naples 5W 4DOKL Oak Lake 5W 4DONH Onahan 4M 3SPAK Plum Lake 4W 4D

PDA Prodan 2W 2DPDA /xxxs Prodan 3N 3SRAM /lxxx Ramada 1 1RAM /lcxx Ramada 2T 2TRAM /xcxx Ramada 2T 2TRAM Ramada 1 1RAM /ldxx Ramada 3T 3TRTO Ralston 4M 3SSCK Stockton 3M 3SSCK /xcxx Stockton 3M 3SSCK /lcxx Stockton 3M 3S

SEE Sewell 4W 4DSOU Souris 3M 3SDSOU /oxxx Souris 3M 3SDSOU /lxxx Souris 3M 3SDSTU Stanton 3M 3S

STU /lcxx Stanton 3M 3SSTU /2xxx Stanton 3ME 3SSWZ Switzer 2W 2DSWZ /lxxx Switzer 2W 2DSWZ /xxxs Switzer 3S 3N

SWZ /oxxx Switzer 2W 2DTDP Tadpole 4W 4DVFF Vodroff 4W 4DWHL Wheatland 4M 4SWHL /xcxx Wheatland 4M 4S

WHL /xdxx Wheatland 4M 4SWHL /lcxx Wheatland 4M 4SWKD Waskada 1 3SWVI Wytonville 3MW 3SD

4 .3 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTEDENGINEERING USES

This section provides informationwhich can be used by engineers andland use planners concerned withengineering and related geotechnicalaspects of soil . It is intended tosupplement the information on thesoil map with additional data onengineering properties of soils .

The criteria used to evaluate soilsuitability for selected engineeringand related recreational uses areadopted from guides found in Coen eta18 . and from guidelines developedby the Soil Conservation Service,United States Department of Agricul-ture9 and the Canada Soil Survey Com-mittee" .

Definition of Soil SuitabilityClasses

Evaluation of soil suitability forengineering and recreation uses isbased on both internal and externalsoil characteristics . Four soilsuitability classes are used to eval-uate both mineral and organic soilsand hence, mapping units for selecteduses . These ratings express relativedegrees of suitability or limitation

B Coen et al . 1977 . Soil Survey ofYoho National Park, Canada . Alber-ta Soil Survey Report No . 37 . 208pp. Alberta Institute of Pedology,University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta .

s USDA . 1971 . Guide for Interpret-ing Engineering Uses of Soils .Soil Conservation Service, USDA .SCS-45 . 87 pp .

1 o CSSC . 1973 . Proceedings of theNinth Meeting of the Canada SoilSurvey Committee, University ofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon . 357 pp .

for potential uses of natural oressentially undisturbed soils . Thelong term effects of the potentialuse on the behavior of the soil areconsidered in the rating .

The four suitability class ratingsare defined as follows :

Good - Soils in their presentstate have few or minorlimitations that wouldaffect the proposed use .The limitations wouldeasily be overcome withminimal cost .

Fair - Soils in their presentstate have one or moremoderate limitations thatwould affect the proposeduse . These moderate lim-itations would be over-come with special con-struction, design,planning or maintenance .

Poor - Soils in their presentstate have one or moresevere limitations thatwould severely affect theproposed use . To over-come these severe limita-tions would require theremoval of the limitationor difficult and costlyalteration of the soil orof special design orintensive maintenance .

Very Poor - Soils have one or morefeatures so unfavorablefor the proposed use thatthe limitation is verydifficult and expensiveto overcome or the soilwould require suchextreme alteration thatthe proposed use is eco-nomically impractical .

55

Soil Suitabilitp Subclasses

The basic soil properties thatsingly or in combination with otherscommonly affect soil suitability forselected engineering properties andrecreation uses are provided in Table6 . These subclass designations serveto identify the kind of limitation orhazard for a particular use .

Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability

Guides for assessing soil suit-ability for ten engineering relateduses are given in Appendix B, Tables12 to 21 . These tables provide asspecifically as possible, definitionsof the soil properties which resultin the specific suitability or degreeof limitation . In assessing soilsuitability for various engineeringuses, the degree of suitability isdetermined by the most restrictive orsevere rating assigned to any one ofthe listed soil properties . Forexample, if the suitability is "Good"for all but one soil property and itis estimated to be "Very Poor", thenthe overall rating of the soil forthat selected use is "Very Poor" .Suitability of individual soil prop-erties, if estimated to be "Fair" or"Poor", can be accumulative in theireffect for a particular use . Judge-ment is required to determine whetherthe severity of the combined effectsof several soil properties on suit-ability for a particular use willresult in downgrading an evaluation .This is left to the discretion of theinterpreter . It is incorrect toassume that each of the major soilproperties influencing a particularuse has an equal effect . Class lim-its established for rating the suit-ability of individual soil propertiestake this into account . For aselected use, therefore, only thosesoil properties which most severelylimit that use are specified .

Engineering description of thesoils and their estimated propertiessignificant to engineering are pro-vided in Table 7 . These data, inaddition to information contained inother sections of the report havebeen used to rate the soils accordingto their suitability for ten selectedengineering uses in Table 8 . Whenusing these interpretations, consid-eration must be given to the follow-ing assumptions :

1 . Interpretations are based on pre-dictions of soil behavior underdefined conditions of use andmanagement as specified in thepreamble to each of Tables 12through 25 (Appendix B) .

2 . Soil ratings do not include sitefactors such as nearness to townsand highways, water supply,aesthetic values, etc .

3 . Soil ratings are based on natu-ral, undisturbed soil .

4 . Soil suitability ratings are usu-ally given for the entire soil,but for some uses, they may bebased on the limitations of anindividual soil horizon or otherearthy layer, because of itsoverriding importance . Ratingsrarely apply to soil depthsgreater than 1 to 2 meters, butin some kinds of soils, reason-able estimates can be given forsoil material at greater depths .It should be noted here that theterm "soil" has been usedthroughout the report in thepedologic sense and differs inconcept from that commonly usedby engineers .

5 . Poor and very poor soil ratingsdo not imply that a site cannotbe changed to remove, correct ormodify the soil limitations . Theuse of soils rated as poordepends on the nature of the lim-

-56-

itations, whether or not the soillimitation can be altered suc-cessfully and economically, andon the scarcity of good sites .

6 . Interpretations of map units donot eliminate the need for on-site evaluation by qualified pro-fessionals . Due to the variablenature of soils, and the scale ofmapping, small, unmappable inclu-sions of soils with differentproperties may be present in anarea where a development isplanned . The need for or impor-tance of on-site studies dependson the use to be made of the soiland the kinds of soil and soilproblems involved .

4 .4 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTEDRECREATION USES

This section provides interpreta-tions of the soil suitability forrecreational development . All typesof soil can be used for recreationalactivities of some kind .

Soils and their properties deter-mine to a large degree, the type and

location of recreational facilities .Wet soils are not suitable for camp-sites, roads, playgrounds or picnicareas . Soils that pond and dry outslowly after heavy rains presentproblems where intensive use is con-templated . It is difficult to main-tain grass cover for playing fieldsand golf courses on droughty soils .The feasibility of many kinds of out-door activities are determined byother basic soil properties such asdepth to bedrock, stoniness, topogra-phy or land pattern, and the abilityof the soil to support vegetation ofdifferent kinds as related to itsnatural fertility .

The suitability of the varioussoil series and phases for selectedrecreation uses is shown in Table 9according to four classes, Good,Fair, Poor and Very poor defined pre-viously in the section on EngineeringUses . Subclasses are employed toidentify the kind of limitation orhazard for a particular use . Anexplanation of subclass symbols areprovided in Table 6 .

The guidelines for various recrea-tion uses are presented in AppendixB, Tables 22 to 25 and 15 .

TABLE 6

Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability forselected Engineering and Recreational Uses(Tables 8 and 9)

a subgrade properties

b thickness of topsoil

c coarse fragments on surface

d depth to bedrock

e erosion or erodibility

f susceptibility to frost hazard

g contamination hazard of groundwater

h depth to seasonal water table

i flooding or inundation

j thickness of slowly permeablematerial

k permeability or hydraulicconductivity

1 shrink-swell properties

m moisture limitations or deficit

n salinity or sulphate hazard

o organic matter

p stoniness

q depth to sand or gravel

r rockiness

s surface texture

t topographic slope class

u moist consistence

w wetness or soil drainage class

z permafrost

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TABLE 7

Engineering Description of the Soils and Their Estimated Properties

Significant to Engineering

I

CLN Clementi 0-40 L-CL CL A-6 100 100 75-85 1 .5-2 .5 7 .2-7 .6 low low mod . >1 .5 m40-70 SiCL ML to CL A-4, A-6 85-90 75-85 60-75 .5-2 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod .70-100+ L-CL CL A-4, A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 <.25 7 .8-8 .2 low to low mod .

mod .

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm

USDA

Classification

Unified AASHO No . 10(2 .0mm)

I Passing

No . 40 No . 200(0.42 ( .074mm) mm)

Permea-bility*cm/hr

Reaction Sulfatehazard**

Disper-sion

Shrink-Swell

Depth to Watertable (m)

BED Bede 0-38 LS-SL SM A-2-4 75-90 40-60 15-30 >50 7 .0-7 .5 none low low >1 .5 m38-90 S-Gr SM to GW A-1 40-75 25-40 5-10 >50 7 .5-8 .0 none low low

BKR Basker 0-20 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-6, A-7 100 100 95-100 .5-2 .0 7 .6-8 .0 low low mod at or20-60 strat . ML to CL A-4, to A-7-6 100 100 65-100 - 7 .8-8 .2 low low

.mod . near sur-

FSL-SiL face-subject toCL flood60-100 strat . ML to CL A-4, to A-7-6 100 100 75-100 - 7 .8-8 .2 low low mod.SiL-SiCL

BSF Beresford 0-30 CL CL A-6 100 100 75-85 1 .5-2 .5 7 .4-7 .8 low low high seasonal30-60 SiCL-CL ML to CL A-4, A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 <.25 7 .8-8 .2 mod . mod mod 0 6 m60-100+ L-CL CL A-4, A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 <.1 7 .8-8 .2 high

.mod .

.mod .

.

CAV Carvey 0-25 SCL-L SC or CL A-4, A-6 100 80-95 40-75 - 7 .8-8 .2 low-mod . low mod . seasonal at25-50 SL-L SM or CL A-4, A-6 100 60-95 35-75 - 7 .8-8 .4 low-mod . low mod . or near50-100 CS-GrS SP or GW A-1 var . <60 <5 - 7 .8-8 .4 low-mod . low low surface

CKD Crookdale 0-25 SCL-CL CL A-6 100 100 60-80 1 .5-5 7 .0-7 .4 low low mod. seasonal25-75 SCL-CL CL A-6 100 100 60-80 1 .5-5 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod. 0 .8 m75-100+ FS-LVFS SM,SP, A-2 to A-4 100 100 5-50 6-13 7 .6-8 .0 low low lowML

Table 7 . Cont'd

O

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm

USDA

Classification


Z Passing

No . 40 No . 200(0 .42 ( .074mm) mm)

Permea-bility*cm/hr


Disper-sion

Shrink-Swell


CME Cranmer 0-30 L-CL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 100 100 95-100 .5-2 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod . 2-2 .5 m30+ SiCL CL A-7-6 100 100 95-100 .5-2 .0 8 .2-8 .7 low low mod .

C:IIt Cameron 0-25 L ML A-4 100 100 75-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .0-7 .5 low low low25+ L ML A-4 100 100 75-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .2 low low low 3 m

CXT Capell 0-20 SCL-L CL A-6, A-7-5 95-100 85-95 40-55 1 .5-5 .0 7.6-8 .0 low low mod . seasonal20-40 SCL-L SC or CL A-6, A-4 95-100 85-95 30-50 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8 .2 low low mod . .8 m40-70 Gr-SL SM A-1, A-2 - <50 15-30 25-50 7 .8-8 .2 low low low70+ GrS SP or GP A-1 - <45 <5 >50 7 .8-8 .2 low low low

CXV Charman 0-20 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 <1 .5 7 .4-7 .8 Low low mod .20-80 SiCL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 <1 .5 7 .8-8 .2 low low mod . 1 .2 m80-100 SiL-SiCL CL A-6, A-7-6 100 100 90-100 0 .1-5 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod .

CYN Croyon 0-25 SCL-L CL A-6 100 85-95 40-75 1 .5-5 .0 7 .2-7 .6 low low mod . >2 m1(shaly variant) 25-50 SL-L CL or SM A-4, A-6 90-100 60-95 35-75 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .2 low low low-mod .

50-100+ CS-GrS SP A-1 - <20 <5 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low low(shaly)

DBW Denbow 0-60 VFSL ML A-4 100 100 50-70 2 .0-6 .0 7.5-8 .2 low low low60+ LVFS SM A-4 100 100 35-50 2 .0-6 .0 8.2-8 .7 low low low 2 m

DOT Dorset 0-20 LFS-LS Sp A-2 100 90-100 10-35 15-25 7.0-7 .4 low low low >2 m25-50 GrLS-GrS GP-SP A-1 35-60 30-50 <5 >25 7.4-7 .8 low low low50-100 S & Gr GP-SP A-1 35-60 20-30 <5 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low low

DOT Dorset Similar to above except for a shaly S and Gr1(shaly variant)

Table 7 .Cont'd

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm

USDA

Classification


7 Passing

No . 40 No . 2000 .42 ( .074mm) mm

Permea-bility*cm/hr


Disper-sion

Shrink-Swell


DXM Druxman 0-20 L-CL CL A-4, A-6 100 90-100 70-90 1 .5-5 .0 7 .0-7 .4 low low mod . 2 m20-55 L-SiL ML A-4, A-6 100 90-100 70-90 1 .5-5 .0 7 .6-8 .0 low low mod .55-80 LS SM A-2-4 var . <60 15-25 12 .5-25 7 .6-8 .2 low low low80-100+ S & Gr Sp A-1, A-2 var . <60 <5 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low low

DXT Dexter 0-20 M-CS SP A-1-b, A-3 90-100 40-75 <5 >20 .0 6 .8-7 .4 low low low20-50 GrLS-GrS GP or SP A-1 35-60 - <5 >20 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low low 0 .850-100 S-Gr GP or SP A-1 35-60 - <5 >20 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low low

" EBL Emblem 0-25 L-CL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 100 100 100 2 .0-6 .0 7 .0-7 .5 low low mod . seasonal25+ L ML A-4 100 100 85-95 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low mod . at surface

EBL Emblem 0-25 L-CL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 100 100 100 2 .0-6 .0 7 .0-7 .5 severe low mod . seasonal

(saline phase) 25+ L ML A-4 100 100 85-95 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 severe low . mod . at surface

FFX Fairfax 0-40 L-CL CL A-6 100 100 95-100 0 .5-6 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod . seasonal40+ SiCL CL-CH A-7-6 100 100 95-100 0 .5-6 .0 8 .2-8 .7 low low mod . at surface

FND Fairland 0-25 VFSL-SiL ML A-4, A-6 100 100 90-100 1 .5-5 .0 7 .0-7 .4 low low mod . >2 m

25-60 SiL-L ML A-4, A-6 100 100 90-100 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod.60-100 SiL ML A-4 100 100 95-100 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod.

GDC Grande 0-25 LFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 12 .0-2 .5 5 .0-6 .2 low low low

Clairiere 25+ FS Sp A-3 100 100-95 5-10 12-25 6 .2-6 .5 low low low >3 m

GDZ Gendzel 0-20 LFS-LS SM A-2-4 100 80-95 5-35 12-25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low seasonal20-50 FS-LFS SW to Sp A-2-4 100 80-95 5-35 12-25 7 .8-8 .4 low low low 0 .6 m

50-100 S & Gr SW, Sp, A-1, A-2 - <20 <5 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low lowGp

Table 7. Cont'd

Map Soil Depth Classification 7 Passing Permea- Reaction Sulfate Disper- Shrink- Depth to WaterSymbol Series cm bility* hazard** sion Swell table (m)

1

N

USDA Unified AASHO No . 10(2 .0mm)

No . 40(0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

cm/hr

GOL Goodlands 0-30 CL CL A-6 100 100 95-100 0.5-6.0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod .30+ CL-SiCL CL-CH A-7-6 100 100 95-100 .1-2.0 8 .2-8 .7 low low mod . 2 m

GRO Grover 0-40 L-SCL ML to CL A-4, A-6 100 100 80-90 1 .5-5.0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod . seasonal40-90 strat. SM to ML A-2 to A-4 100 90-100 30-90 1 .5-5.0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod . 0 .7 m

LFS-L90+ FS-LFS SM to Sp A-2 to A-4 100 85-95 5-40 1 .5-5.0 7 .8-8 .4 low low low

HMO Hummerston 0-20 LFS-FSL SM to Sp A-4 95-100 85-95 5-40 6-12 7 .3-7 .6 low low low seasonal20-100 FS-LFS SM to Sp A-2-4 95-100 80-95 5-35 6-12 7 .6-8 .0 low low low 0.6 m

HRY Hartney 0-30 L ML A-4 100 100 75-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .0-7 .5 low low low30+ L-SiL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 100 100 75-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .2 low low low 2 m

KUY Kilmury 0-20 FSL ML to SM A-4 to A-2-4 100 90-100 25-60 5-15 7 .3-7 .6 low low low seasonal20-40 VFS-FSL SM to ML A-4 to A-7-5 100 100 35-80 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .2 low low low 0.7 m40-100 S & Gr Gp to Sp A-1 40-70 15-30 2-5 >25 7 .8-8 .4 low low low

LEI Levine 0-20 VFSL-L ML to CL A-4 to A-7-6 100 100 65-100 1 .5-5 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod . seasonal20-100 strat . ML to CL A-4 to A-7-6 100 100 65-100 .5-1 .5 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod . 0 .8 m

subject tooccasionalflooding

LIG Liege 0-30 L ML A-4 100 100 60-70 .5-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low30+ L-SiL ML A-4 to A-6 100 100 70-80 .5-6 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low low 2 m

subject toflooding

Table 7 . Cont'd



No . 40(0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

cm/hr

LOW Lowroy 0-25 LFS SM A-2-4 100 80-95 5-35 >25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low seasonal25-50 FS-LFS SW to Sp A-2-4 100 80-95 5-35 12-35 7 .8-8 .4 low low low or near50-100 S & Gr SW,SP,GP A-1, A-2 - <20 c5 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low low surface

LUD Lauder 0-15 LFS SM A-2-4 100 90-95 15-25 12-25 7 .0-7 .5 severe high low15-40 FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 12-25 7 .0-7 .5 severe high low 2 m40+ FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 12-25 8 .0-8 .5 severe high low

LVH Lavenham 0-25 LFS SM A-2-4 100 90-100 10-25 15-25 7 .0-7 .4 low low low seasonal25-50 FS-LFS SM A-3, A-2-4 100 90-100 5-25 15-25 7 .6-7 .8 low low low 0 .8 m50-100 FS SM A-3, A-2-4 100 90-100 3-15 5-15 7 .6-8 .0 low low low

LYT Lyleton 0-25 LVFS-VFSL ML A-4 100 100 50-70 6.0-12 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low25+ LVFS-VFS ML A-4 100 100 50-70 6.0-12 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low 3 m

MLT Melita 0-30 L-FSL SM A-4 100 100 25-35 .5-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low30+ L- SL ML A-4 100 100 70-80 .5-6 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low low 3 m

MNH Mentieth 0-75 LVFS-VFSL ML A-4 to A-6 100 100 50-70 6 .0-12 .0 7.4-7 .8 low low low75+ L-CL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 80-85 70-75 60-65 .1-2 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low mod . 1 m

mow Mowbray 0-25 SiL-SiCL MH A-7-6 100 100 90-100 .5-5 .0 6 .8-7 .4 low low mod . 2 m25-100 VFSL-SiCL ML-CL A-4, A-6 100 100 80-100 .5-5 .0 7 .6-8 .2 low low mod .

MON Maon 0-25 LVFS-VFSL ML A-2-4 100 100 25-35 6-12 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low low 3 m25+ LVFS-VFS ML A-2-4 100 100 25-35 6-12 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low

Table 7 . Cont'd

I

Map Soil Depth Classification 7, Passing Permea- Reaction Sulfate Disper- Shrink- Depth to WaterSymbol Series cm bility* hazard** sion Swell table (m)


No . 40(0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

cm/hr

MX1 Miniota 0-20 FSL ML to SM A-4 to A-6 100 100 45-80 6-12 .0 6 .5-7 .0 low low low 1 .5 m20-40 VFS-FSL SM to ML A-4 to A-7-5 100 100 - 2-6 6 .5-7 .0 low low low40-100 S 5 Gr GP to Sp A-1 40-70 - 2-5 >25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low

NPS Naples 0-30 CL CL A-6 100 100 100 .5-2 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low high seasonal30+ CL-SiCL CL-C1 A-7-6 100 100 100 .5-2 .0 8 .2-8 .7 low low high at surface

OAK Oak Lake 0-50 LFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 12-25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low seasonal50+ FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 12-25 7 .6-8 .0 low low low at surface

ONH Onahan 0-20 LFS-FS SW to SP A-2-4 100 80-100 10-35 12 .5-25 .0 6 .8-7 .2 low low low 0 .820-100 LFS-FS SW to SP A-3, A-2-4 100 80-100 7-35 12.5-25 .0 7 .8-8.2 low low low

PAK Plum Lake 0-40 LVFS ML A-4 100 100 50-60 6 .0-12 .0 7 .5-8.0 low low low40+ VFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 6 .0-12 .0 7 .5-8.0 low low low 2 m

PDA Prodan 0-30 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-L00 1 .5-5 .0 7 .6-8.0 low low mod . seasonal30-60 CL-SiCL CL A-6, A-7-6 100 100 95-100 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod . 0 .7 m60-100 VFSL-SiL ML to CL A-6 100 100 95-100 .5-2 .0 7 .8-8 .4 mod . low mod .

PDA Similar to above - contains appreciable soluble salts severe mod . subject toxxxsupward move-ment ofsaline water

Table 7 . Cont'd



No . 40(0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

cm/hr

Ramada 0-20 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 0 .5-2 .0 7 .3-7 .8 low low mod .20-75 SiCL CL A-6, A-7-6 100 100 85-95 1 .5-5 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low mod . >2 m75-100 L-SiCL CL A-6, A-7-6 100 100 80-90 0 .5-2 .0 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod .

1 RTO Ralston 0-25 LFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 12-25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low0*1 25+ FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 12-25 7 .5-8 .0 low low low 3 m

1 SCK Stockton 0-30 LFS SM to Sp A-2-4 100 85-95 5-35 >25 6 .8-7 .2 low low low >2 m, 30-100 FS-LS SM to Sp A-3, A-2-4 100 85-95 3-15 13-25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low

SEE Sewell 0-20 LFS-FSL SM, SP A-2-4 100 100 5-50 <0 .5 7 .6-8 .0 low low low at or near20-100 FS-LVFS SM,SP,ML A-2-4, A-4 100 100 5-50 - 7 .8-8 .4 low low low surface

SOU Souris 0-60 LFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 6-12 7 .5-8 .2 low low low60+ FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 6-12 7 .5-8 .2 low low low 2 m

STA Stanton 0-60 LFS SM A-2-4 100 100 25-35 6-12 7 .4-7 .8 low low low 3 m60+ FS SP A-3 100 95-100 5-10 12-25 7 .5-8 .2 low low low

SWZ Switzer 0-25 LVFS-VFSL ML A-4 100 100 75-90 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low < 2 m25+ LVFS-VFS ML A-4 100 100 75-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 low low low

SWZ Switzer 0-25 LVFS-VFSL ML A-4 100 100 75-90 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 high low low(saline phase) 25+ LVFS-VFS ML A-4 100 100 5-85 2 .0-6 .0 7 .5-8 .0 high low low <1 m

Table 7 . Cont'd



No . 40(0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

cm/hr

TDP Tadpole 0-30 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 <0 .2 7 .6-8 .0 low low mod .-high at or30-60 CL-SiCL CL A-6, A-7-6 100 100 95-100 - 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod . near60-100 strat . ML to CL A-6 100 100 95-100 - 7 .8-8 .4 mod. mod . mod . surface

VFF Vodroff 0-40 CL CL A-6 100 100 75-85 <.25 7 .8-8 .2 low low mod . at or40-70 SiCL-CL ML to CL A-4, A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 - 7 .8-8 .4 low low mod . near70-100 L-CL CL A-4, A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 - 7 .8-8 .4 mod . low mod . surface

WHL Wheatland 0-20 SL SM A-2-4 100 50-75 10-35 12-25 7 .0-7 .4 low low low 2 m20-40 LFS-LS SP,SM,SW A-2-4 100 50-75 10-35 12-25 7 .4-7 .8 low low low40-100 MS,CS,FGr GP, Sp A-1, A-2 50-100 20-60 2 >25 7 .8-8 .2 low low low

Waskada 0-75 L ML A-4 100 100 95-100 2 .5-6 .0 6 .5-7 .5 low low low75+ L-CL ML-CL A-4 to A-6 80-85 70-75 60-65 .1-2 .0 7 .7-8 .2 low low mod . 3 m

WV1 Wytonville 0-20 FSL-L SM,ML,CL A-4,A-6,A-2-4 100 90-100 25-60 5-15 7 .2-7 .4 low low mod . seasonal20-50 VFS-FSL SM to ML A-4 to A-7-5 100 100 35-80 1 .5-5 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low low 0 .8-1 .0 m50-100 S & Gr Gp to Sp A-1, A-2 40-70 15-30 2-5 >12 7 .8-8 .4 low low low

* Permeability of horizons or layers is expressed in cm/hr ** Sulfate Hazard - relative degree of sulfate attack basedvery rapid >25 cm/hr moderate 2 .5-5 .0 cm/hr on criteria established by U .S . Bureau ofrapid 15-25 cm/hr moderately slow 1 .5-2 .5 cm/hr Reclamation .moderately rapid 5-15 cm/hr slow .125-1 .5 cm/hr

very slow <,125

G-Good, F-Fair, P-Poor and V-Very Poor . The nature of the most severe limitations isindicated by subclass symbols defined in Table 6 and applied according to use andmanagement conditions specified in the appropriate guide table (Table 12 to 21 Appendix B) .The dominant limitation is indicated first after the rating .Note : The following ratings and interpretations do not eliminate the need for on-siteevaluations by qualified professionals .


TopSoil[1]

Sand &Gravel[2]

RoadFill[31

Permanent BWith Basem

[4]

ldgs .ents

Local Roadsand Streets

[51

SanitaryTrench[6]

LandfillArea[7]

CoverMaterial

181

SewageLagoons

191

SepticFields[10]

BED Bede Pbs G G G G Vsg Vkg Vs Vak GgBED /xc2x Bede Pbs G G Fp G Vsg Vkg Vs Vak GgBED /xdlx Bede Pbs G G G G Vsg Vkg Vs Vak GgBKR Basker Pi Va Pw Vi Vi Vhw Vhw Pw Vi VhiBKR /xcxx Basker Pi va Pw Vi Vi Vhw Vhw Pw Vi Vhi

BSF Beresford Fs Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fk PhkCAV Carvey Fs Fa Pw Pw Pw Vwg Vhg Pw Vkg VhgCAV /xxlx Carvey Fs Fa Pw Pw . Pw Vwg Vhg Pw Vkg VhgCAV /xxxs Carvey Pnw Fah Pw Pw Pw Vsw Vwk Pw Vkg VhCKD Crookdale Fsb Paq Fw Pw Fwa Vs Pk Fs Pa Fkh

CKD /xxxs Crookdale Pn Paq Faw Pwn Fw Vs Pk Fs Pa FhCKD /xcxs Crookdale Pn Paq Faw Pwn Fw Vs Pk Fs Pa FhCLN Clementi Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk PkCLN /xcxx Clementi Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt PkCLN /xclx Clementi Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Pk

CLN /lclx Clementi Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt PkCME Cranmer Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk PhkCMR Cameron G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fa FkCMR /xcxx Cameron G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fat FkCMR /lxxx Cameron Fb Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fa Fk

CXT Capell Fbs G Fw Pw Faw Vsk Pk Pq Vka PhgCXT /xcxx Capell Fsb G Fw Pw Paw Vsk Pk Pq Vka PhgCXT /xdxx Capell Fst G Fw Pw Faw Vsk Pk Pq Vka PhgCXT /xxlx Capell Fbs G Fw Pw Fwa Vsk Pk Pq Vka PhgCXT /xcxs Capell Pn G Fw Pwn Faw Vsk Pk Pq Vka Phg

CXV Channan Fsb Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fa PhkCYN1 Croyon Fb Fa G G G Vsk Pk Pq Vka GgCYN1/xcxx Croyon Fb Fa G G G Vsk Pk Pq Vka GgCYN1/xdxx Croyon Fbt Fa G G G Vsk Pk Pq Vka GgDBW Denbow G Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Pk Ph

TABLE 8 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES

Mapand

SymbolPhase Soil Name

TopSoil[1]

Sand &Gravel[2]

RoadFill[3]

Permanent Bldgs .With Basements

[4]


[5]

SanitaryTrench[6]

LandfillArea[7]

CoverMaterial

[8]

SewageLagoons

[9]

SepticFields[10]

DBW /lxxx Denbow Fb Va Faw PW Faw PW Fw Fs Pk PhDOT Dorset Pbs G G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak GgDOT /xcxx Dorset Pbs G G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak GgDOT /xxlx Dorset Pbs G G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak GgDOT1/lglx Dorset Vt G Pt Vt Vt Pt Vt Vt Vt Vt

DXM Druxman Fs G Fw PW Fw Vsg Phg Pq Vag PhgDXM /xcxx Druxman Fs G Fw PW Fw Vsg Phg Pq Vag PhgDXT Dexter Pbs G Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vka PhERX Eroded Slope Compl. Vt Va Pt Vt Vt Pt Vt Vt Vt VtEBL Emblem G Va PW Vw PW Vw PW PW Vh Vh

EBL /xxxs Emblem Pn Va PW Vw PW Vw Pw PW Vh VhFFX Fairfax Fs Va PW Vw PW Vw PW Pw Fa VhFND Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fa FkFND /xcxx Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fat FkGDC Grande-Clairiere Vsb G G G G Vk Vk Vs Vk Gg

GDC /xcxx Grande-Clairiere Vsb G G G G Vk Vk Vs Vk GgGDZ Gendzel Ps G Fw PW Fw Vk Vkg Vs Vk PhgGOL Goodlands Fsb Va Faw PW Faw PW Fw Fs Fa PhkGOL /xxxs Goodlands Pn Va Faw Pwn Faw PW Fw Fs Fa PhkGRO Grover G Pa Faw PW PW Vs Fw Fs Pka Fh

HMO Hummerston Ps Pa PW PW Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk PhHMO /xdxx Hummerston Ps Pa Fw PW Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk PhHRY Hartney G Va Faw PW Faw PW Fw G Fak PhKUY Kilmury Fb G Fw Pw Fw Vsk Pkg Pq Vka PhgLEI Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi Pi

LEI /xcxx Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi PiLIG Liege Fi Va Fa Piw Pi Piw Phi G Vi PihLIG /xcxx Liege Fi Va Fa Piw Pi Piw Phi G Vi PihLOW Lowroy Ps Fa PW PW Pw Vws Vh Vw Vka VhLOW /xxxs Lowroy Psn Fa Pw Pw Pw Vws Vh Vw Vka Vh

TABLE 8, SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES

Mapand


TopSoil[1]

Sand &Gravel[2]

RoadFill[31


[4]


[5]

SanitaryTrench[6]

LandfillArea[7]

CoverMaterial

181

SewageLagoons

191

SepticFields[101

LUD Lauder Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk Ph

LUD /lxxx Lauder Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk Ph

LUD /lcxx Lauder Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk Ph

LVH Lavenham Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vk Vk Vs Vk Ph

LYT Lyleton G Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

LYT /lxxx Lyleton Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

LYT /xcxx Lyleton G Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

LYT /oxxx Lyleton Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

LYT /lcxx Lyleton Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

MLT Melita G Va Fa Pi Fia Fi Fi G Pi Pi

MLT /xcxx Melita G Va Fa Pi Fia Fi Fi G Pi Pi

MNH Mentieth Fb Va Fw Pw Fw Fs Fw Fs Fk Fk

MOW Mowbray Fis Va Fa Fa Fia Fis Fi Fs Fa Fk

MOW /xcxx Mowbray Fis Va Fa Fa Fia Fis Fi Fs Fat Fk

MON Maon G Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

MON /xcxx Maon G Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

MON /oxxx Maon Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Pk Pk Fs Pk Fk

MON /lexx Maon Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Pk Pk Fst Vt Ft

MXI Miniota Fb G G G G Vsk Pkg Pq Vka Gg

MXI /lcxx Miniota Fb G G G G Vsk Pkg Pq Vka Gg

NPS Naples Fs Va Pw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Fa Vh

NPS /xxxs Naples Pn Va Pw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Fa Vh

OKL Oak Lake Ps Pa Paw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Vh VhONH Onahan Ps Fa Fw Pw Fw Pkw Pk Fs Pk Fh

PAK Plum Lake Ps Pa Pw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Vh Vh

PDA Prodan Fw Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph

PDA /xxxs Prodan Pn Va Faw Pwn Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph

RAM /lxxx Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk

RAM /lcxx Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Ft Fk

RAM /xcxx Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt FkRAM Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk

TABLE 8 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES

Mapand


TopSoil[l]

Sand &Gravel[2]

RoadFill[3l


[4l


[5]

SanitaryTrench[6]

LandfillArea[7]

CoverMaterial

[8l

SewageLagoons

[9l

SepticFields[lO]

RAM /ldxx Ramada Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk

RTO Ralston Fs Fa Fw Pw Fw . Pkw Pk Vs Pk Fh

SCK Stockton Ps Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk GgSCK /xcxx Stockton Ps Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk GgSCK /lcxx Stockton Ps Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk Gg

SEE Sewell Ps Pa Pw vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Vhk Vh

SOU Souris Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk Ph

SOU /oxxx Souris Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk Ph

SOU /lxxx Souris Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Vsk Vk Vs Vk PhSTU Stanton Ps Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk Gg

STU /Icxx Stanton Ps Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk GgSTU /2xxx Stanton Psb Fa G G G Vs Pk Vs Vk GgSW'7Z G Va Fw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Pk Ph

SWZ /lxxx Switzer Fb Va Fw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Pk PhSWZ /xxxs Switzer Pn Va Fw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Pk Ph

SWZ /ox:tix Switzer Fu Va Fw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Pk Ph

TDP Tadpole Fs Va Pw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Fa Vh

VFF Vodroff Fs Va Pw Vw Pw Vw Pw Pw Fa Vh

WHL Wheatland Ps G G G G Vsk Vkg Pq Vka Gg

WHL /xcxx Wheatland Ps G G G G Vsk Vkg Pq Vka Gg

WHL /xdxx Wheatland Ps G G G G Vsk Vkg Pq Vka Gg

WHL /lcxx Wheatland Ps G G G G Vsk Vkg Pq Vka GgWKD Waskada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fa Fak Pk

WVI Wytonville Fb G Fw Pw Fw Vsk Pkg Pq Vka Phg

Table g, Suitability Ratings of Soils for Selected Recreation Uses .Suitability is designated as G-Good, F-Fair, P-Poor andV-Very Poor . The nature of the most severe limitations isindicated by subclass symbols defined in Table 6 and appliedaccording to use and management conditions specified in theappropriate guide table (Table 22 to 25 and 15 Appendix B) .The dominant limitation is indicated first after the rating .Note : The following ratings and interpretations do noteliminate the need for on-site evaluations by qualifiedprofessionals .

Mapand


PlayGround[11]

PicnicArea[12]

CampArea[13]

Path AndTrails[14]

Permanent Bldgs .Without Basements

[4]

BED Bede Fsm Fs Fs G` GBED /xc2x Bede Fpt Fs Fst G GBED /xdlx Bede Pt Fs Fs G GBKR Basker Piw Pwi Pwi Pw ViBKR /xcxx Basker Piw Piw Piw Pw Vi

BSF Beresford Fsw Fsw Fw Fs FawCAV Carvey Pw Pw Pw Pw PwCAV /xxlx Carvey Pw Pw Pw Pw PwCAV /xxxs Carvey Vwn Pwn Pwn Pwn PwCKD Crookdale Fsw Fs Fsw Fsw Fw

CKD /xxxs Crookdale Pwn Pwn Pwn Fsw FwCKD /xcxs Crookdale Pwn Pwn Pwn Fsw FwCLN Clementi Fs Fs Fs Fs FaCLN /xcxx Clementi Fst Fs Fs Fs FaCLN /xclx Clementi Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa

CLN /lclx Clementi Fst Fs Fs Fs FaCME Cranmer Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FawCMR Cameron Fs Fs Fs Fs FaCMR /xcxx Cameron Fst Fs Fs Fs FaCMR /Ixxx Cameron Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa

CXT Capell Fsw Fsw Fs Fsw FawCXT /xcxx Capell Fwt Fsw Fs Fsw FawCXT /xdxx Capell Pt Fsw Fs Fsw FawCXT /xxlx Capell Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FawCXT /xcxs Capell Pwn Pwn Pwn Fsw Faw

CXV Charman Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FahCYN1 Croyon Fs Fs Fs Fs GCYN1/xcxx Croyon Fst Fs Fs Fs GCYN1/xdxx Croyon Pt Fs Fs Fs GDBW Denbow Fw Fw Fw Fw Fw

DBW /lxxx Denbow Fw Fw Fw Fw FwDOT Dorset Fsm Fs Fs G GDOT /xcxx Dorset Fst Fs Fs G GDOT /xxlx Dorset Fsm Fs Fs G GDOT1/lglx Dorset Vt Vt Vt Pt Vt

DXM Druxman Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FwaDXM /xcxx Druxman Fwt Fsw Fsw Fsw FwaDXT Dexter Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwERX Eroded Slope Compl. Vt Vt Vt Pt VtEBL Emblem Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw

TABLE 9 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR RECREATIONAL USES

Mapand


PlayGround[11]

PicnicArea[12]

CampArea[13]

Path AndTrails[14]


[4]

EBL /xxxs Emblem Pwn Pwn Pwn Pw PwFFX Fairfax Pw Pw Pw Pw PwFND Fairland Fs Fs Fs Fs FaFND /xcxx Fairland Fst Fs Fs Fs FaGDC Grande-Clairiere Vs Vs Vs Vs G

GDC /xcxx Grande-Clairiere Vs Vs Vs Vs GGDZ Gendzel Ps Fs Fs Fw FwGOL Goodlands Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FwGOL /xxxs Goodlands Fsw Pwn Pwn Pwn FwGRO Grover Fw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw

HMO Hummerston Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FawHMO /xdxx Hummerston Pt Fsw Fsw Fw FawHRY Hartney Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FawKUY Kilmury Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwLEI Levine Fsi Fsi Fis Fsw Pi

LEI /xcxx Levine Fis Fsi Fis Fsw PiLIG Liege Fi Fi Fi Fw PiLIG /xcxx Liege Fit Fi Fi Fw PiLOW Lowroy Pw Pw Pw Pw PwLOW /xxxs Lowroy Pwn Pwn Pwn Pw Pw

LUD Lauder Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwLUD /lxxx Lauder Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwLUD /lcxx Lauder Fst Fw Fsw Fw FwLVH Lavenham Fw Fw Fw Fw FwLYT Lyleton G G G G Fa

LYT /lxxx Lyleton G G G G FaLYT /xcxx Lyleton Ft G G G FaLYT /oxxx Lyleton G G G G FaLYT /lcxx Lyleton Ft G G G FaMLT Melita Fis Fs Fis G Fi

MLT /xcxx Melita Fts Fs Fis G FiMNH Mentieth Fw Fw Fw Fw FwMOW Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs FaMOW /xcxx Mowbray Fst Fs Fs Fs FaMON Maon G G G G Fa

MON /xcxx Maon Ft G G G FaMON /oxxx Maon G G G G FaMON /lexx Maon Vt Ft Ft G FatMXI Miniota Fsq Fs Fs G GMXI /lcxx Miniota Fst Fs Fs G G

TABLE 9 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR RECREATIONAL USES


PlayGround[111

PicnicArea[12]

CampArea[13]

Path ATrail[141

nds


[41

NPS Naples Pw Pw Pw Pw PwNPS /xxxs Naples Pwn Pwn Pwn Pw PwOKL Oak Lake Pw Pw Pw Pw PwONH Onahan Vs Vs Vs Vs FwPAK Plum Lake Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw

PDA Prodan Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FawPDA /xxxs Prodan Pwn Pwn Pwn Fsw FawRAM /lxxx Ramada Fs Fs Fs Fs FaRAM /lcxx Ramada Fst Fs Fs Fs FaRAM /xcxx Ramada Fst Fs Fs Fs FaRAM Ramada Fs Fs Fs Fs FaRAM /ldxx Ramada Pt Fs Fks Fs FaRTO Ralston Vs Vs Vs Vs FwSCK Stockton Fsm Fsm Fs G GSCK /xcxx Stockton Fmt Fsm Fs G GSCK /lcxx Stockton Fmt Fsm Fs G G

SEE Sewell Pw Pw Pw Pw PwSOU Souris Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwSOU /oxxx Souris Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwSOU /lxxx Souris Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw FwSTU Stanton Fsm Fsm Fs G , G

STU /lcxx Stanton Fmt Fsm Fs G GSTU /2xxx Stanton Fs Fsm Fs Ps GSWZ Switzer Fw Fw Fw Fw FwSWZ /lxxx Switzer Fw Fw Fw Fw FwSWZ /xxxs Switzer Pwn Pwn Pwn Fwn Fw

SWZ /oxxx Switzer Fw Fw Fw Fw FwTDP Tadpole Pw Pw Pw Pw PwVFF Vodroff Pw Pw Pw Pw PwWHL Wheatland Ps Fs Fs G GWHL /xcxx Wheatland Ps Fs Fs G G

WHL /xdxx Wheatland Pt Fs Fs G GWHL /lcxx Wheatland Ps Fs Fs G GWKD Waskada Fs Fs Fs Fs FaWVI Wytonville Fsw Fsw Fsw Fw Fw

Appendix A

CORRELATION OF VIRDSN, SOURIS AND WAWANSSA AREA RBSURVSY WITHTHE SOILS OF THE VIRDEN MAP SHEET AREA REPORT NO . 6, 1956,THESOUTH-CENTRAL REPORT N0 . 4, 1943 AND THE SOUTH-WESTERN REPORT

N0. 3, 1940

The present detailed resurveyincludes selected portions of theformer reconnaissance sheets wheremore detailed soil resource informa-tion is required for more intensiveland use planning . The Virden sec-tion lies within the Virden MapSheet, while the Wawanesa area occursin the South-Central map . The Sourisportion of the study intersects theVirden and South-Western Reports .The resurvey benefits from advantagesderived from more frequent and inten-sive' examination of soils in thefield, use of a larger mapping scalein order to permit delineation ofnumerous important local soils, useof modern aerial photographs and useof improved methods of studying soilsin the laboratory . In particular,changes in the stratigraphy of sur-face deposits, depth and type of soilprofile, degree of erosion, slope,stoniness and salinity are empha-sized .

On the reconnaissance maps eachunit shown is a compound unit con-sisting of a complex of soil typesknown as a "soil association", havinga dominant soil type interspersedwith related but unlike local soiltypes in lesser proportion . Theseassociated genetic soil types devel-oped on similar regional parentmaterials or geological deposits inthe same soil zone are designated asa soil association . While soil asso-ciations are shown as units on thereconnaissance map, local associatedsoils, textural classes and phases

are occasionally mapped and designat-ed as separate units where areasinvolved are substantial or wheresuch units are of sufficient localimportance . In some instances, suchunits are identified on the recon-naissance map by site symbols orhatching . The individual associatedsoils developed on similar kinds ofsoil parent material are referred toas "soil associates" . They are rec-ognized by differences in their soilprofile characteristics as a resultof differences in topographical posi-tion, drainage and associated vegeta-tion .

In the present detailed map of thestudy area, each unit shown is eithera simple unit consisting of a singlesoil type referred to as a "soilseries" or a specifically definedcompound unit containing one dominantsoil series and usually one otherrelated but unlike soil series asso-ciated with it . Soil series in termsof current Canadian Soil Classifica-tion criteria (CSSC 1978) are approx-imately equivalent to soil associatesas defined in the former studies . Ingeneral, the range in allowable vari-ation in profile characteristics andproperties of soil series is signifi-cantly less than the range permittedin so-called soil associates .

The detailed resurvey of the areasin this study provides for improvedquality and reliability of soil mapsfor a variety of interpretive appli-

-74-

cations, including recreation, engi- associates of the former reconnais-neering and agriculture . Correlation sance map sheets is provided in Tableof the soil series in the resurvey 10 .areas with soil associations and soil

TABLE 10

Correlation of Soil Series in the Souris, Virden and Wawanesa Areas with SoilAssociations and Associates of the Virden Sheet Area 1956, the South-Central

Survey 1943 and the South-Western Report 1940

SoilSymbol

SoilName

Subgroup Corresponding Soil Association and/orVirden Map Sheet South-Central

AssociateSouth-Western Remarks

BED Bede Orthic Black Bede The same as the dominant, well drainedassociate of the Bede Association inthe South-West report .

BKR Basker Rego Humic Assiniboine Complex Assiniboine Complex The imperfectly drained local soil ofGleysol the Assiniboine complex.

BSF Beresford Gleyed Rego Black Beresford Carroll, drift subsoil The imperfectly drained, Blackearth-phase Meadow associate of the Beresford

Association .CAV Carvey Rego Humic Miniota, Marringhurst Marringhurst Marringhurst The poorly drained, Meadow associate

Gleysol of the Marringhurst and MiniotaAssociations with a loamy surface .

CKD Crookdale Gleyed Rego Black Carroll, clay loam Glenboro The Blackearth-Meadow associate ofthe Carroll clay loam with a sandysubstrate . Also the intermediatelydrained associate of the GlenboroAssociation .

CLN Clementi Orthic Black Beresford Carroll, till substrate The same as the dominant soil inBeresford Association (VIR) .

CME Cranmer Gleyed Rego Black Carroll A significant inclusion in theCarroll Association. The imperfectlydrained associate of the Carrollclay loam .

CME Cameron Orthic Black Carroll Equivalent to the dominant soil ofthe Carroll loams . The well drainedBlackearth associate .

Table 10 . Cont'd

Soil SoilSymbol Name Subgroup Corresponding Soil Association

Virden Map Sheet South-Centraland/or Associate

South-Western Remarks

CXT Capell Gleyed Rego Black Miniota, Marringhurst Marringhurst Marringhurst The imperfectly drained, Blackearth-Meadow associate of the Miniota andMarringhurst Associations with a loamysurface .

CXV Charman Gleyed Black Carroll, clay loam Carroll, clay loam The same as the intermediately drained,Blackearth-Meadow associate of theCarroll clay loam, Assocation .

CYN Croyon Orthic Black Miniota, Marringhurst Marringhurst Marringhurst A significant inclusion in theseAssociations, it differs from thedominant well drained member in havinga significantly thicker loam to clayloam surface layer overlying the sandand gravel .

DBW Denbow Gleyed Black Souris A significant inclusion in the SourisAssociation. The intermediately drainedassociate of the Souris light finesandy loam .

DOT Dorset Orthic Black Marringhurst Marringhurst Equivalent to the dominant, well drainedsoil associate of the MarringhurstAssociation.

DXM Druxman Gleyed Black Marringhurst, Marringhurst, The imperfectly drained, Blackearth-Miniota Miniota Meadow associate of the Miniota and

Marringhurst Associations with a loamysurface texture .

DXT Dexter Gleyed Black Marringhurst Marringhurst A significant inclusion in theMarringhurst Association. The inter-mediately drained Blackearth-Meadowassociate .

Table 10 . Cont'd

Soil SoilSymbol Name Subgroup Correspond

Virden Map Sheeting Soil Association

South-Centraland/or Associate

South-Western Remarks

ERX Eroded Eroded Slope Eroded Slope Eroded Slopes No change in definition, a complexSlope mixture of glacial till, outwash,Complex colluvial sediments and shale bedrock

along ravines and river channels .I Soil development is variable and oftenv weakly expressed .00 EBL Emblem Rego Humic Gleysol Carroll The same as the poorly drained, Meadow

associate of the Carroll loams in thesouth-western sheet.

FFX Fairfax Rego Humic Gleysol Carroll Similar to the poorly drained, carbonatedMeadow associate of the Carroll clayloam soils .

FND Fairland Orthic Black Carroll Carroll The same as the dominant well drained,Blackearth member of the loam phase inthe Carroll Association.

GDC Grande- Orthic Regosol Souris The same as the excessively drainedClairiere associate of the Souris Sands and Dunes

GDZ Gendzel Gleyed Rego Black Miniota Marringhurst Similar to the imperfectly drained,Blackearth-Meadow associates of theMiniota and Marringhurst Associationshaving a sandy surface .

GOL Goodlands Gleyed Black Carroll Equivalent to the intermediatelydrained associate of the Carroll clayloams .

Table 10 . Cont'd

SoilSymbol

SoilName

Subgroup Corresponding Soil Association and/or AssociateVirden Map Sheet South-Central South

GRO Grover Gleyed Rego Black Carroll, Souris Glenboro

HMO Hummerston Gleyed Rego Black Souris Stockton

HRY Hartney Gleyed Rego Black Carro

KUY Kilmury Gleyed Rego Black Miniota Marringhurst

LEI Levine Gleyed Cumulic Assiniboine Complex Assiniboine ComplexRegosol

LIG Liege Gleyed Cumulic CoultRegosol

LOW Lowroy Rego Humic Miniota MarringhurstGleysol

-Western ~ Remarks

The imperfectly drained Black-Meadowassociate of the Glenboro Associationin the S .C . A textural variant of theCarroll and Souris soils in the Virdensheet .

The dominant soil in the SourisAssociation of the Virden sheet . Theintermediately drained associate of theStockton Association in the South-Central .

ll The same as the intermediately drained,carbonated associate of the Carrollloams .

The Blackearth-Meadow associate of theMiniota sandy loam . Equivalent to theintermediately drained associate of theMarringhurst Association with a sandyloam surface .

A significant inclusion in the AssiniboineComplex . The imperfectly drainedstratified, loam to clay loam regosolon recent alluvial sediments .

er The same as the intermediately drainedassociate of the immature CoulterAssociation soils .

Similar to the poorly drained meadowassociate of the Miniota and MarringhurstAssociations with a sandy surface .

Table 10 . Cont'd

SoilSymbol

SoilName

Subgroup CorrespondinVirden Map Sheet

g Soil Association and/orSouth-Central

AssociateSouth-Western

LUD Lauder Gleyed Black Souris

LVH Lavenham Gleyed Black Souris Stockton

LYT Lyleton Orthic Black Souris

MLT Melita Cumulic Regosol_

Coulter

Mentieth Gleyed Rego Black Oxbow-Souris Transition

MOW Mowbray Cumulic Regosol Assiniboine Complex Assiniboine Complex

MON Maon Rego Black Souris

MXI Miniota Orthic Black Miniota Marringhurst

Remarks

A significant inclusion in the SourisAssociation, the intermediately drainedassociate .

The dominant Blackearth-Meadow soil inthe Souris Association of the Virdensheet . The intermediately drainedassociate of the Stockton Associationin the South-Central .

A dominant soil in the Souris Association.The same as the well drained associateof the Souris fine sandy loam .

Similar to the well drained associateof the Coulter Association having adominantly loam texture.

A significant inclusion in the Oxbow-Souris transition . The intermediatelydrained associate of the light texturedsoils of Souris lacustrine material overdrift .

The well drained stratified, silty clayloam associate of the AssiniboineComplex . The textures are variable onthese recent alluvial deposits .

The same as the well drained associateof the Souris fine sandy loam .

The same as the dominant, well drainedBlackearth member of the MiniotaAssociation . A significant inclusionin the Marringhurst Association, witha sandy loam surface .

Table 10 . Cont'd

SoilSymbol

SoilName

Subgroup Corresponding Soil Association and/orVirden Map Sheet South-Central

AssociateSouth-Western Remarks

NPS Naples Orthic Humic Carroll A minor inclusion in the poorly drainedGleysol associate of the Carroll clay loam soils

OKL Oak Lake Rego Humic Souris The poorly drained Meadow associate ofGleysol the Souris sand to loamy sand .

ONH Onahan Gleyed Regosol Dune Sand Dune Sand A major inclusion in the Dune Sands .The intermediately drained associate onfine to medium sand .

PAK Plum Lake Rego Humic Souris The poorly drained Meadow associate ofGleysol the Souris fine sandy loam .

PDA Prodan Gleyed Rego Black Carroll, clay loam Carroll, clay loam The same as the calcic Blackearth-Meadow associate of the Carroll clayloams Association .

Ramada Orthic Black Carroll Carroll Equivalent to the dominant, welldrained Blackearth associate of theCarroll Association, clay loam phase .

RTO Ralston Gleyed Regosol Souris The same as the intermediately drainedassociate of the Souris sands and dunes

SCK Stockton Orthic Black Souris Stockton Similar to the well drained Blackearthassociate of the Souris loamy sand .The dominant soil of the StocktonAssociation .

SEE Sewell Rego Humic Souris Stockton The same as the poorly drained MeadowGleysol associate of the Souris and Stockton

Associations .

Table 10 . Cont'd

SoilSymbol

SoilName

Subgroup CorresVirden Map Shee

ponding Soil Association and/ort South-Central

AssociateSouth-Western

SOU Souris Gleyed Rego Black Souris

STU Stanton Orthic Black Souris

SWZ Switzer Gleyed Rego Black Souris

TDP Tadpole Rego Humic Carroll CarrollGleysol

VFF Vodroff Rego Humic Beresford Carroll, drift subsoilGleysol phase

WHL Wheatland Orthic Black Miniota Marringhurst

WKD Waskada Orthic Black Waskada, ModifiedWaskada

Remarks

A significant inclusion in, and thesame as the intermediately associateof the Souris Association, sands andloamy sands .

The same as the dominant soil in theSouris Association . The well drainedBlackearth associate of the Sourissands and loamy sands .

The same as the intermediately drained,carbonated Meadow-Prairie associateof the Souris fine sandy loams .

The poorly drained calcareous Meadowassociate of the Carroll clay loams .

Similar to the poorly drained CalcicMeadow associate of the BeresfordAssociation . Also the poorly drainedMeadow soil of the Carroll driftsubsoil phase .

The typical or dominant soils in theMiniota and Marringhurst Associations .The well drained Blackearth associatehaving a sandy surface over sand andgravel .

The dominant well drained Blackearthassociate of the Waskada Associationwhere the loam to clay loam surfacehas been modified by water action .

Appendix B

GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES

TABLE 11

Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability

Land Characteristics Subclass Class 1 - Very Good

SOILS STexture

very coarse textured v Fine sandy loams tovery fine textured h clay loamo

Water holding capacitylow available moisture capacity q 40 to 60 sat. X

>15cm storage in 1 .2m<l0em/hr . hydrauliccond .

Geological Depositshallow deposit over sand or .9m or more of finegravel k sandy loam or

heavier

shallow deposit over >3m of permeableimpervious substrata b material

Salinity and Alkalinityl~2 a <4 me/cm in 0- .6m<8 ms/cm below .6m<6 S .A .R .

EXTERNAL FEATURESStones - rock clearing r None to light

clearingTopography T g <1% and 0.1% in

Slope general gradientexcess gradient (0-3X slope) ,

DRAINAGE Drestricted outlet No problem

anticipated

water table below 2 .4m mostof year

* Criteria for gravity (flood) irrigation requirements .** Estimated adjustments to slope criteria for overhead

or sprinkler type irrigation methods .

Class 2 - Good

Loamy fine sand tolight clay

35 to 65 sat . X>12 .Scm storage in 1.2m<12 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.6m or more of finesandy loam orheavier, or .75m plusof loamy fine sandor sandy loam

>2m of permeablematerial

<4 ma/cm in 0- .6m<12 me/cm below .6m<8 S .A.R .

Light to medium clearing

<32 in generalgradient(3-5X slope)

Moderate drainageproblem anticipatedbut may be improvedat relatively low coat

could be above 1 .5m fora short period, thenrecedes to 2 .4m orlower

Class 3 - Fair

Sand to permeableclay

25 to 75 eat . X>7 .5cm storage in 1 .2m< 17 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.5m or more of sandyloam or heavier, or .6mplus of loamy sand

> lm of parmoablamaterial

< 8 ma/cm in 0- .6m<15 ma/cm below .6m<12 S .A.R .

Light to heavy clearing

<5% in generalgradient(5-lOx slope)

Moderate to severedrainage problemanticipated but anybe improved by ex-pensive but feasiblemeasures

within 1 .5m moatof year

Class 4 - Poor

Gravel toclay

<25 or >75 sat . X< 7 .5cn storage in 1.2m> 17.5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

< .5m of sandy loamor heavier, or .6mof loamy sand orsand

<lm of permeablematerial

> 8 ma/cm in 0- .6m>15 me/cm below .6m>12 S .A.R .

Excessively stony

>5% in general*gradient(>lOX slope)**

Drainage improve-ment not consideredfeasible

within la mostof year

1 If sufficient gypsum is present in the soil, the S .A.R . may-be lowered by leaching thesoil (a very slow process), and the hydraulic conductivity may than improve .

2 The degree of salinity may vary widely within short distances, and there may be no clearindication of the area occupied by each salinity class . Unless a vary detailed mappingand sampling program is carried out, it is impossible to estimate the acreage occupiedby each salinity class .

TABLE 12

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil

mcn

The term "topsoil" includes soil materials used to cover barren surfaces exposed during construction, and materials used to improvesoil conditions on lawns, gardens, flower beds, etc . The factors to be considered include not only the characteristics of thesoil itself, but also the ease or difficulty of excavation, and where removal of topsoil is involved, accessibility to the site .

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability

Poor - P Very Poor - V

u Moist Consistence?/ Very friable, Loose, firm Very firm Cementedfriable

i Flooding None May flood occasionally Frequent flooding Constantly floodedfor short periods

w Wetnesa?/ Wetness is not determining if better than very poorly drained . Very poorly drainedand permanently wetsoils

t Slope 0-5X 5-9X 9-15X >15x

p Stonineoa?/ Stones 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones 0.1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

c Coarse fragments?/ : <3X 3-15z 15-35x >35xpercent, by volume

s Texture?/ FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC if S, LS, C and SiC if Marl,SL, SC if 1 :1 clay 2 :1 clay is dominant ; 2 :1 clay is dominant . diatomaceous earthis dominant c and sic if 1 :1 clay organic soils-3/

is dominant

b Depth of Topsoil-4/ >40 cm 15-40 cm 8-15 cm <8 cm

n Salinity of E.C. 0-1 E .C . 1-4 Ex . 4-8 E.C . >8Topsoil-5/

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

For an explanation of texture, conoiotence, otoniness, coarse fragments and soil drainage classes, see the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/

4/

5/

Non-woody organic materials are assessed as good sources for topsoil if mixed with or incorporated into mineral soil.

The remaining soil flatarial (at least 8 cm) must be reclaimable after the uppermost soil is removed .

E.C. - Electrical Conductivity (oilliolemena/cm) .

TABLE 13

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel

The purpose of thin table is to provide guidance for assessing the probable supply as well as quality of the sand or gravelfor use as road base material and in concrete . The interpretation pertains mainly to the characteristics of the soilsubstratum to a depth of 150 cm, augmented by observations made in deep cute as well as geological knowledge where available .

Symbol-'!/ ItemAffecting

Use

Degree of Soil Suitability

Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

a Unified Soil SW SW-SM SMGroup SP SP-SM SW-SC All other groups

SP-SC and bedrockGW GP-GM GMGP GW-GM GP-GC

GW-GC

h Depth to Seasonal Not class determining if deeper than 50 cm 50 cmWater Table

q Depth to Sand <25 cm 25-75 cm?/ >75 cm?/and Gravel

p Stonineoo3./ Not class determining if stones >.5 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0, 1, 2 and 3) (Class 4) (class 5)

d Depth to Bedrock >100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

l/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ Rated good if it is known that the underlying gravel or sand deposit is thick (>100 cm) .

3~ For an explanation of stoniness and rockiness, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil SurveyCommittee, 1978) .

TABLE 14

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill

Fill material for buildings or roads are included in this use . The performance of the material when removed from its originallocation and placed under load at the building site or road bed are to be considered . Since surface materials are generallyremoved during road or building construction their properties are disregarded . Aside from this layer, the whole soil to adepth of 150-200 cm should be evaluated . Soil materials which are suitable for fill can be considered equally suited for roadsubgrade construction .

Syzboli/ Item Degree of Soil Suitability

a

AffectiqgUse?,

Subgrade3/

a . AASHO groupinde~,

Good - C

0-4

Fair - F

5-8

Poor - P

>8

Very Poor - V

b . Unified OW, GP SW, SP, CL (with P.I .6/ < 15) CL (with P.I .6/ of OL OH and Ptsoil classes SM, GCj/ and SC-5/ and 1!L 157r more), CH and

,

1 Shrink-awell Low Moderate Highpotential

f Susceptibility Low Moderate Highto frost actioa8/

t Slope 0-15x 15-30x 30-45X >45xP Stoninesa.9/ Stones >2 m apart Stones 0.5-2 is apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart

(Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

r Rockineso9/ Rock exposures Rock exposure 10-35 m Rock exposure 3 .5-10 m Rock exposures <3 .5 0>35 m apart and apart and cover 10-25x apart and cover apart and covercover <lOx of of the surface 25-50x of the surface 50-90X of the surfacethe surface

wWetness-9/

Excessively drained Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedto moderately, or permanently wet soilswell drained

d Depth to >100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm <20 cmBedrock

h Depth to Seasonal >150 cm 75-150 cu 50-75 cm <50 cmWater Table

The syebols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

The first three items pertain to soil after it in placed in a fill ;condition before excavation for road fill .

the last six items pertain to soil in its natural

This item estimates the strength of the soil material, that is, its ability to

Use AASHO group index only where laboratory data are available for the kind of

withstand applied loads .

soil being rated; otherwise, use Unified soil groups .DoynQrade suitability rating to fair if content of fines is more than about 30 percent.

P.I . m2ans plasticity index .

Upgrade suitability rating to fair if 141 is largely kaolinitic, friable, and free of mica .

Use this item only where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and where moisture

9/capillary covenant is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing front .

transportable by

For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field(Canada Soil Survey Coaittee, 1978) .

TABLE 15

Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings

This guide applies to undisturbed soils to be evaluated for single-family dwellings and other structures with similar foundationrequiremnts . The emphasis for rating soils for buildings is an foundation requirements ; but soil elope, susceptibility toflooding and other hydrologic conditions, such as wetness, that have effects beyond those related exclusively to foundationsare considered too . Also considered are soil properties, particularly depth to bedrock, which influence excavation andconstruction costs for the building itself and for the installation of utility lines . Excluded are limitations for soileorosivity, landscaping and septic tank absorption fields .

Sydol?/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

lair - !

Suitability3/

Poor - P Very Poor - Y

w Watnue.4-/ With Basements: With Basements: With Basements : With Basements :Very rapidly, Moderately well Imperfectly, poorly, Permanently wet soils .rapidly and well drained. and very poorly drained. Without Basements :drained. Without Basements : Without Basements: Permanently vat soils .Without Basements : Imperfectly drained . Poorly and very poorlyVery rapidly, drained.rapidly, well andmoderately welldrained.

h Depth to Seasonal With Basements : With Basements: With Basements: With Basements:Water Table >150 cm 75-150 cm 25-75 cm <25 cu

Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements :>75 ® SO-75 cm 25-50 cm <25 cm

i lloodins None None Occasional flooding Frequent flooding(once in 5 years) (every year)

t Slopss/ 0-9x 9-15x 15-30x >30S

a Subgrada6/

a. AASHO roupi d J

0-4 5-8 >8n ex

b . Unified soil GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I .B/ <15) CL (with P .1 .1/ of 15 OH, OL and Ptclasses SM and GC and and 14. or more), CH and 141

SC

f Potenti 1 Prost Low (71. F2) Moderate (73) High (74)A

t 9c ionV

p StoninesIA/ Stones >10 a apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 a apart Stones <0.1 m apart

(Class 0 to 1) (Class 210/) (Class L/ to 4) (Class 51-0/)

r Rockineas4/,1/ Rock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 n Rock exposures <30 a Rock exposures too>100 n apart and apart and cover 2-lOX apart and cover >lOx frequent to allowcover <2x of of the surface of the surface location of permanentthe surface buildings

d Depth to With Basements : With Basements : With Basements: With Basements :Bedrockll/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements :>100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

1/ By halving the slope limits, this table can be used for evaluating soil suitability for buildings with large floorbut with foundation requirements not exceeding those of ordinary three-storey dwellings .

?/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

3/ Some *oil* assessed as fair or poor any be good sites from an aestheticpreparation and/or maintenance .

±/ For an explanation of rockiness, stoniness(Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

areas,

or use standpoint, but they will require more site

and soil drainage classes . see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Yield

Reduce the slope limits by one half for those soils subject to hillside slippage .

This item estimates the strength of the aoil, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads . When available, AASHO Group

Index values from laboratory tests were used ; otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used .7/

_g/9/

Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962),

P.I . eaans plasticity index.

pp . 23-25 .

Frost heave only applies where frost penetrates to the assumed depth of the footings and the soil is moist . The potential

frost action classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp . 5-8 .

10/Rate one class better for buildings without basements .

11/Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment such as backhoes .

TABLE 16

Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets

1Lis guide applies to soils to be evaluated for construction and maintenance of local roads and streets . These are improved roadsand streets having some kind of all-weather surfacing, coeonly asphalt or concrete, and are expected to carry automobile trafficall year . They consist of : (1) the underlying local soil material (either cut or fill) called the subgrade ; (2) the basematerial of gravel, crushed rock, or lime or soil cement stabilized soil called the subbase ; and (3) the actual road surfaceor pavement, either flexible or rigid . They also are graded to shed water and have ordinary provisions for drainage . Withthe probable exception of the hardened surface layer, the roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cutsand fills are limited, usually less than 2 meters . Excluded from consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast-moving, heavy trucks .

Properties that affect design and construction of roads and streets are : (1) those that affect the load supporting capacity andstability of the subgrade, and (2) those that affect the workability and amount of cut and fill . The AASHO and UnifiedClassification give an indication of the traffic supporting capacity . Wetness and flooding affect stability . Slope, depth ofhardrock, stoniness, rockiness , and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade .

Sycbol?/ Item Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffecting

Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

Wetness-3/ Very rapidly, Imperfectly drained Poorly and veryrapidly, well poorly drainedand moderatelywell drained

Permanently wet soils

i

t

Flooding

Slope

None

0-9z

Infrequent(once in 5 years)9-15x

Occasional(once in 2-4 years)

15-30z

Frequent(every year)

>30zd Depth t

%>100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

Bedrock'/a Sumgrades/

a . AASHO ~toup 0-4 5-8 >8inde :bJ

1 . Unified soil GW, Gp SW, SP, CL (with P .I .B/ <15) CL (with P .I.B/ of 15 OH OL and Ptclasses SM, GC;/ and Sd/ and ?II, or more), CH and !DI

,

f Susceptibility to Loa (F1, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4)frost Heave-9/

p Stoninesa3/ Stones > 2 m apart Stones 0.5-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0.1 e apart(Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

r Rockiness-31 Rock exposures lock exposures 30-100 s Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures too>100 m apart and apart and cover 2-10x apart and cover >lOZ frequent to permitcover <2x of the of the surface of the surface location of roads andsurface streets

1/These guidelines, with some adjustaent of slope and rockiness limits, will also be useful for assessing soils for weparking lots .

Symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

For an explanation of stnniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Canada Soil Information System (Canada SoilSurvey Committee, 1978) .

Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment and isrippable by machinery .

5/ ?his Item estimates the strength of soil materials as it applies to roadbeds . When available, AASHO Group Index valueslaboratory tests were used ; otherwise, the estimated Unified classes were wed . The limitations were estimatedassuming that the roads would " e surfaced . On unsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy, poorly graded soilsmy cause washboard or rough roads .

6/ Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (?CA, 1962) pp . 23-25 .~/ Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (less then 200 mesh) is greater than about 30 percent .e/ P.I . means plasticity index .

from

9/ Frost heave is important vsare frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and moisture transportableby capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing point . The susceptibility classes are taken fromthe United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962) pp . 5-8 .

' TABLE 17

Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench type sanitary landfills

Tho tranch-typo oanitary landfill io a oanitary landfill, in which dry garbago and traah ia buried daily in an open trench and covered

with a layar of coil oatorial . Suitability of the oito io dependent upon the potential for pollution of water sources through groundwatercontact with the rofuoa, or laachato ariaing from the cite . Thooe propertioo affecting Qaoe of excavation of the site must be supplementedwith goological and hydrological knoaladQo to provide oubourfaca coil and groundwater data to a depth of at lesot 3 to 4 .5 m, a common

depth of landfillo .

Syrbol?/ Ito= Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffactiaB

lbo 3/Good - G- Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

h Dopth to Not claoo determining if more than 180 cm 100-1®0 cm < 100 caSoaoonal HighWater Table

v wotnooa4/ Not claoo determining if better than imperfectly Icparfoctly drained Poorly and very poorlydrained drained or permanently

vat ooilo

i DloodinQ None Rare Occaoional Frequent

k Pormcbilitys/ <5 cm/hr <5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t 1 Slope 0-15x 15-30X 30-45Z >452

o Soil Texture-4-/,A/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCI7/, CL, SC, LS sic, C buck, peat, gravel, sand(dominant to adepth of 150 cm)

d Depth to Hard >150 cm >150 cm 100-150 cm <100 cmBedrock Rippable >150 cm 100-150 cm 100-150 cm <100 co

p Stonineoo4/ Stonoo >10 n apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stonea 0.1-2 m apart Stonoo <0 .1 n apart(Claoo 0 and 1) (Claas 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Claoo 5)

r Natura of Bedrock Icyormoblo Highly porcaablo, fractured,oaoily oolublo

Daood on coil depth (120 ca) co`only invaotigated in making soil surveys .

The oyebolo are uood to indicate the nature of the limitation .

If probability io hiIIh that the aoil material to a depth of 3 to 4 .5 m willby an appropriate footnote, ouch ao "Probably Qood to a depth of 3 .5 m", or

4/

5/6/

7/

For an explanation of atoninooo, texture and coil drainaQa claoooo, oee theSoil Survey Coc=ittoo, 1970) .

not alter a rating of good or fair, indicate thio"Probably fair to a depth of 3.5 m" .

Manual for Doocribina Soilo in the Field (Canada

Daflacto c3111ty of coil to retard novcaont of laachato from the landfills ; may not reflect a limitation in arid cnd aeniarid areas .

Reflacto once of diMina and moving (workability) and trafficability in the immediate area of tho trench whore thare may not beourfacad roado .Soilo hiah in axpanoiva clayo nay nood to be given a ouitabi.lity rating of poor .

TABLE 18

Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills

In the area-type sanitary landfill refuse is placed on the surface of the soil in successive layers . The daily and final covermaterial generally must be imported . A final cover of soil material at least 60 cm thick is placed over the fill when it is completed .

The soil under the proposed site should be investigated so as to determine the probability that leachates from the landfill can

penetrate the soil and thereby pollute water supplies .

i


Use

Degree of Soil

Good - G Fair - F

Suitability


-` h onalDepth to Sea > 150 cm 150-100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmi

~Water Table?

w Wetnese?/+3/ Rapid to moderately Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedwell drained or permanently wet soils

i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent

k Permeability4/~S/ Not class determining if less than 5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t Slope 0-9X 9-15X 15-30X >30X

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ Reflects influence of wetness on operation of equipment .

3/ For an explanation of drainage, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

4/ Reflects ability of the soil to retard movement of leachate from landfills ; may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas .

S/ Due to possible groundwater contamination, impermeable bedrock is considered poor and permeable bedrock is rated very poorfor area-type sanitary landfills .

TABLE 19

Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitarylandfills

i

i

The term cover material includes soil materials used to put a daily and final covering layer on refuse in area-type sanita'"landfills . This cover material may be derived from the area of the landfill or may be brought in from surrounding areas .


Use-- --

Good - G

Degree of Soil-------

Fair - F

Suitability------------- -


u Moist Consistence2/ Very friable, Loose, firm Very firm Cementedfriable

s Texture?/,3/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, sand,gravel

d Depth to bedrock-4/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmc Coarse fragments?/ <15% 15-35% >35%p Stonincaa?/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart

(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)t Slope <9% 9-15% 15-30% >30%w Wetness?/ Not class determining if better than poorly Poorly drained Very poorly drained

drained or permanently wetsoils

3/

4/


For an explanation of consistence, texture, coarse fragments, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Soils having a high proportion of non-expansive clays may be given a suitability rating one class better than is shownfor them in this table .

Thickness of material excluding topsoil, which will be stockpiled (see guide for topsoil) .

TABLE 20

Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons

Factors affecting the ability of undisturbed soils to impound water or sewage and prevent seepage are considered for evaluatingsoils on their suitability for reservoir and lagoon areas . This evaluation considers soil both as a vessel for the impoundedarea and as material for the enclosing embankment . As the impounded liquids could be potential sources of contaminationof nearby water supplies, e .g . sewage lagoons, the landscape position of the reservoir as it affects risk of flooding must alsobe considered .


Use Good - G

Degree

Fair - F

of Soil Suitability

Poor - P.

Very Poor - V

h Depth ~o Water >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 em <50 cmTable?

i Flooding3/ None None Subject to infrequent Subject to frequent highflooding (once in 50 level floodingyears)

k Soil Permeability 0-0 .5 cm/hr 0.5-5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t Slope 0-2X 2-5X 5-9x >9Zo Organic Matter <2X 2-lOX 10-30x >30X

c Coarse Fragments4/ <20X 20-35X >35x<25 cm in diameter,x by volume

p Stoniness-4-/, >25 cm <3% 3-15X 15-50X >50%diameter, percent (Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Claao 5)of surface area

d Depth to Bedrock-5/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmj Thickneoo of >100 cm 50-100 cm 50-25 cm <25 cm

Slowly PermeableLayer

a SubgradeUnified Soil GC, SC, CL, & CH GM, ML, SM & MH SW & SP OL, OH & PtClaoaeo GP,

1/ The oymbolo are uoad to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ If the floor of tho lagoon hao nearly impermeable material at least 50 cm thick, dioregard depth to water table .

3/ Disregard floodinII if it io not likely to enter or damage the lagoon (flood waters have low velocity and depth less than 150 cm) .4/ For an explanation of coaroe frageento and otonineos classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil

Survey Conmittoo, 1978) .

/ Surface exposures of non rippable rock are rated very poor . If 'underlying bedrock is impermeable, rating should be oneclass better .

TABLE 21

Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields

This guide applies to soils to be used an an absorption and filtering medium for effluent from septic tank systems . Asubsurface tile system laid in ouch a way that effluent from the septic tank is distributed reasonably uniformly into thenatural soil in asoumad when applying this guide . A rating of poor need not mean that a septic system should not beinstalled in the given soil, but rather, may suggest the difficulty, in terms of installation and maintenance, which canbe expected .

Sycboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability


k Permeability2/ Rapid to moder- Moderate Slow Very slowately rapid

Percolation Rata,-3-1 About 8-18 min/cm3/ 18-24 min/cm Slower than 24 min/cm(Auger holemethod)

h Depth to Se~qonal >150 ~/ 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmWater Tabl /e_

i Flooding Not subject to Not subject to flooding Subject to occasional Floods every yearflooding flooding (once in

5 years)

t Slope 0-9x 9-15X 15-30x >30Xd Depth to Hard >150 cm 100-150 cm-6/ 50-100 cm <50 cm

Rock, bedrock orother imperviousmaterials

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .The suitability ratings should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of the tile line .

4/

5/

6/

Soils having a percolation rate less than about 8 min/cm are likely to present a pollution hazard to adjacentwaters . This hazard must be noted, but the degree of hazard must, in each case, be assessed by examining theproximity of the proposed installation to water bodies, water table, and related features . The symbol g is used toindicate this condition . Refer to U .S . Dept . of Health, Education and Welfare (1969) for details o this proca ure .Seasonal cxano for more than one month . It may, with caution, be possible to make some adjustment for theseverity of a watnr table limitation in those cases where seasonal use of the facility does not coincide with theperiod of high water table .

A seasonal water table should be at least 100 cm below the bottom of the trench at all times for soilsrated Good (U.S . Dept : of Health, Education and Welfare, 1969) . The depths used to water table or* basedon an aoaumd tile depth of 50 cm . Where relief permits, the effective depth above a water tabln or rock can beincreased by adding appropriate amounts of fill .Where the slope is greater than 9%, a depth to bedrock of 100-150 cm is assessed an poor .

TABLE 22

Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for playgrounds for baseball, football, badminton, and for other similar

organized games . These areas are subject to intensive foot traffic . A nearly level surface, good drainage, and a soiltexture and consistence that gives a firm surface generally are required . The most desirable soils are free of rock outcrops

and coarse fragments .

Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, but

is an important iter to consider in the final evaluation of site .

Sysboll/ Items Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffecting

Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

w Wetness-2/ Rapidly, well and Moderately well Imperfectly drained Very poorly drained andmoderately well drained soils subject soils subject to permanently wet soils .drained soils with to occasional seepage seepage or ponding,no ponding or or ponding of short and poorly drainedseepage . Water duration and imperfectly soils . water tabletable below 75 cm drained soils . Water above 50 cm duringduring season table below 50 cm season of we .of we . during season of use .

1 Flooding None during seasonof use .

k Permeability Very rapid tomoderate .

t Slope 0-2x

d Depth to >100 cmBedrock

c Coarse fragmente Relatively free ofon aurfaca?/' coarse fragments .

P Stoniness?/ Stones >10 m apart .(Class 0 to 1)

r Rockiness?/ Rock exposures>100 m apart andcover <2x of thesurface .

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, LTexture?/+4/

q Depth to Sand >100 cmor Gravel-6/

m Useful Moisture-7/ Water storagecapacity!/ > 15 .0cm and/or adequaterainfall and/orlow evapotrans-piration .

Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m Rock outcrops tooapart and cover about apart and cover >lOX frequent to permit2-lOX of the surface . of the surface . playground location .

SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS SC, SiC, CS/ ; S, Si Peaty soils ; S and LSsubject to blowing .

50-100 cm

Water storage capacity8/7.5-15 cm and/or moderaterainfall and/or moderateevapotranspiration .

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

<50 cm

Water storage capacity8/<7 .5 cm and/or lowrainfall and/or highevapotranspiration .

?/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural cod soil drainage classes in the Manual for DescribingSoils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 197g) .Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles .

j/ Downgrade to a very poor suitability rating if the slope is greater than 5% .

~/ Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, surface wetness, dust, and maintenance .Adverse soil textures may be partially or completely overcome with the addition of topsoil .

5/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

6/ Depth to sand or gravel is considered a limitation in that levelling operations may expose sand or gravel, thereby

bringing about adverse surface textures and undesirable amounts of coarse fragments . The addition of topsoil

after the levelling process would overcome this limitation .

~/ This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supply

through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone . In soils where the water tableis within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence

vegetation growth .

Occasional flooding . Floods every year Prolonged floodingMay flood once every during season of during season of use .2-3 years during use .season of use .

Moderately slowand slow .

Very slow .

2-5x 5-9x >9x

50-100 cm3/

<20X coarse fragments .

<50 cm3/

>20X coarse fragments .

Stones 2-10 m apart . Stones 0 .1-2 m apart . Stones <0 .1 m apart .(Class 2) (Class 3, 4) (Class 5)

B/ Consult glossary for definitions o`_ terms used .

TABLE 23

Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas

This guide applies to soils considered for intensive use as park-type picnic areas. It is assumed that met vehicular trafficwill be confined to the access roads . Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, exceptas influenced by moisture, but is an ieportant item to consider in the final evaluation of site .

syeboll/ ItaeAffecting

age Good - G

v Watnesr/ Very rapidly,rapidly, welland moderatelywell drained soilsnot subject toseepage or ponding.Water table below50 ca duringseason of use.

Flooding None duringseason of use .

t Slope 0-92

s Surface Soil SL, lSL, VPSL, LTexture?/ 3/

c Coarse Tragments 0-20Xon Surface_2/

p Stonines s-2/ Stones >2 m apart(Class 0 to 2)

r Rockiness?/ .S/,b/ Rock exposuresroughly 30-100or more m apartand cover <102of the surface .

m Useful Moistur,7/ Water atoragecapacitye/ >15 cmand/or adequaterainfall and/orlow evapotrans-piration .

_1/2/


lair - ! Poor - P Very Poor - Y

Moderately wall drained Imperfectly drained Vary poorly drained andsoils subject to occasional soils subject to permanently vet soils .seepage or ponding and seepage or ponding.imperfectly drained soils Poorly drained soils .not subject to ponding or Water table aboveseepage . Water Table SO m and often nearabove 50 cm for short surface for a monthperiods during season or core duringof we . season of use.May flood 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 Prolonged floodingper year for short time during season during season of use .periods during season of use .of use .

9-15Z 15-302 >30Z

SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS, SC, SIC, C4/ ; Si Peaty soils ; loose sandand sand other than subject to blowing .loose sand .

20-50x >50X

Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0.1-1 m apart Stones <0 .1 a apart(Class 3) (Class 4) (Class :)

Rock exposures roughly Rock exposures < 10 m Rock exposures too10-30 a apart and apart and cover >25X frequent to permitcover 10-25x of of the surface . location of picnic areas .the surface .

Water storage capacity8/ Water storage capacitye/7.5-15 cm and/or moderate <7.5 cm and/or lowrainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or highevapotranapiration . evapotranspiration .

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for DescribingSoils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) . Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles .Some gravelly soils any be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 202 by only a small margin providing(a) the gravel is etbedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 ca in size .

_3/

_4/5/

6/

Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust and soil permeability .

Moderately well and wall drained SC, SIC and C soils my be rated fair .

Very shallow soils are rated as having severe or very severe limitations for stoniness or rockiness .

The nature and topography of the bedrock exposures say significantly alter these ratings . As such, on-site

investistations will be necessary in mp units containing bedrock when these are considered as possible sites .

7/This Iran attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supply

through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone . In soils where the water table is

within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity my not significantly influence

veRetation growth .8/ Consult glossary for definitions of term used .

TABLE 24

Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for tents and camp trailers and the accompanying activities of outdoorliving . It is assumed that little site preparation will be done other than shaping and levelling for campsites and parkingareas . The soil should be suitable for heavy foot traffic by humane and limited vehicular traffic . Soil suitability forgrowing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluationof site .

Back country campsites differ in design, setting and management but require similar soil attributes . These guides shouldapply to evaluations for back country campsites but depending on the nature of the facility the interpreter may wish to adjustthe criteria defining a given degree of limitation to reflect the changed requirement . For example, small tentaitea may allowrock exposures greater than 10 m apart to be considered a slight limitation .

Syeboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

w Wetnese?/ Very rapidly,rapidly, well andmoderately welldrained soilswith no seepageor ponding . Watertable below75 cm duringseason of use .

i Flooding None

k Permeability Very rapid tomoderate inclusive .

t Slope 0-9xs Surface Soi} SL, FSL, VFSL, L

Texture?/,3'

c Coarse Fra e ~s 0-20x~ son Surface_ _

P Stoniness?/,6/ Stones >10 m apart(Class 0 and 1)

r Rockinesa?/+6/ No rock exposures


Fair - F

Moderately well drainedsoils subject tooccasional seepage orponding and imperfectlydrained soils with noseepage or ponding.Water table below50 cm during seasonof use .

Very occasional floodingduring season of use .Once in 5-10 years .

Moderately slowand slow .

9-15X

Poor - P

Imperfectly drainedsoils subject toseepage or pondingand poorly drainedsoils . Water tableabove 50 cm duringseason of we .

Occasional floodingduring season of use.Once in 2-4 years .

Very slow .

15-30x

Very Poor - V

Very poorly drainedand permanently vat soils .

Flooding during everyseason of use .

>30xSiL, SCL, CL, SiCL, LS, SC, SIC, G4/ ; Si Peaty soils ; loose sandand sand other than subject to blowing .loose sand .

20-50X >50x

Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0 .1-2 m apart Stones < 0.1 m apart(Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)Rock exposures >10 m Rock exposures <10 m Rock exposures tooapart and cover <25X apart and cover >25X frequent to permitof the area . of the area . campground location .

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .?/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for

Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/ Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust, and soil permeability .4/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SIC and C soils may be rated fair .5/ Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having slight

limitations if the content of gravel exceeds 202 by only a small margin, providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or(b) the fragments are leas than 2 cm in size .

6/ Very shallow soils are rated as having a limitation for rockiness and/or stoniness .

TABLE 25

Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails

It is assumed that the trails will be built at least 45 cm vide and that obstructions such as cobbles and atones will be removedduring construction . It is also assucid that a dry, stable tread is desirable and that muddy, dusty; worn or eroded trail treadsare undesirable . Hiking and riding trails are not treated separately, but as the design requirements for riding trails are morestringent, a given limitation will be more difficult to overcome . Poor or very poor suitability does not indicate that a trailcannot or should not be built. It does, however, suggest higher design requirements and maintenance to overcome the limitations .

Syeboll/ IteW2/Affecting

Use Good - G

s Textur,3/~.~/ SL, FSL, VFSL, LS,L

c Coarse ;;aQqant 0-20XConten 't

p Stoninesa4/ Stones >2 m apart(Class 0 to 2)

v Wetnesa4/ Very rapidly,rapidly well, andmoderately welldrained soils .Water table below50 cm duringseason of use .

r lockiness4/j/ Rock exposures>30 m apart andcover <lOX of thesurface .

t Slope-8/ 0-15X

i Flooding Not subject toflooding duringseason of use .

Degree of Soil Suitability--

Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

S1L, CL, S1CL, SCL SC, Sic, CS/ ; Sand, peaty soils ; loose sandSi subject to blowing

20-50X >SOX

Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0.1-1 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart(Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

Moderately well drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently vat soils .soils subject to drained soils . Wateroccasional seepage and table above 50 cm andponding and imperfectly often near surface fordrained soils . Water a month or more duringtable may be above season of use .50 cm for short periodsduring season of use .

Rock exposures 10-30 m Rock exposures <10 mapart and cover 10-25X apart and cover >25Xof the surface. of the surface.

Rock exposures toofrequent to permitlocation of paths and trails .

15-302 30-602 >602

Floods 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2during season of use. times during season

of use .


Subject to prolongedflooding duringseason of use .

The items affecting use listed in this table are those which have been shown to cause significant differencesin trail response . Elevation, aspect, position on elope, and snow avalanching may have slight affects or influencetrail management and should be considered in the final site evaluation . Items such as vegetation, fauna, andscenic value are not considered in the guidelines (Epp, 1977) .

3/ Texture refers to the soil texture which will form the tread texture. This is the surface texture on level areasbut may be a subsurface texture on alopea . Textural classes are based on the less than 2 mm soil fraction . Textureinfluences soil ratings u it influences foot trafficability, dust, design or maintenance of trails, and erosion hazards .

See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Moderately well and well drained SC, SIC and C soils may be rated fair .

6/ Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles . Gravels tend to cause unstable footing whenpresent in high amounts, and are also associated with increased erosion . Cobbles (and stones) must be removed from thetrail tread, increasing construction and maintenance difficulties . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slightlimitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20% by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soilmatrix or (b) the fragpents are less than 2 cm in size .

The type of rock outcrop (flat lying vs cliffs), and the orientation of the structure (linear cliffs vs massive blocks) cangreatly alter the degree of the limitation . Each site with a Rockiness limitation based on the percent rock outcrop aboveshould be evaluated on its own merits and the degree of limitation should then be modified appropriately if necessary .

8/ Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the elope of the tread .

Appendix C

GLOSSARY

AASHO classification (soil engineer-ing) - The official classifica-tion of soil materials and soilaggregate mixtures for highwayconstruction used by the AmericanAssociation of State HighwayOfficials .

Acid soil - A soil having a pH lessthan 7 . See pH and Reaction,soil .

soil that can be readily absorbedand assimilated by growingplants .

Available soil moisture - The portionof water in a soil that can bereadily absorbed by plant roots :generally considered to be thatwater held in the soil up toapproximately 15 atmospherespressure .

Alkaline soil - A soil having a pHgreater than 7 . See Reaction,soil .

Alluvium - A general term for alldeposits of rivers and streams .

Arable soil - Soil suitable for plow-ing and cultivation .

Association - A sequence of soils ofabout the same age, derived fromsimilar parent material, andoccuring under similar climaticconditions but showing differentcharacteristics due to variationsin relief and in drainage .

1 /3 Atmosphere Moisture - The mois-ture percentage on dry weightbasis of a soil sample that hasbeen air dried, screened, satu-rated and subjected to a soilmoisture tension of 345 cm ofwater through a permeable mem-brane for a period of 48 hours .It approximates the soil moistureretention capacity .

Available nutrient - That portion ofany element or compound in the

Bearing capacity - Capacity of soil(in moist to wet conditions) tosupport loads such as buildings,people, vehicles, and animals .

Bedrock - The solid rock that under-lies soil and regolith or that isexposed at the surface .

Boulders - Stones which are largerthan 60 cm in diameter .

Bulk density - The weight of oven drysoil (105 degrees C) divided byits volume at field moisture con-ditions, expressed in grams percubic centimeter .

Buried soil - Soil covered by analluvial, loessial, or otherdeposit, usually to a depthgreater than the thickness of thesolum .

Calcareous soil - Soil containingsufficient calcium carbonate(often with magnesium carbonate)to effervesce visibly when treat-ed with hydrochloric acid .

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Calcium Carbonate Equivalent - Refers of 6, and a chroma of 4 .to the percent of carbonates inthe soil expressed on the basis complex ( soil ) - A mapping unit usedof calcium carbonate . Terms used in detailed and reconnaissanceto express the carbonate contents soil surveys where two or moreof soils are : soil series that are so intimate-

noncalcareous . . . . . . .<1 ;weakly calcareous . . . . 1-50moderately calcareous . .6-150strongly calcareous . . 16-25%v . strongly calcareous . 26-400extremely calcareous . . . >400

ly intermixed in an area that itis impractical to separate themat the scale of mapping used .

Concretions - Hard grains, pellets ornodules from concentration ofcompounds in the soil that cementsoil grains together .

Capillary fringe - A zone of essen-tially saturated soil just abovethe water table . The size dis-tribution of the pores determinesthe extent and degree of thecapillary fringe .

Carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) -The ratio of the weight of organ-ic carbon to the weight of totalnitrogen in a soil or in anorganic material .

Cation Exchange Capacity (_CEC) - Ameasure of the total amount ofexchangeable cations that can beheld by a soil . Expressed inmilliequivalents per 100g ofsoil .

Clay - As a soil separate, the miner-al soil particles less than 0 .002mm in diameter : usually consist-ing largely of clay minerals . Asa soil textural class, soilmaterials that contain 40 or morepercent clay, less than 45 per-cent sand and less than 40 per-cent silt .

Cobbles - Rock fragments 8 to 25 cmin diameter .

Color - Soil colors are compared witha Munsell color chart . The Mun-sell system specifies the rela-tive degrees of the three simplevariables of color : hue, valueand chroma . For example : 10YR6/4 means a hue of 10YR, a value

Conductivity , electrical - A physicalquantity that measures the readi-ness with which a medium (irriga-tion water and soil extracts)transmits electricity . Itexpresses the concentration ofsalt in terms of the conductance(reciprocal of the electricresistance in ohms) in millisie-mens per cm .

Consistence ( soil ) - The mutualattraction of the particles in asoil mass, or their resistance toseparation or deformation . It isdescribed in terms such as loose,soft, friable, firm, hard,sticky, plastic or cemented .

Consumptive use factor (CU) - Theratio of consumptive use of waterby a crop to potential evapotran-spiration . and transpiration .An actively growing crop thatcompletely covers the soil over alarge area and that has an amplesupply of readily available soilwater has a consumptive use fac-tor of 1 .0 .

Consumptive _use _of water - The sum ofthe depths of water transpired bythe plants and evaporated fromthe soil surface and from inter-cepted precipitation . It may beless or greater than potentialevapotranspiration .

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Contouringthe

Cover -of

1 .

- An imaginary line connect-points of equal elevation onsurface of the soil .

This term generally has onethe following meanings :

Vegetation or other material

or low depending on how readilythe soil structure breaks down orslakes because of excess mois-ture . A rating of high indicatesthat soil aggregates slake readi-ly ; a rating of low indicatesthat aggregates are resistant todispersion and remain clumped

providing protection together .

2 . In forestry, low growing Drainage ( soil ) - (1) The rapidityshrubs and herbaceous plants and extent of the removal ofunder trees (i .e ., ground water from the soil by runoff andcover vs . tree cover) flow through the soil to under-

ground spaces . (2) As a condi-3 . Any vegetation producing a tion of the soil, it refers to

protective mat on or justabove the soil surface .

Creep ( soil ) - Slow mass movement ofsoil and soil material down rath-er steep slopes primarily underthe influence of gravity, butaided by saturation with waterand by alternate freezing andthawing .

Decile portion - A one-tenth portion .As used in the soil map symbolA7-B3 means that the A soils cov-er seven tenths and the B soilscover three tenths of the mapunit .

Delta - A fluvial or glaciofluvialfan shaped deposit at the mouthof a river that empties into alake or sea .

Deflocculate - To separate or tobreak up soil aggregates intoindividual particles by chemicalor physical means or both .

Degradation (of soils ) - The changingof a soil to a more highlyleached and more highly weatheredcondition, usually accompanied bymorphological changes such as thedevelopment of an eluviated lightcolored (Ae) horizon .

Dispersion - Is rated high, moderate

the frequency and duration ofperiods when the soil is free ofsaturation .

Drainage in soil reports isdescribed on the basis of actualmoisture content in excess offield capacity and length of thesaturation period within theplant root zone . The terms areas follows :

Very rapidly drained - Water isremoved from the soil very rapid-ly in relation to supply . Excesswater flows downward very rapidlyif underlying material is pervi-ous . There may be very rapidsubsurface flow during heavyrainfall provided there is asteep gradient . Soils have verylow available water storagecapacity (usually less than 2 .5cm) within the control sectionand are usually coarse in tex-ture, or shallow, or both . Watersource is precipitation .

Rapidly drained - Water isremoved from the soil rapidly inrelation to supply . Excess waterflows downward if underlyingmaterial is pervious . Subsurfaceflow may occur on steep gradientsduring heavy rainfall . Soilshave low available water storagecapacity (2 .5-4 cm) within the

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control section, and are usuallycoarse in texture, or shallow, orboth . Water source is precipita-tion .

Well drained - Water is removedfrom the soil readily but notrapidly . Excess water flowsdownward readily into underlyingpervious material or laterally assubsurface flow . Soils haveintermediate available waterstorage capacity (4-5 cm) withinthe control section, and are gen-erally intermediate in textureand depth . Water source is pre-cipitation . On slopes subsurfaceflow may occur for short dura-tions but additions are equaledby losses . These soils are usu-ally free of mottles within 100cm of the surface but may be mot-tled below this depth . Soilhorizons are usually bright col-ored .

Moderately well drained - Wateris removed from the soil somewhatslowly in relation to supply .Excess water is removed somewhatslowly due to low perviousness,shallow water table, lack of gra-dient, or some combination ofthese . Soils have intermediateto high water storage capacity(5-6cm) within the control sec-tion and are usually medium tofine in texture . Soils are com-monly mottled in the 50 to 100 cmdepth . Colors are dull brown inthe subsoil with stains and mot-tles .

Imperfectly drained - Water isremoved from the soil sufficient-ly slowly in relation to supplyto keep the soil wet for a sig-nificant part of the growing sea-son . Excess water moves slowlydownward if precipitation ismajor supply . If subsurfacewater or groundwater, or both, isthe main source, flow rate may

vary but the soil remains wet fora significant part of the growingseason . Precipitation is themain source if available waterstorage capacity is high ; contri-bution by subsurface flow orgroundwater flow, or both,increases as available waterstorage capacity decreases .Soils have a wide range in avail-able water supply, texture, anddepth, and are gleyed phases ofwell drained subgroups . Thesesoils generally have mottlingbelow the surface layers and gen-erally have duller colors withdepth, generally brownish graywith mottles of yellow and gray .

Poorly drained - Water is removedso slowly in relation to supplythat the soil remains wet for acomparatively large part of thetime the soil is not frozen .Excess water is evident in thesoil for a large part of thetime . Subsurface flow or ground-water flow, or both, in additionto precipitation are main watersources ; there may also be aperched water table, with precip-itation exceeding evapotranspira-tion . Poorly drained soils havea wide range in available waterstorage capacity, texture, anddepth, and are gleyed subgroups,Gleysols, and Organic soils .

Very poorly drained - Water isremoved from the soil so slowlythat the water table remains ator on the surface for the greaterpart of the time the soil is notfrozen . Excess water is presentin the soil for the greater partof the time . Groundwater flowand subsurface flow are majorwater sources . Precipitation isless important except where thereis a perched water table withprecipitation exceeding evapo-transpiration . These soils havea wide range in available water

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storage capacity, texture, anddepth, and are either Gleysolicor organic .

Dryland farming - The practice ofcrop production in low rainfallareas without irrigation .

Eluvial horizon - A horizon fromwhich material has been removedin solution or in water suspen-sion .

Eolian - Soil material accumulatedthrough wind action .

Erosion - The wearing away of theland surface by detachment andtransport of soil and rockmaterial through the action ofmoving water, wind or other geo-logical processes . The ratingsof erosion are :

Erosion 1 slightly eroded -soil with a suffi-cient amount of the Ahorizon removed thatordinary tillage willbring up and mix theB horizon or otherlower lying horizonswith surface soil inthe plow layer .

Erosion 2 moderately eroded -soil with all of theA horizon and a partof the B or otherlower lying horizonsremoved . The plowlayer consists mainlyof the original hori-zons below the A orbelow the originalplow layer .

Erosion 3 severely eroded -soils have practical-ly all of the origi-nal surface soilremoved . The plowlayer consists mainly

of C horizon materi-al, especially onknolls and steepupper slope posi-tions .

Evapotranspiration - The combinedloss of water from a given area,and during a specific period oftime, by evaporation from thesoil surface and transpirationfrom plants .

Field Moisture Equivalent - The mini-mum moisture content at which adrop of water placed on asmoothed surface of the soil willnot be absorbed immediately bythe soil, but will spread outover the surface and give it ashiny appearance .

Flood lain - The land bordering astream, built up of sedimentsfrom overflow of the stream andsubject to innundation when thestream is at flood stage .

Fluvial deposits - All sediments pastand present, deposited by flowingwater, including glaciofluvialdeposits .

Frost heave - The raising of the sur-face caused by ice in the sub-soil .

Friable - Soil aggregates that aresoft and easily crushed betweenthumb and forefinger .

Glaciofluvial deposits - Materialmoved by glaciers and subsequent-ly sorted and deposited bystreams flowing from the meltingice . These deposits are strati-fied and may occur in the form ofoutwash plains, deltas, kames,eskers and kame terraces .

Gleyed soil - An imperfectly or poor-ly drained soil in which thematerial has been modified by

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reduction or alternating reduc-tion and oxidation . These soilshave lower chromas or more promi-nent mottling or both in somehorizons than the associatedwell-drained soil .

Glevsolic - An order of soils devel-oped under wet conditions andpermanent or periodic reduction .These soils have low chromas orprominent mottling or both, insome horizons .

Gravel - Rock fragments 2 mm to 7 .5cm in diameter .

Ground Moraine - An unsorted mixtureof rocks, boulders, sand, siltand clay deposited by glacialice . The predominant material istill ; most till is thought tohave accumulated under the ice bylodgment, but some till has beenlet down from the upper surfaceof the ice by ablation . Resort-ing and modification may havetaken place to some extent bywave-action of glacial meltwaters . The topography is mostcommonly in the form of undulat-ing plains with gently slopinghills and enclosed depressions .

Groundwater - Water beneath the soilsurface, usually under conditionswhere the voids are completelyfilled with water (saturation) .

Halophytic vegetation - vegetationthat grows naturally in soilshaving a high content of varioussalts . It usually has fleshyleaves or thorns and resemblesdesert vegetation .

Horizon ( soil ) - A layer in the soilprofile approximately parallel tothe land surface with more orless well-defined characteristicsthat have been produced throughthe operation of soil formingprocesses .

Horizon boundary - The lower boundaryof each horizon is described byindicating its distinctness andform . The distinctness dependson the abruptness of verticalchange (thickness) . The formrefers to the variation of theboundary plane .

Distinctness -abrupt - less than 2 cmclear - 2 to 5 cmgradual - 5 to 15 cmdiffuse - more than 15 cm

Form -smooth - nearly plainwavy - pockets are wider thandeepirregular - pockets are deeperthan widebroken - parts of the horizon areunconnected with other parts

Humic layer - A layer of highlydecomposed organic soil materialcontaining little fibre .

Hydraulic Conductivity - Refers tothe effective flow velocity ordischarge velocity in soil atunit hydraulic gradient . It isan approximation of the perme-ability of the soil and isexpressed in cm per hour . Theclasses are described in generalor specific terms as :

High >15 Very rapid >50Rapid 15-50

Medium 0 .5-15 Mod . rapid 5 .0-15Moderate 1 .5-5 .0Mod . slow 0 .5-1 .5

Low <0 .5 Slow 0 .15-0 .5Veryslow 0 .015-0 .15Extremelyslow < .015

Hydrologic cycle - The conditionsthrough which water naturallypasses from the time of precipi-tation until it is returned to

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the atmosphere by evaporation andis again ready to be precipitat-ed .

Hvdrophyte - Plants growing in wateror dependent upon wet or saturat-ed soil conditions for growth .

Illuvial horizon - A soil horizon inwhich material carried from anoverlying layer has been precipi-tated from solution or depositedfrom suspension . The layer ofaccumulation .

Impeded drainage - A condition thathinders the movement of water bygravity through the soils .

Inclusion -.Soil type found within amapping unit that is not exten-sive enough to be mapped sepa-rately or as part of a complex .

Infiltration - The downward entry ofwater into the soil

Irrigation - The artificial applica-tion of water to the soil for thebenefit of growing crops .

Irrigation requirement (_IR) - Refersto the amount of water exclusiveof effective precipitation thatis required for crop production .

Lacustrine deposits - Material depos-ited by or settled out of lakewaters and exposed by lowering ofthe water levels or elevation ofthe land . These sediments rangein texture from sand to clay andare usually varved (layered annu-al deposits) .

Landforms - See Description of Land-forms

Landscape - All the natural featuressuch as fields, hills, forest,water, etc ., which distinquishone part of the earth's surfacefrom another part .

Leaching - The removal from the soilof materials in solution .

Li uid limit (upper plastic limit ) -The water content correspondingto an arbitrary limit between theliquid and plastic states of con-sistency of a soil . The watercontent at this boundary isdefined as that at which a pat ofsoil cut by a groove of standarddimensions will flow together fora distance of 1 .25 'cm under theimpact of 25 blows in a standardliquid limit apparatus .

Lineal shrinkage - This is thedecrease in one dimensionexpressed as a percentage of theoriginal dimension of the soilmass when the moisture content isreduced from a stipulated per-centage (usually field moistureequivalent) to the shrinkage lim-it .

Mapping Unit - Any delineated areashown on a soil map that is iden-tified by a symbol . A mappingunit may be a soil unit, a mis-cellaneous land type, or a soilcomplex .

Marsh - Periodically flooded or con-tinually wet areas having thesurface not deeply submerged . Itis covered dominantly with sedg-es, cattails, rushes or otherhydrophytic plants .

Mature soil - A soil having well-de-veloped soil horizons produced bythe natural processes of soilformation .

Mesophyte - Plants requiring interme-diate moisture conditions and arenot very resistant to drought .

Microrelief - Small-scale, local dif-ferences in relief includingmounds, swales or hollows .

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Millieauivalent (me) - One-thousandthof an equivalent . An equivalentis the weight in grams of an ionor compound that combines with orreplaces one gram of hydrogen .The atomic or formula weightdivided by valence .

Mottles - Irregularly marked spots orstreaks, usually yellow or orangebut sometimes blue . They aredescribed in order of abundance(few, common, many), size (fine,medium, coarse) and contrast(faint, distinct, prominent) .Mottles in soils indicate pooraeration and lack of good drain-age .

Organic carbon - Carbon derived fromplant and animal residues .

Organic matter - The fraction of thesoil which consists of plant andanimal residues at various stagesof decomposition, cells and tis-sues of soil organisms and subs-tances synthesized by the soilpopulation . It is determined onsoils that have been sievedthrough a 2 .0 mm sieve . It isestimated by multiplying theorganic carbon by a factor of1 .72 .

Outwash - Sediments "washed out"beyond the glacier by flowingwater and laid down in thin bedsor strata . Particle size mayrange from boulders to silt .

Ovendry soil - Soil that has beendried at 105 degrees C until ithas reached constant weight .

Parent material - The unaltered oressentially unaltered mineral ororganic material from which thesoil profile develops by pedogen-ic processes .

Particle size , soil - The grain sizedistribution of the whole soil

including the coarse fraction .It differs from texture, whichrefers to the fine earth (lessthan 2mm) fraction only . Inaddition, textural classes areusually assigned to specifichorizons whereas soil family par-ticle-size classes indicate acomposite particle size of a partof the control section that mayinclude several horizons . SeeTextural Triangle at end of Glos-sary .

The particle-size classes forfamily groupings are as follows :

Fragmental Stones, cobbles andgravel, with too little fineearth to fill interstices largerthan 1 mm .

Sandy-skeletal Particles coarserthan 2 mm occupy 350 or more byvolume with enough fine earth tofill interstices larger than 1mm ; the fraction finer than 2 mmis that defined for the sandyparticle-size class .

Loamy-skeletal Particles 2 mm-25cm occupy 350 or more by volumewith enough fine earth to fillinterstices larger than 1 mm ; thefraction finer than 2 mm is thatdefined for the loamy particle-size class .

Clayey-skeletal Particles 2 mm-25cm occupy 350 or more by volumewith enough fine earth to fillinterstices larger than 1 mm ; thefraction finer than 2 mm is thatdefinedsize cl

for the clayey partass .

icle-

Sandy The texture of the fineearth includes sands and loamysands, exclusive of loamy veryfine sand and very fine sand tex-tures ; particles 2 mm- 25 cmoccupy less than 35% by volume .

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Loamy The texture of the fineearth includes loamy very finesand, very fine sand, and finertextures with less than 35% clay ;particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy lessthan 35% by volume .

Coarse -loamy . A loamy particlesize that has 150 or more byweight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm)or coarser particles, includingfragments up to 7 .5 cm, and hasless than 18% clay in the fineearth fraction .

Fine-loamy . A loamy particlesize that has 150 or more byweight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm)or coarser particles, includingfragments up to 7 .5 cm, and has18-35o clay in the fine earthfraction .

Coarse - silty . A loamy particlesize that has less than 150 offine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm) or coar-ser particles, including frag-ments up to 7 .5 cm, and has lessthan 18% clay in the fine earthfraction .

Fine- silty . A loamy particlesize that has less than 150 offine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm) or coar-ser particles, including frag-ments up to 7 .5 cm, and has18-35o clay in the fine earthfraction .

Clayey . The fine earth contains350 or more clay by weight andparticles 2mm-25 cm occupy lessthan 35% by volume .

Fine -clayey . A clayey particlesize that has 35-60o clay in thefine earth fraction .

Very - fine -clayey . A clayey par-ticle size that has 600 or moreclay in the fine earth fraction .

Ped - An individual soil aggregate

such as granule, prism or blockformed by natural processes (incontrast with a clod which isformed artificially) .

Pedology - Those aspects of soil sci-ence involving constitution, dis-tribution, genesis and classifi-cation of soils .

Percolation - The downward movementof water through soil ; specifi-cally, the downward flow of waterin saturated or nearly saturatedsoil at hydraulic gradients of1 .0 or less .

Permafrost -

1 . Perennially frozen materialunderlying the solum .

2 . A perennially frozen soilhorizon .

Permafrost table - The upper boundaryof permafrost, usually coincidentwith the lower limit of seasonalthaw (active layer) .

Permeability - The ease with whichwater and air pass through thesoil to all parts of the profile .See hydraulic conductivity .

pH - The intensity of acidity andalkalinity, expressed as the neg-ative logarithm of the hydrogenion concentration . A pH of 7 isneutral, lower values indicateacidity and higher values alka-linity (see Reaction, soil) .

Phase , soil - A soil phase is used tocharacterize soil and landscapeproperties that are not used ascriteria in soil taxonomy . Themajor phase differentiae are :slope, erosion, deposition, sto-niness, texture, salinity, andcalcareousness .

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Plastic Limit - The water contentcorresponding to an arbitrarylimit between the plastic and thesemisolid states of consistencyof a soil .

Plasticity Index - The numerical dif-ference between the liquid andthe plastic limit . The plastici-ty index gives the range of mois-ture contents within which a soilexhibits plastic properties .

Potential evapotranspiration (_PE) -The maximum quantity of watercapable of being lost as watervapor, in a given climate, by acontinuous stretch of vegetationcovering the whole ground andwell supplied with water .

Profile , soil - A vertical section ofthe soil through all its horizonsand extending into the parentmaterial .

Reaction , soil - The acidity or alka-linity of a soil . Soil reactionclasses are characterized as fol-lows :

extremely acid pH <4 .5very strongly acid 4 .5 to 5 .0strongly acid 5 .1 to 5 .5medium acid 5 .6 to 6 .0slightly acid 6 .1 to 6 .5neutral 6.6 to 7 .3mildly alkaline 7 .4 to 7 .8mod . alkaline 7 .9 to 8 .4strongly alkaline 8.5 to 9 .0very stronglyalkaline >9 .0

Reaolith - The unconsolidated mantleof weathered rock and soilmaterial on the earth's surface .

Relief - The elevation of inequali-ties of the land surface whenconsidered collectively .

Runoff - The portion of the totalprecipitation on an area thatflows away through stream chan-

nels . Surface runoff does notenter the soil . Groundwaterrunoff or seepage flow fromgroundwater enters the soilbefore reaching the stream .

Saline Soil - A nonalkali soil con-taining soluble salts in suchquantities that they interferewith the growth of most cropplants . The conductivity of thesaturation extract is greaterthan 4 millisiemens/cm (ms/cm),the exchangeable-sodium percent-age is less than 15, and the pHis usually less than 8 .5 .Approximate limits of salinityclasses are :

non-saline 0 to 4 ms/cmweakly saline 4 to 8 mS/cmmod . saline 8 to 15 ms/cmstrongly saline >15 ms/cm

Salinization - The process of accumu-lation of salts in the soil .

Salt -Affected Soil - Soil that hasbeen adversely modified for thegrowth of most crop plants by thepresence of certain types ofexchangeable ions or of solublesalts . It includes soils havingan excess of salts, or an excessof exchangeable sodium or both .

Sand - A soil particle between 0 .05and 2 .0 mm in diameter . The tex-tural class name for any soilcontaining 85 percent or more ofsand and not more than 10 percentof clay .

Saturation Percentage - The moisturepercentage of a saturated soilpaste, expressed on an oven dryweight basis .

Seepage -

1 . The escape of water downwardthrough the soil .

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2 . The emergence of water fromthe soil along an extensiveline of surface in contrastto a spring where wateremerges from a local spot .

Series , soil - A category in the Can-adian System of Soil Classifica-tion . It consists of soils thathave soil horizons similar intheir differentiating character-istics and arrangement in theprofile, except for surface tex-ture and are formed from a par-ticular type of parent material .

Shrinkage limit - This is the mois-ture content at which an equilib-rium condition of volume changeis reached and further reductionin moisture content will notcause a decrease in the volume ofthe soil mass .

Shrinkage ratio - This is the ratiobetween the volume change and acorresponding change in moisturecontent . It equals the apparentspecific gravity of the driedsoil .

Silt - (a) Individual mineral parti-cles of soil that range in diame-ter between 0 .05 to .002 mm . (b)Soil of the textural class siltcontains greater than 80 percentsilt and less than 12 percentclay .

Slickenside - Smoothed surfaces alongplanes of weakness resulting fromthe movement of one mass of soilagainst another in soils dominat-ed by swelling clays .

Sodium-Adsorption Ratio (S .A .R .) - Aratio for soil extracts and irri-gation waters used to express therelative activity of sodium ionsin exchange reactions with othercations in 'the soil SAR =Na/((Ca+Mg)/2)1/2 where thecation concentrations areexpressed as milliequivalents per

litre .

Soil - The unconsolidated mineralmaterial on the immediate surfaceof the earth that serves as anatural medium for the growth ofland plants . Soil has been sub-jected to and influenced bygenetic and environmental factorsof : parent material, climate(including moisture and tempera-ture effects), macro- and micro-organisms, and topography, allacting over a period of time .

Solum - The upper horizons of a soilabove the parent material and inwhich the processes of soil for-mation are active . It usuallycomprises the A and B horizons .

Stones - Rock fragments greater than25 cm in diameter .

Stoniness - The percentage of landsurface occupied by stones . Theclasses of stoniness are definedas follows :

Stones 0 . Nonstony -- Land havingless than 0 .010 of surface occu-pied by stones .

Stones _1 . Slightly stony -- Landhaving 0 .01-0 .1a of surface occu-pied by stones . Stones 15-30 cmin diameter, 10-30 m apart . Thestones offer only slight to nohindrance to cultivation .

Stones _2 . Moderately stony --Land having 0 .1-3% of surfaceoccupied by stones . Stones 15-30cm in diameter, 2-10 m apart .Stones cause some interferencewith cultivation .

Stones _3 . Very stony -- Land hav-ing 3-150 of surface occupied bystones . Stones 15-30 cm in diam-eter, 1-2 m apart . There aresufficient stones to constitute aserious handicap to cultivation .

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Stones 4_. Exceedingly stony --Land having 15-500 of surfaceoccupied by stones . Stones 15-30cm in diameter, 0 .7-1 .5 m apart .There are sufficient stones toprevent cultivation until consid-erable clearing has been done .

Stones 5 . Excessively stony --Land having more than 500 of sur-face occupied by stones . Stones15-30 cm in diameter, less than0.7 m apart . The land is toostony to permit cultivation .

Storage Capacity - Refers to the max-imum amount of readily availablewater that can be stored withinthe rooting zone of a crop in agiven soil . For practical irri-gation purposes, 50 percent ofthe total soil water betweenfield capacity and wilting pointmay be considered as readily.available .

Stratified materials - Unconsolidatedsand, silt and clay arranged instrata or layers . In stratifiedmaterials, a bed is a unit layerdistinctly separable from otherlayers and is one or more cmthick but a lamina is a similarlayer less than 1 cm thick .

Structure - The combination orarrangement of primary soil par-ticles into aggregates of secon-dary soil particles, units orpeds, which are separated fromeach other by surfaces of weak-ness . Structure is expressed interms of rg ade , size class andshape type . Grade refers to thedistinctness of aggregate devel-opment, and is described asstructureless, weak, moderate orstrong . Structureless refers tothe absence of observable aggre-gation of definite orderlyarrangement ; the term amorphousis used if soil is massive or

coherent, single-grained if non-coherent . The weak to strongaggregates vary in size and aredescribed by class as fine, medi-um, coarse, and very coarsedepending on the shape types .The shape types refers to thedominant configuration of theaggregates and the way they areaccommodated. The general shapetypes are plate-like, block-likeand prism-like . The terms are :

Platy - Having thin, plate-likeaggregates with faces mostly hor-izontal

Prismatic - Having prism-likeaggregates with tops and edges,appear plane, level and somewhatangular .

Columnar - Having prism-likeaggregates with vertical edgesnear the top of columns, notsharp .

Granular - Having block-likeaggregates that appear as spher-oids or polyhedrons having planeor curved surfaces which haveslight or no accommodation to thefaces of the surrounding peds .

Blocky - Having block-likeaggregates with sharp, angularcorners

Subangular blocky - Havingblock-like aggregates with round-ed and flattened faces and round-ed corners .

By convention an aggregate isdescribed in the order of grade,class and type, e .g . strong,medium, blocky . In the parentmaterial of soils the materialwith structural shapes may bedesignated as pseudo-blocky,pseudo-platy, etc .

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Soil Survey - The systematic examina-tion, description, classifica-tion, and mapping of soil in anarea .

Sulfate Hazard - Refers to the rela-tive degree of attack on concreteby soil and water containing var-ious amounts of sulfate ions . Itis estimated from electrolytemeasurements and salt analysis onselected profiles and soil sam-ples, and by visual examinationof free gypsum within the profileduring the course of soil inves-tigation .

Swam - See Description of Landforms

Texture , soil - The relative propor-tions of the fine earth (lessthan 2 mm .) fraction of a soil .Textural classes are usuallyassigned to specific horizonswhereas family particle sizeclasses indicate a composite par-ticle size of a portion of thecontrol section that may includeseveral horizons . See TextureTriangle at end of Glossary .

The size range of the constit-uent primary particles are asfollows :

Diameter (mm)Very coarse sand . . . .2 .0-1 .0Coarse sand . . . . . .1 .0-0 .5Medium sand . . . . . 0 .5-0 .25Fine sand . . . . .0 .25-0 .10Very fine sand . . . .0 .10-0 .05Silt . . . . . . . . 0 .05-0 .002Clay . . . . . . . . .< 0 .002Fine clay . . . . . . < 0 .0002

Till , glacial - Unstratified glacialdeposits consisting of clay,sand, gravel, and boulders inter-mingled in any proportion .

Tilth - The physical condition ofsoil as related to its ease oftillage, fitness as a seedbed,and its impedance to seedlingemergency and root penetration .

Topography - Refers to the percentslope and the pattern or frequen-cy of slopes in different direc-tions . A set of 10 slope classesare used to denote the dominantbut not necessarily most abundantslopes within a mapping unit .

Slope SlopeClass Name

Percentslope

Approx .degrees

1 level 0-0.5 02 nearly level .5-2 .5 .3-1 .53 very gentle 2-5 1-34 gentle 6-9 3.5-55 moderate 10-15 6-8 .56 strong 16-30 9-177 very strong 31-45 17-248 extreme 46-70 25-359 steep 71-100 35-4510 very steep >100 >45

Underground runoff - (or seep-age)-Water flowing towards streamchannels after infiltration intothe ground .

Unified Soil Classification System(engineering) - A classificationsystem based on the identifica-tion of soils according to theirparticle size, gradation, plas-ticity index and liquid limit .

Urban Land - Areas so altered orobstructed by urban works orstructures that identification ofsoils is not feasible .

Variant , soil - A soil whose proper-ties are believed to be suffi-ciently different from otherknown soils to justify a newseries name, but comprising sucha limited geographic area thatcreation of a new series is notjustified .

Varve - A distinct band representingthe annual deposit in sedimentarymaterials regardless of originand usually consisting of twolayers, one thick light coloredlayer of silt and fine sand laid

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down in the spring and summer,and the other a thin, dark col-ored layer of clay laid down inthe fall and winter .

Water balance , soil - is the dailyamount of readily available waterretained by the soil . The dailysoil-water balance is decreasedby the amount that the daily con-sumptive use exceeds the dailyrainfall . When daily rainfallexceeds the consumptive use, thedaily balance increases by theamount of the difference unlessthe soil-water balance is atstorage capacity, in which casethe excess is assumed to be lostby runoff or deep percolation .

free water surface ; groundwaterelevation) Elevation at which thepressure in the water is zerowith respect to the atmosphericpressure .

Water-holding capacity - The abilityof a soil to hold water againstthe force of gravity in a freelydrained soil .

Weathering - The physical and chemi-cal disintegration, alterationand decomposition of rocks andminerals at or near the earth'ssurface by atmospheric agents .

Xerophyte - Plants capable of surviv-ing extended periods of soildrought .

Water table - (groundwater surface ;

too

QU

ZWU

w

loo

90

80

70

60

50

90

80

70

60

50

a 30

40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100PER CENT SAND

10

0

TextureGroup

Coarse

Moderatelycoarse

Medium

40

30Fine Loamy

Moderatelyfine

-I-FineSilty20

CoarseSi ity

lo

00

--t- - ~- --f -+ -1-J--1 --_-L

Coarse Loamy-

~ T /

iI i I10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PER CENT SAND

(and gravel where applicable)

Fine

Very fine

Class ClassSymbol Nome

S sandLS loamy sand

SL sandy loamLVFS loamy very fine

sand

Si siltSiL silt loamL loamVFSL very fine sandy

loom

SCL sandy clay loamCL clay loamSiCL silty clay loom

SC sandy clayC claysic silty clay

HC heavy clay

Figure 8 : Family particle-size Figure 9 : Soil Textural Classes .classes .

Appendix D

SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS

ORGANIC HORIZONS

Organic horizons are found inorganic soils, and commonly at thesurface of mineral soils . They mayoccur at any depth beneath the sur-face in buried soils, or overlyinggeologic deposits . They contain morethan 17% organic carbon (approximate-ly 300 organic matter) by weight .Two groups of these horizons are rec-ognized, 0 horizons and the L, F, andH horizons .

0 This is an organic horizon devel-oped mainly from mosses, rushes,and woody materials .

Of The fibric horizon is theleast decomposed of all theorganic soil materials . Ithas large amounts of well-preservedfiber that arereadily identifiable as tobotanical origin . A fibrichorizon has 400 or more ofrubbed fiber by volume and apyrophosphate index of 5 ormore . If the rubbed fibervolume is 750 or more, thepyrophosphate criterion doesnot apply .

Om The mesic horizon is theintermediate stage of decom-postion with intermediateamounts of fiber, bulk densi-ty and water-holding capaci-ty . The material is partlyaltered both physically andbiochemically . A mesic hori-zon is one that fails to meetthe requirements of fibric orhumic .

Oh The humic horizon is the mosthighly decomposed of theorganic soil materials . Ithas the least amount offiber, the highest bulk den-sity, and the lowest saturat-ed water-holding capacity .It is very stable and changesvery little physically orchemically with time unlessit is drained . The humichorizon has less than 10%rubbed fiber by volume and apyrophosphate index of 3 orless .

LFH These organic horizons developedprimarily from leaves, twigs,woody materials and a minor com-ponent of mosses under imperfect-ly to well drained forest condi-tions .

L This is an organic horizoncharacterized by an accumula-tion of organic matter inwhich the original structuresare easily discernible .

F This is an organic horizoncharacterized by an accumula-tion of partly decomposedorganic matter . The originalstructures in part are diffi-cult to recognize . The hori-zon may be partly comminutedby soil fauna as in moder, orit may be a partly decomposedmat permeated by fungalhyphae as in mor .

H This is an organic horizon

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characterized by an accumula-tion of decomposed organicmatter in which the originalstructures are indiscernible .This material differs fromthe F horizon by its greaterhumification chiefly throughthe action of organisms . Itis frequently intermixed withmineral grains, especiallynear the junction with themineral horizon .

MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS

Mineral horizons are those thatcontain less than 300 organic matterby weight as specified for organichorizons .

A This is a mineral horizon orhorizons formed at or near thesurface in the zone of leachingor removal of materials in solu-tion and suspension or of maximumin situ accumulation of organicmatter, or both . Included are :

1 . horizons in which organicmatter has accumulated as aresult of biological activity(Ah) ;

2 . horizons that have been elu-viated of clay, iron, alumi-num, or organic matter, orall of them (Ae) ;

3 . horizons having characteris-tics of 1) and 2) above buttransitional to underlying Bor C (AB or A and B) ;

4 . horizons markedly disturbedby cultivation or pasture(Ap) .

B This is a mineral horizon orhorizons characterized by one ormore of the following :

1 . an enrichment in silicateclay, iron, aluminum, orhumus, alone or in combina-tion (Bt,Bf,Bfh,Bhf, and Bh) ;

2 . a prismatic or columnarstructure that exhibits pro-nounced coatings or stainingsand significant amount ofexchangeable Na (Bn) ;

3 . an alteration by hydrolysis,reduction, or oxidation togive a change in color orstructure from horizons aboveor below, or both, and doesnot meet the requirements of1) and 2) above (Bm,Bg) .

C This is a mineral horizon orhorizons comparatively unaffectedby the pedogenic processes opera-tive in A and B, excepting (i)the process of gleying, and (ii)the accumulation of calcium andmagnesium carbonates and moresoluble salts (Cca,Csa,Cg, andC) . Marl and diatomaceous earthare considered to be C horizons .

R This is consolidated bedrock thatis too hard to break with thehands or to dig with a spade whenmoist and that does not meet therequirement of a C horizon . Theboundary between the R layer andoverlying unconsolidated materialis called a lithic contact .

W This is a layer of water in Gley-solic, organic, or Cryosolicsoils . It is called a hydriclayer in organic soils .

LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES

b Buried soil horizon .

c A cemented (irreversible) pedo-genic horizon . The ortstein of aPodzol, and a layer cemented by

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calcium carbonate and a duripanare examples .

ca A horizon with secondary carbo-nate enrichment where the concen-tration of lime exceeds thatpresent in the unenriched parentmaterial . It is more than 10 cmthick, and if it has a CaC03equivalent of less than 15 per-cent it should have at least 5percent more CaC03 equivalentthan the parent material (IC) .If it has more than 15 percentCaC03 equivalent it should have1/3 more CaC03 equivalent thanthe IC . If no IC is present,this horizon is more than 10 cmthick and contains more than 5percent by volume of secondarycarbonates in concretions orsoft, powdery forms .

cc Cemented (irreversible) pedogenicconcretions .

e A horizon characterized by theeluviation of clay, iron, alumi-num, or organic matter alone orin combination . When dry, it isusually higher in color value by1 or more units than an underly-ing B horizon . It is used with A(Ae) .

f A horizon enriched with amorphousmaterial, principally A1 and Fecombined with organic matter . Itusually has a hue of 7 .5YR orredder or its hue is 10YR nearthe upper boundary and becomesyellower with depth . When moist,the chroma is higher than 3 orthe value is 3 or less . It con-tains 0 .60 or more pyrophosphate-extractable A1+Fe in texturesfiner than sand and 0 .40 or morein sands (coarse sand, sand, finesand, and very fine sand) . Theratio of pyrophosphate-extracta-ble A1+Fe to clay (less than0 .002mm) is more than 0 .05 andorganic C exceeds 0 .50 . Pyro-phosphate-extractable Fe is at

9

least 0.30, or the ratio oforganic C to pyrophosphate-ext-ractable Fe is less than 20, orboth are true . It is used with Balone Of), with B and h (Bhf),with B and g (Bfg), and with oth-er suffixes . The criteria for"f" do not apply to Bgf horizons .The following horizons are dif-ferentiated on the basis oforganic carbon content : Bf -0 .5% to 50 organic carbon . Bhf-more than 5% organic carbon .

A horizon characterized by graycolors, or prominent mottling, orboth, indicative of permanent orperiodic intense reduction .Chromas of the matrix are gener-ally 1 or less . It is used withA and e (Aeg) ; with B alone (Bg) ;with B and f (Bfg) ; with B, h,and f (Bhfg) ; with B and t (Btg) ;with C alone (Cg) ; with C and k(Ckg) ; and several others . Insome reddish parent materials,matrix colors of reddish hues andhigh chromas may persist despitelong periods of reduction . Inthese soils, horizons are desig-nated as g if there is gray mot-tling or if there is markedbleaching on ped faces or alongcracks .

Aeg This horizon must meet thedefinitions of A,e, and g .

Bg These horizons are analo-gous to Bm horizons butthey have colors indicativeof poor drainage and peri-odic reduction . Theyinclude horizons occurringbetween A and C horizons inwhich the main features are(i) colors of low chroma,that is : chromas of 1 orless, without mottles onped surfaces or in thematrix if peds are lacking ;or chromas of 2 or less inhues of 10YR or redder, on

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ped surfaces or in thematrix if peds are lacking,accompanied by more promi-nent mottles than those inthe C horizon ; or huesbluer than 10Y, with orwithout mottles on ped sur-faces or in the matrix ifpeds are lacking . (ii)colors indicated in (i) anda change in structure fromthat of the C horizons .(iii) color indicated in(i) and illuviation of claytoo slight to meet therequirements of Bt ; or

ic matter or with A1, andit is sometimes crystal-line . The Bgf horizons areusually prominently mot-tled, with more than halfof the soil material occur-ring as mottles of highchroma .

Cg, Ckg, Ccag, Csg, Csag . Wheng is used with C alone, orwith C and one of the low-er-case suffixes k, ca, s,or sa, it must meet thedefiniton for C and for theparticular suffix .

accumulation or irontoo slight to meet thits of Bgf . (iv)

oxidee lim-colors

h A horizon enriched with organicmatter . It is used with A alone

indicated in (i) and remov- (Ah) ; or with A and e (Ahe) ; oral of carbonates . Bg hori- with B alone (Bh) ; or with B andzons occur in some Orthic f (Bhf) .Humic Gleysols and someOrthic Gleysols .

Bfg, Bhfg, Btg, and others . Whenused in any of these combi-nations the limits set forf, hf, t, and others mustbe met .

Bgf The dithionite-extractableFe of this horizon exceedsthat of the IC by 10 ormore . Pyrophosphate-ext-ractable A1 + Fe is lessthan the minimum limitspecified for 'f' horizons .This horizon occurs in FeraGleysols and Fera HumicGleysols, and possiblybelow the Bfg of gleyedPodzols . It is distin-guished from the Bfg ofgleyed Podzols on the basisof the extractability ofthe Fe and A1 . The Fe inthe Bgf horizon is thoughtto have accumulated as aresult of the oxidation offerrous iron . The ironoxide formed is not associ-ated intimately with organ-

Ah A horizon enriched withorganic matter that eitherhas a color value at leastone unit lower than theunderlying horizon or con-tains 0 .5% more organiccarbon than the IC, orboth . It contains lessthan 170 organic carbon byweight .

Ahe An Ah horizon that hasundergone eluviation asevidenced, under naturalconditions, by streaks andsplotches of differingshades of gray and often byplaty structure . It may beoverlain by a darker-col-ored Ah and underlain by alighter-colored Ae .

Bh This horizon contains morethan 10 organic carbon,less than 0 .3% pyrophosp-hate-extractable Fe, andhas a ratio of organic car-bon to pyrophosphate-ext-ractable Fe of 20 or more .Generally the color value

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and chroma are less than 3when moist .

Bhf Defined under 'f' .

Used as a modifier of the suffix-es e, f, g, n, and t to denote anexpression of, but failure tomeet, the specified limits of thesuffix it modifies . It must beplaced to the right and adjacentto the suffix it modifies . Forexample Bfgj means a Bf horizonwith weak expression of gleying ;Bfjgj means a B horizon with weakexpression of both 'f' and 'g'features .

Aej It denotes an eluvial hori-zon that is thin, discon-tinuous or slightly discer-nible .

Btj It is a horizon with someilluviation of clay, but

_ not enough to meet the lim-its of Bt .

Btgj, Bmgj . Horizons that aremottled but do not meet thecriteria of Bg .

Bfj It is a horizon with someaccumulation of pyrophosp-hate-extractable A1 and Febut not enough to meet thelimits of Bf .

Bntj or Bnj . Horizons in whichdevelopment of solonetzic Bproperties is evident butinsufficient to meet thelimits for Bn or Bnt .

k Denotes the presence of carbo-nate, as indicated by visibleeffervescence when dilute HC1 isadded . Most often it is usedwith B and m (Bmk) or C (Ck), andoccasionally with Ah or Ap (Ahk,Apk), or organic horizons (Ofk,Omk) .

m A horizon slightly altered byhydrolysis, oxidation, or solu-tion, or all three, to give achange in color or structure, orboth . It has :

1 . Evidence of alteration in oneof the following forms :

a) Higher chromas and redderhues than the underlyinghorizons .

b) Removal of carbonates,either partially (Bmk) orcompletely (Bm) .

2 . Illuviation, if evident, tooslight to meet the require-ments of a Bt or a podzolicB .

3 . Some weatherable minerals .

4 . No cementation or indurationand lacks a brittle consis-tence when moist . This suf-fix can be used as Bm, Bmgj,Bmk, and Bms .

n A horizon in which the ratio ofexchangeable Ca to exchangeableNa is 10 or less . It must alsohave the following distinctivemorphological characteristics :prismatic or columnar structure,dark coatings on ped surfaces,and hard to very hard consistencewhen dry . It is used with B, asBn or Bnt .

P A horizon disturbed by man'sactivities, such as cultivation,logging, habitation, etc . It isused with A and 0 .

s A horizon with salts, includinggypsum, which may be detected ascrystals or veins, as surfacecrusts of salt crystals, bydepressed crop growth, or by thepresence of salt-tolerant plants .It is commonly used with C and k(Csk), but can be used with any

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horizon or combination of horizonand lowercase suffix .

sa A horizon with secondary enrich-ment of salts more soluble thancalcium and,magnesium carbonates,in which the concentration ofsalts exceeds that present in theunenriched parent material . Thehorizon is 10 cm or more thick .The conductivity of the satura-tion extract must be at least 4ms/cm and must exceed that of theC horizon by at least one-third .

t An illuvial horizon enriched withsilicate clay . It is used with Balone (Bt), with B and g (Btg),with B and n (Bnt), etc .

Bt A Bt horizon is one thatcontains illuvial layer-lattice clays . It formsbelow an eluvial horizon,but may occur at the sur-face of a soil that hasbeen partially truncated .It usually has a higherratio of fine clay to totalclay than IC . It has thefollowing properties :

1 . If any part of an elu-vial horizon remainsand there is no litho-logic discontinuitybetween it and the Bthorizon, the Bt horizoncontains more total andfine clay than the elu-vial horizons, as fol-lows :

a) If any part of theeluvial horizon hasless than 15% totalclay in the fineearth fraction (2mm)the Bt horizon mustcontain at least 30more clay, e .g .,Ae10% clay-Bt minimum13% clay .

b) If the eluvial hori-zon has more than15% and less than40% total clay inthe fine earth frac-tion, the ratio ofthe clay in the Bthorizon to that inthe eluvial horizonmust be 1 .2 or more,e .g ., 20% clayincrease in the Btover Ae .

c) If the eluvial hori-zon has more than40% total clay inthe fine earth frac-tion, the Bt horizonmust contain atleast 8% more claythan the eluvialhorizon, e .g . Ae 500clay ; Bt at least58% clay .

2 . A Bt horizon must be atleast 5 cm thick . Insome sandy soils whereclay accumulationoccurs in the lamellae,the total thickness ofthe lamellae should bemore than 10 cm in theupper 150 cm of theprofile .

3 . In massive soils the Bthorizon should haveoriented clays in somepores and also asbridges between thesand grains .

4 . If peds are present, aBt horizon shows clayskins on some of thevertical and horizontalped surfaces and in thefine pores, or showsoriented clays in 10 ormore of the cross sec-tion, as viewed in thinsection .

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5 . If a soil shows alithologic discontinu-ity between the eluvialhorizon and the Bthorizon, or if only aplow layer overlies theBt horizon, the Bthorizon need show onlyclay skins in somepart, either in somefine pores or on somevertical and horizontalped surfaces . Thinsections should showthat some part of thehorizon has about 10 ormore of oriented claybodies .

Btj, Btj, and Btg are definedunder j and g .

u A horizon that is markedly dis-rupted by physical or faunal pro-cesses other than cryoturbation .Evidence of marked disruptionsuch as the inclusion of materialfrom other horizons, absence ofthe horizon, etc . must be evidentin at least half of the crosssection of the pedon . Such tur-bation can result from blowdownof trees, mass movement of soilon slopes, and burrowing animals .

It can be used with any horizonor subhorizon with the exceptionof A or B alone ; e .g . Aeu, Bfu,BCu .

x A horizon of fragipan character .A fragipan is a loamy subsurfacehorizon of high bulk density andvery low organic matter content .When dry, it has a hard consis-tence and seems to be cemented .When moist, it has moderate toweak brittleness . It frequentlyhas bleached fracture planes andis overlain by a friable B hori-zon . Air dry clods of fragichorizons slake in water .

y A horizon affected by cryoturba-tion as manifested by disruptedand broken horizons� incorpora-tion of materials from otherhorizons and mechanical sortingin at least half of the crosssection of the pedon . It is usedwith A, B, and C alone or in com-bination with other subscripts,e .g . Ahy, Ahgy, Bmy, Cy, Cgy,Cygj, etc .

z A frozen layer . It may be usedwith any horizon or layer, e .g .Ohz, Bmz, Cz, Wz .

Appendix E

DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORkIS

E .1 GENETIC 14ATERI ALS

Unconsolidated mineral component

The unconsolidated mineral compo-nent consists of clastic sedimentsthat may or may not be stratified,but whose particles are not cementedtogether . They are essentially ofglacial or post-glacial origin butinclude poorly consolidated andweathered bedrock .

Anthropogenic - Man-made or man-modi-fied materials, including thoseassociated with mineral exploita-tion and waste disposal .

transported and deposited by windaction .

Fluvial - Sediment generally consist-ing of gravel and sand with aminor fraction of silt and clay .The gravels are typically roundedand contain interstitial sand .Fluvial sediments are commonlymoderately to well sorted anddisplay stratification, but mas-sive, nonsorted fluvial gravelsdo occur . These materials havebeen transported and deposited bystreams and rivers . Finer tex-tured Fluvial deposits of modernrivers are termed Alluvium .

Colluvial - Massive to moderatelywell stratified, nonsorted topoorly sorted sediments with anyrange of particle sizes from clayto boulders and blocks that havereached their present position bydirect, gravity-induced movement .

They are restricted to prod-ucts of mass-wasting whereby thedebris is not carried by wind,water, or ice (excepting snowavalanches) .

Eolian - Sediment, generally consist-ing of medium to fine sand andcoarse silt particle sizes, thatis well sorted, poorly compacted,and may show internal structuressuch as cross bedding or ripplelaminae, or may be massive .Individual grains may be roundedand show signs of frosting .

These materials have been

Lacustrine - Sediment generally con-sisting of either stratified finesand, silt, and clay deposited onthe lake bed ; or moderately wellsorted and stratified sand andcoarser materials that are beachand other nearshore sedimentstransported and deposited by waveaction .

These are materials thateither have settled from suspen-sion in bodies of standing freshwater or have accumulated attheir margins through waveaction .

Marine - Unconsolidated deposits ofclay, silt, sand, or gravel thatare well to moderately well sort-ed and well stratified to moder-ately stratified (in some placescontaining shells) . They havesettled from suspension in saltor brackish water bodies or have

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accumulated at their marginsthrough shoreline processes suchas wave action and longshoredrift .

Morainal - Sediment generally con-sisting of well compacted materi-al that is nonstratified and con-tains a heterogeneous mixture ofparticle sizes, often in a mix-ture of sand, silt, and clay thathas been transported beneath,beside, on, within and in frontof a glacier and not modified byany intermediate agent .

Saprolite - Rock containing a highproportion of residual silts andclays formed by alteration,chiefly by chemical weathering .

The rock remains in a coherentstate, interstitial grain rela-tionships are undisturbed and nodownhill movement due to gravityhas occurred .

Undifferentiated - A layered sequenceof more than three types ofgenetic material outcropping on asteep erosional escarpment .

Volcanic - Unconsolidated pyroclasticsediments . These include volcan-ic dust, ash, cinders, and pum-ice .

Qualifying Descriptors

These have been introduced toqualify the genetic materials and tosupply additional information aboutthe mode of formation or depositionalenvironment .

Glacial - Used to qualify nonglacialgenetic materials or process mod-ifiers where there is direct evi-dence that glacier ice exerted astrong but secondary or indirectcontrol upon the mode of originof the materials or mode of oper-

ation of the process . The use ofthis qualifying descriptorimplies that glacier ice wasclose to the site of the deposi-tion of a material or the site ofoperation of a process .

Glaciofluvial - Fluvial materialsshowing clear evidence of havingbeen deposited either directly infront of or in contact with gla-cier ice .

Glaciolacustrine - Lacustrine materi-als deposited in contact withglacial ice .

Glaciomarine - Materials of glacialorigin laid down in a marineenvironment, as a result of set-tling from melting, floating iceand ice shelves .

Organic component

The organic component consists ofpeat deposits containing >300 organicmatter by weight that may be as thinas 10 cm if they overlie bedrock butare otherwise greater than 40 cm andgenerally greater than 60 cm thick .The classes and their definitionsfollow .

B BogN FenS Swamp

Bog - A bog is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area, generally witha high water table . Since thesurface of the peatland isslightly elevated, bogs areeither unaffected or partlyaffected by nutrient-rich ground-waters from the surrounding min-eral soils . The groundwater isgenerally acidic and low in nut-rients (ombrotrophic) . The domi-nant peat materials are sphagnumand forest peat, underlain, attimes, by fen peat .

- 122 -

Fen - A fen is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area with a highwater table, which is usually atthe surface . The dominantmaterials are shallow to deep,well to moderately decomposed fenpeat . The waters are mainly richin nutrients (minerotrophic) andare derived from mineral soils .The peat materials are thereforehigher in both nutrients and pHthan the peats associated withbogs .

Swam - A swamp is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area . The peat sur-face is level or slightly concavein cross section . The watertable is frequently at or abovethe peat surface . There isstrong water movement from mar-gins or other mineral sources .The microrelief is hummocky, withmany pools present . The watersare neutral or slightly acid .The dominant peat materials areshallow to deep mesic to humicforest and fen peat .

E .2 GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS

Material modifiers are used toqualify unconsolidated mineral andorganic deposits . Particle-sizeclasses serve to indicate the size,roundness, and sorting of unconsoli-dated mineral deposits . Fiber class-es indicate the degree of decomposi-tion and fiber size of organicmaterials .

Particle size classes _forunconsolidated mineral materials

Blocky : An accumulation of angularparticles greater than 256mm in size .

Bouldery :An accumulation of roundedparticles greater than 256

mm in size .

Clayey : An accumulation of particleswhere the fine earth frac-tion contains 350 or moreclay (<0 .002 mm) by weightand particles greater than 2mm are less than 35% by vol-ume .

Cobbly : An accumulation of roundedparticles having a diameterof 64-256 mm .

Gravelly :An accumulation of roundedparticles ranging in sizefrom pebbles to boulders .

Loamy : An accumulation of particlesof which fine earth fractioncontains 350 or less clay(<0.002 mm) by weight andparticles greater than 2 mmare less than 35% by volume .

Pebbly : An accumulation of roundedparticles having a diameterof 2-64 mm .

Rubbly : An accumulation of angularfragments having a diameterof 2-256 mm .

Sandy : An accumulation of particlesof which the fine earthfraction contains more than70% by weight of fine sandor coarser particles . Par-ticles greater than 2 mmoccupy less than 35% by vol-ume .

Silty : An accumulation of particlesof which the fine earthfraction contains less than150 of fine sand or coarserparticles and has less than35% clay . Particles greaterthan 2 mm occupy less than35% by volume .

- 123 -

Fiber classes for organic materials

The amount of fiber and its dur-ability are important characterizingfeatures of organic deposits in thatthey reflect on the degree of decom-position of the material . The preva-lence of woody materials in peats isalso of prime importance .

Fibric :The least decomposed of allorganic materials ; there is alarge amount of well-preservedfiber that is readily identi-fiable as to botanical origin .Fibers retain their characterupon rubbing .

Mesic : Organic material in an inter-mediate stage of decompostion ;intermediate amounts of fiberare present that can be iden-tified as to their botanicalorigin .

Humic : Highly decomposed organicmaterial ; small amounts offiber are present that can beidentified as to their botani-cal origin . Fibers can beeasily destroyed by rubbing .

Woody : Organic material containingmore than 500 of woody fibers .

E .3 SURFACE EXPRESSION

The surface expression of geneticmaterials is their form (assemblageof slopes) and pattern of forms .Form as applied to unconsolidateddeposits refers specifically to theproduct of the initial mode of originof the materials . When applied toconsolidated materials, form refersto the product of their modificationby geological processes . Surfaceexpression also indicates the mannerin which unconsolidated geneticmaterials relate to the underlyingunit .

Consolidated and Unconsolidatedmineral surface classes

Apron - A relatively gentle slope atthe foot of a steeper slope andformed by materials from thesteeper, upper slope .

Blanket - A mantle of unconsolidatedmaterials thick enough to maskminor irregularities in theunderlying unit but still con-forming to the general underlyingtopography .

Fan - A fan-shaped form similar tothe segment of a cone and havinga perceptible gradient from theapex to the toe .

Hummocky - A very complex sequence ofslopes extending from somewhatrounded depressions or kettles ofvarious sizes to irregular toconical knolls or knobs . Thereis a general lack of concordancebetween knolls or depressions .Slopes are generally 9-70 ; (5-35degrees) .

Inclined - A sloping, undirectionalsurface with a generally constantslope not broken by marked irreg-ularities . Slopes are 2-70a(1-35 degrees) . The form ofinclined slopes is not related tothe initial mode of origin of theunderlying material .

Level - A flat or very gently slop-ing, unidirectional surface witha generally constant slope notbroken by marked elevations anddepressions . Slopes are general-ly less than 20 (1 degree) .

Rolling - A very regular sequence ofmoderate slopes extending fromrounded, sometimes confined con-cave depressions to broad, round-ed convexities producing a wave-lake pattern of moderate relief .Slope length is often 1 .6 km or

- 124 -

greater and gradients are greaterthan 5% (3 degrees) .

Ridged - A long, narrow elevation ofthe surface, usually sharp crest-ed with steep sides . The ridgesmay be parallel, subparallel, orintersecting .

Steep - Erosional slopes, greaterthan 700 (35 degrees), on bothconsolidated and unconsolidatedmaterials . The fbrm of a steeperosional slope on unconsolidatedmaterials is not related to theinitial mode of origin of theunderlying material .

Terraced - Scarp face and the hori-zontal or gently inclined surface(tread) above it .

Undulating - A very regular sequenceof gentle slopes that extendsfrom rounded, sometimes confinedconcavities to broad rounded con-vexities producing a wavelikepattern of low local relief .Slope length is generally lessthan 0 .8 km and the dominant gra-dient of slopes is 2-50 (1-3degrees) .

Veneer - Unconsolidated materials toothin to mask the minor irregular-ities of the underlying unit sur-face . A veneer will range from10 cm to 1 m in thickness andwill possess no form typical ofthe material's genesis .

Oraanic surface classes

Blanket - A mantle of organic materi-als that is thick enough to maskminor irregularities in theunderlying unit but still con-forms to the general underlyingtopography .

Bowl - A bog or fen occupying con-cave-shaped depressions .

Domed - A bog with an elevated, con-vex, central area much higherthan the margin . Domes may beabrupt (with or without a frozencore) or gently sloping or have astepped surface .

Floating - A level organic surfaceassociated with a pond or lakeand not anchored to the lake bot-tom .

Horizontal - A flat peat surface notbroken by marked elevations anddepressions .

Plateau - A bog with an elevated,flat, central area only slightlyhigher than the margin .

Ribbed - A pattern of parallel orreticulate low ridges associatedwith fens .

Sloping - A peat surface with a gen-erally constant slope not brokenby marked irregularities .

Veneer - A thin (40 cm-1m) mantle oforganic materials which generallyconforms to the underlying topog-raphy . They may or may not beassociated with discontinuouspermafrost .

Appendix F

DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR SELECTED PROFILES SANPL®WITHIN THE STUDY AREA

Soil Symbol Soil Name Profile No .

LUD Lauder 33CMR Cameron 34WHL Wheatland 36RAM Ramada 37

Profile descriptions have been computer generated from detailed samplesites and analytical information stored in the Canada Soil Information System(CanSIS) data bank .

NOV 08, 1984

LUD MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 33

IDENTIFICATION : SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WINNIPEG,MAN . STATUS : MODAL .

CLASSIFICATION= TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : GLEYED BLACK . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY: SANDY AND COARSE LOAMY, MIXEDNONCLAY, ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS, COOL, SU5HUMID . SOIL MAP UNIT : TAXONOMIC SERIES, NOTATION : DRW, ASSOCIATED SOILS : LUD .SOIL PHASES : LEVEL AND WIND EROSION AND NONSTONY AND NONROCKY .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 UMK 905 9952 ; NTS MAP AREA 62F 9; SE 9 8 21 W .

VEGETATION : CROPS-FIELD (MANAGED), CROPPED . RYE CROP ;FLAX ADJACENT .

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL 1 : WEAK CHEMICAL AND MODERATE CHEMICAL WEATHERINS, SANDY, MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS (6-40'/.CAC03), LACUSTRINE, MIXED ; LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION : LACUSTRINE, LOAMY AND SANDY, LEVEL ; SLOPE : CLASS 1 (0-0 .5I), FACING LEVEL,SITE AT MIDDLE POSITION, LEVEL MICROTOPOGRAPHY, ; SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUBHUMID, IMPERFECTLY DRAINED, MODERATELYPERVIOUS, MODERATE AND SLOW SURFACE RUNOFF, SEEPAGE ABSENT, 1 .5 M TO APPARENT WATERTABLE ; NONSTONY ; NONROCKY ; PRESENT LANDUSE : CROPLAND, DITCH DRAINED .

SPECIAL NOTES: AT 110CM THERE IS A HEAVIER SCL LAYER WHICH APPEARS TO BE A FORMER SURFACE OR BURIED HORIZON .

AP: 0 TO 20 CM, RANGE 15 TO 22 CM ; HORIZON MOIST; MATRIX MOIST l0YR 2/1 ; FINE SAND AND LOAMY FINE SAND ; MEDIUM MOTTLES; WEAK,FINE TO MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE ; STRUCTURELESS, SINGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTICCONSISTENCE ; VERY FEW, VERY FINE, RANDOM ROOTS; MODERATELY POROUS, COMMON, VERY FINE AND FINE PORES ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZONBOUNDARY .i

Nv

I

BMGJ : 20 TO 40 CM, RANGE 18 TO 25 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; MATRIX MOIST l0YR 2 .5/2 ; FINE SAND AND LOAMY FINE SAND ; COMMON, MEDIUM,FAINT AND DISTINCT, 5YR AND 7 .5YR 3/2 AND 3/2 MOTTLES ; WEAK, FINE TO MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE ; STRUCTURELESS,SIffGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; VERY FEW, VERY FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; MODERATELYPOROUS, CO~IMON, VERY FINE AND FINE PORES ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

BCGJ : 40 TO 55 CM, RANGE 10 TO 15 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; MATRIX MOIST l0YR 3/3 ; FINE SAND AND LOAMY FINE SAND ; COMMON, MEDIUM,DISTINCT, 5YR AND 7 .5YR 3/2 AND 3/2 MOTTLES ; WEAK, FINE TO MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE ; STRUCTURELESS, SINGLE GRAINSECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; VERY FEW, VERY FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS,COMPION, VERY FINE AND FINE PORES ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

CKGJ : 55 TO 100 CM ; HORIZON MOIST; MATRIX MOIST 2 .5Y 4/3 ; LOAMY FINE SAND ; COMMON, MEDIUM, DISTINCT, 5YR AND 7 .5YR 3/2 AND 3/2MOTTLES ; WEAK, FINE TO MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE ; WEAK, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; VERYFRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; MODERATELY POROUS, COMMON, VERY FINE AND FINE PORES ; MODERATE AND STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; VERYSTRONGLY CALCAREOUS .

CHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY)

C .E .C . EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS

HORIZON PH1

ORGC

(7.)

TOTALN(Z)

CALCCARBEQU .G

CAL-CITE(Z)

DOLO-MITE(L)

EXTRACID

(ME/100G)

BUFF . PERM .CHARG

BUFF

CA

ERED

MG

(ME/100

NA

G)

K

AP I 6 .9 1 .01 0 .09 3 .3 9.8 5 .7 1 .8 0 .1_BMGJ ( 7 .5 0 .36 0 .04 1 .0 7.2 4 .4 1 .5 0 .1BCGJ 1 7 .4 0 .21 0 .02 1 .4 6 .4 4 .1 1 .4 0.1CKGJ I 7 .7 14 .6 11 .8 2 .6 5 .0 19 .1 1 .5 0.1 0 .1

NOV 08, 1984

LUD MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0. 33

CHEMICAL

HORIZO

DATA

N

(SURVEY)ELECCOhD

(MMHOS/CM)

7 H20AT

SATUR

AP I 0 .3 39 .1BrGJ I 0 .3 33 .3BCGJ I 0 .7 32 .0CKGJ I 0 .4 28 .9

PHYSICAL DATA (SURVEY)

ORIZON

'/. PASSIN

3" .75" N0.4SIEVE SIEVE SIEVE

PARTICLE SIZEG

N0 .10 V .C . C . MED .SIEVE SAND SAND SAND

ANALYSIS

F . V.F .SAND SAND

OT .SAND

X OF SAMPLE70- 50-2U 2U

SILT SILTU

CLAY

AP I 2 57 32 91 3 6BMGJ ~ 2 63 26 91 3 6BCGJ I 1 60 31 92 2 6CKGJ ( 3 53 28 84 6 10

b

000

PHYSICAL DATAENGINEERING

ATTERBURG ATTERBURG SHRINKAGE OPT MOIST MAX DRYPLASTIC LIQUID LIMIT CONTENT DENSITY COLE AASHO UNIFIED

HORIZON LIMIT ('/.) LIMIT (I) ('/.) ('/.) (G/CC) VALUE CLASS CLASS

_AP IBrGJ IBCGJ ICKGJ ~ 19 .0 21 .0 1 .7 4 .0 24 07

0 .2UCLAY

NOV 08, 1984

CMR MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 34

IDENTIFICATION : SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WINNIPEG,MAN . STATUS : MODAL.

CLASSIFICATION : TAXONCMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : ORTHIC BLACK . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY : LOAMY AND COARSE LOAMY, CARBONATIC,ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS, COOL, SUBHUMID .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 UMK 1095 9541 ; NTS MAP AREA 62F 9 ; SW 35 7 21 W.

VEGETATION : CROPS-FIELD (MANAGED), CROPPED . CROPPED WHEAT,ADJACENT TO FIELD BIRCH,OAK, MAPLE,ELM .

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL 1 : WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, COARSE LOAMY AND COARSE SILTY (<18% CLAY), MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLYCALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), LACUSTRINE, MIXED ; DEPTH TO BEDROCK IS 6 M ; LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION : LACUSTRINE, LOAMY, LEVEL ANDUNDULATING ; SLOPE : CLASS 2 (0 .5-2I), FACING LEVEL, LEVEL MICROTOPOGRAPHY, ; SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUBHUMID, WELL DRAINED,MODERATELY PERVIOUS, RAPID SURFACE RUNOFF, SLIGHT WATER EROSION ; NONSTONY ; NONROCKY ; PRESENT LAND USE : CROPLAND .

SPECIAL NOTES : BOULDER TILL OCCURS AT 1 .5-2 M AND SHALE BEDROCK AT 5-6M

AP : 0 TO 20 CM, RANGE 15 TO 20 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY l0YR 3 .5/2 ; LOAM ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTUREPSEUDO ; MODERATE TO STRONG, FINE, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW, FINE, RANDOMROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS AND HIGHLY POROUS, COMMON, VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM PORES ; SMOOTH, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

BM : 20 TO 50 CM, RANGE 25 TO 32 CM ; HORIZON DRY; MATRIX DRY l0YR 3 .5/3 ; VERY FINE SANDY LOAM ; MODERATE TO STRONG, MEDIUM TOCOARSE, PRISMATIC STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUO0; SLIGHTLY HARD AND HARD,NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW, FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS AND HIGHLY POROUS, COMMON, VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM PORES ;WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

CCA : 50 TO 75 CM, RANGE 20 TO 25 CM ; HORIZON DRY; MATRIX DRY l0YR 7/2 .5 ; FINE SANDY LOAM AND VERY FINE SANDY LOAM ; MODERATE,MEDIUM TO COARSE, SUBANSULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; STRUCTURELESS, SINGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; HARD,NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; WEAKLY CEMENTEDBY LIME AND SILICA, DISCONTINUOUS ; VERY FEW, VERY FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS,COMi!ON, VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM PORES ; COMMON, MEDIUM, IRREGULAR LIME CONCRETIONS LOCATED LOCAL CONCENTRATIONS ; STRONGEFFERVESCENCE ; VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS AND EXTREMELY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS BANDED ; WAVY, GRADUAL HORIZON BOUNDARY .

CK : 75 TO 110 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY 2 .5Y 6/4 ; VERY FINE SANDY LOAM ; WEAK TO MODERATE, MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTUREPSEUDO ; STRUCTURELESS, SINGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; SOFT, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; MODERATELY POROUS AND HIGHLYPOROUS ; MODERATE AND STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS .


C .E .C . EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS(ME/100G) BUFFERED (ME/100G)

HORIZON PH1

ORGC(L)

TOTALN(7)

CALCCARB

EQU .7.

CAL-CITE(7.)

DDLO-MITE(7.)

EXTRACID BUFF . PERM .

CHARGCA MG NA K

AP ~ 6 .4 4 .25 0 .39 5 .6 36 .0 19 .7 5 .9 0 .1 0 .4BM I 7.2 1 .72 0 .14 2 .7 23 .9 15 .3 4.9 0 .1 0 .4CCA ~ 7.8 25.1 19 .3 6 .8 10 .4 17.1 4.9 0 .1 0 .2CK ( 8.0 12 .4 4 .9 6 .9 8.1 12 .7 5.8 0 .1 0 .1

CMR MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 34

CHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY)ELEC '/. H20COND AT

HORIZON (MMHOS/CM) SATUR

AP I 0 .9 74.0BM I 0 .3 59.3CCA I 0 .4 47.4CK I 0 .3 37.9


ORIZON

'/. PAS

3" .75" N0SIEVE SIEVE SIE

PARTICLESING

.4 N0 .30 V .C . C .VE SIEVE SAND SAND

SIZE

MED .SAND

ANALYSIS

F . V.F .SAND SAND

OT .SAND

X OF SAMPLE70- 50-2U 2U

SILT SILTU

CLAY

AP I 1 2 6 38 47 28 25BH I 1 7 48 56 24 20CCA I 1 14 51 66 18 16CK I 10 64 74 15 11

rrp


HORIZON

ATTERBURGPLASTIC

LIMIT (Z)

ATTERBURGLIQUID

LIMIT (L)

SHRINKAGE OPT MOISTLIMIT CONTENT(7.) (7.)

MAX DRYDENSITY(G/CC)

COLEVALUE

AASHOCLASS

UNIFIEDCLASS

_AP IBM I 25.0 36 .0 23 .0 1 .7 10 .0 60 09CCA ICK I 23 .0 27.0 1 .6 4 .0 40 09

0 .2UCLAY

NOV 08, 1984

NOV 08, 1984

WHL MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 36

IDENTIFICATION : SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WINNIPEG,MAN . STATUS : MODAL .

CLASSIFICATION : TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : ORTHIC BLACK . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY : SANDY SKELETAL AND SANDY AND COARSELOAt1Y/SANDY SKELETAL . MIXED NONCLAY, ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS, COOL, SUBHUMID . SOIL MAP UNIT : TAXONOMIC SERIES . SOILPHASES : GENTLY SLOPING AND WIND ERODED AND OVERBLOWN AND NONSTONY AND NONROCKY .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 ULL 6330 2471 ; PITS MAP AREA 62F 15W ; SE 26 10 26 W .

VEGETATION : GRASSES AND FORBES, CROPPED . BROME GRASS,SWEET CLOVER, TIMOTHY, WIND BREAKS OF MAPLE .

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL 1 : WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, COARSE LOAMY AND COARSE SILTY (<18'/. CLAY) AND SANDY, MODERATELY TO VERYSTRONGLY CALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), LACUSTRINE ; PARENT MATERIAL 2 : WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, SKELETAL (>35'/. OF PARTICLES 2-25CM) AND STRATIFIED (MINERAL) AND SANDY, MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), FLUVIAL AND FLUVIOLACUSTRINE ;LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION : FLUVIAL AND LACUSTRINE, GRAVELLY AND SANDY, UNDULATING ; SLOPE : 2 .5'/. COMPLEX SLOPE OF CLASS 3 (2-5'/.),FACING LEVEL, SITE AT UPPER SLOPE POSITION ; SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUBHUMID, RAPIDLY DRAINED AND WELL DRAINED, RAPIDLYPERVIOUS, RAPID SURFACE RUNOFF, SEEPAGE ABSENT, 3 M TO APPARENT WATERTABLE, WIND ERODED ; NONSTONY ; NONROCKY ; PRESENT LANDUSE : IMPROVED PASTURE,FORAGE, EROSION CONTROL .

SPECIAL NOTES : IMPROVED PASTURE AND FORAGE .

lAH : 0 TO 25 CM, RANGE 20 TO 27 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; CRUSHED DRY l0YR 2 .5/1 .5 ; LOAMY SAND ; WEAK, MEDIUM, ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTUREPSEUDO ; WEAK AND WEAK TO MODERATE, FINE, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW AND PLENTIFUL,VERY FINE, VERTICAL ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS ; SMOOTH, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

w~ 1BM : 25 TO 44 CM, RANGE 15 TO 20 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 3/2 .5 ; LOAMY SAND ; WEAK, MEDIUM, ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE

PSEUDO ; WEAK TO MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW ANDPLENTIFUL, VERY FINE, VERTICAL ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

1BCK : 44 TO 50 CM, RANGE 6 TO 10 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 4.5/3 .5 ; LOAMY SAND ; WEAK, MEDIUM, ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTUREPSEUDO ; WEAK TO MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; VERY FRIABLE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE,VERTICAL ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS ; VERY WEAK EFFERVESCENCE ; MODERATELY CALCAREOUS AND STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZONBOUNDARY .

1CCA : 50 TO 62 CM, RANGE 6 TO 13 CM ; HORIZON MOIST; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 7/1 .5 ; SANDY CLAY LOAM ; WEAK TO MODERATE, MEDIUM, ANGULARBLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; FIRM, SLIGHTLY PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; STRONGLYCEMENTEDBY LIME ; FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, HORIZONTAL ROOTS ; SLIGHTLY POROUS ; MANY, LIME CONCRETIONS LOCATED THROUGHOUT MATRIX ;STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; EXTREMELY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS BANDED ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

2CK : 62 TO 110 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 4.5/4 ; GRAVELLY COARSE SAND AND SAND; FEW, FINE, DISTINCT, 7.5YR 5/6 MOTTLES ;STRUCTURELESS STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; SINGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; LOOSE, NONPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; HIGHLY POROUS; MODERATE ANDSTRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS; HOMOGENEOUS ; 30'/. AND 40'/. GRAVELLY COARSE FRAGMENTS.

NOV 08, 1984

WHL MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0. 36



HORIZON PH1

ORGC(Z)

TOTALN(7.)

CALCCARBEQU .7.

CAL-CITE

('/.)

DOLO-MITE(7.)

EXTRACID

(ME/100G)

BUFF . PERM .CHARG

BUFF

CA

ERED

MG

(ME/100

NA

G)

K

lAH I 7 .1 1 .60 0 .10 1 .2 14 .1 11 .5 1 .7 0 .1 0 .1IBM I 7 .2 0 .96 0 .10 1 .5 14 .1 10 .8 1 .7 0 .1 0 .11BCK I 7.5 0 .62 0 .06 7.0 4 .8 2 .0 12 .3 17 .2 1 .9 0 .1 0 .11CCA ~ 7.8 36 .7 32 .3 4 .0 16 .8 23.9 2 .9 0 .1 0 .12CK I 7.6 11 .4 7.6 3 .5 2 .5 8.9 0 .6

PHYSICAL DATACHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY) ENGINEERING

ELEC '/. H20COt:D AT

HORIZON (MM(IOS/CM) SATUR ATTERBURG ATTERBURG SHRINKAGE OPT MOIST MAX DRYF-' PLASTIC LIQUID LIMIT CONTENT DENSITY COLE AASHO UNIFIEDN lAH I 0 .3 34 .1 HORIZON LIMIT (7.) LIMIT (7.) (I) (7.) (G/CC) VALUE CLASS CLASS

IBM I 0 .5 32 .71BCK I 0 .3 32 .7 1AH1CCA I 0 .4 42 .3 IBM I 17 .0 21 .0 21 .0 1 .8 6 .0 24 182CK I 0 .2 21 .9 IBCK (

1CCA2CK 1


PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

ORIZON3" .7

SIEVE SIE

'/. PASSING

5" N0 .4 N0.10VE SIEVE SIEVE

V .C .SAND C .SAND MED .SAND

F .SAND

V.F .SAND

TOT .SAND

'/. OF SAMPLE70- 50-2U 2U

SILT SILT2U

CLAY

1AH I 1 7 31 35 8 82 9 9IBM I 1 10 31 31 7 80 10 101BCK ~ 1 5 23 37 15 81 9 101CCA I 1 5 21 16 8 51 21 282CK I 96 3 30 52 10 2 97 2 1

0 .2UCLAY

NOV 08, 1984

RAM MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 37

IDENTIFICATION : SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WINNIPEG,MAN . STATUS : MODAL ; EXTENSIVE .

CLASSIFICATION : TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : ORTHIC BLACK . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY : FINE LOAMY, CARBONATIC AND MIXEDNONCLAY, ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS . COOL, SUBHUMID . SOIL MAP UNIT : TAXONOMIC SERIES, NOTATION : RAM, ASSOCIATED SOILS : FND .SOIL PHASES : LEVEL AND NONSTOyY AND NONROCKY .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 UMK 4950 9149 ; NTS MAP AREA 62G 12 ; NE 15 7 17 W.

VEGETATION : CROPS-FIELD (MANAGED), CROPPED . WHEAT FIELD .

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL 1 : WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, FINE LOAMY AND FINE SILTY (18 TO 35X CLAY), MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLYCALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), LACUSTRINE, MIXED ; LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION : LACUSTRINE, LOAMY, LEVEL ; SLOPE : SIMPLE SLOPE OF CLASS 1(0-0 .5%), FACING LEVEL, SITE AT MIDDLE POSITION, LEVEL MICROTOPOGRAPHY� SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUSHUMID, WELL DRAINED,MODERATELY PERVIOUS, MODERATE SURFACE RUNOFF, APPARENT WATERTABLE; NONSTONY ; NONROCKY ; PRESENT LAND USE : CROPLAND, DITCHDRAINED.

AH : 0 TO 20 CM, RANGE 15 TO 25 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; CRUSHED DRY l0YR 3/1.5 ; CLAY LOAM AND SILTY CLAY LOAM ; MODERATE, MEDIUM,SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; SLIGHTLY HARD AND HARD,VERY PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; PLENTIFUL, VERY FINE, VERTICAL, EXPED ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS, FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, VERTICAL,EXPED, DISCONTINUOUS, DENDRITIC, INTERSTITIAL PORES ; SMOOTH, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

BMTJ : 20 TO 40 CM, RANGE 15 TO 25 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 2/2 ; CLAY LOAM AND SILTY CLAY LOAM ; MODERATE TO STRONG,MEDIUM, SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE TO STRONG, FINE, SU3ANGULAR BLOCKY SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO; FRIABLEAND FIRM, VERY PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE, VERTICAL, INPED ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS, FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE,VERTICAL, INPED, DISCONTINUOUS, DENDRITIC, TUBULAR PORES ; MANY, THIN CLAY FILMS ON PED FACES-UNSPECIFIED, l0YR 2/2 ; WAVY, CLEARHORIZON BOUNDARY .

Low

CK1 : 40 TO 60 CM, RANGE 18 TO 20 CM ; HORIZON MOIST; CRUSHED MOIST lOYR 5/4; SILTY CLAY LOAM ; WEAK TO MODERATE, MEDIUM TO COARSE,SUBANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; FRIABLE, PLASTICCONSISTENCE ; WEAKLY CEMENTEDBY LIME ; FEW, VERY FINE, VERTICAL, EXPED ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS . FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE,VERTICAL, INPED, DISCONTINUOUS, DENDRITIC, INTERSTITIAL PORES ; MODERATE AND STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; STRONGLY CALCAREOUS AND VERYSTRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS BANDED ; WAVY, GRADUAL HORIZON BOUNDARY .

CK2 : 60 TO 100 CM ; HORIZON MOIST; CRUSHED MOIST 2 .5Y 5/4 ; SILTY CLAY LOAM ; FEW, FINE, FAINT MOTTLES ; WEAK TO MODERATE, MEDIUM,ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; FRIABLE, PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ;VERY FEW, VERY FINE, VERTICAL, EXPED ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS, FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, VERTICAL . INPED, DISCONTINUOUS,DENDRITIC, INTERSTITIAL PORES ; FEW, FINE, SPHERICAL LIME CONCRETIONS LOCATED THROUGHOUT MATRIX (l0YR 6/3) ; MODERATEEFFERVESCENCE ; STRONGLY CALCAREOUS AND VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS .



HORIZON PH1

ORGC(G)

TOTALN(L)

CALCCARB

EQU.7.

CAL-CITE(7.)

DOLO-MITE(Z)

EXTRACID

(ME/100G)

BUFF . PERM .CHARG

BUF

CA

FERED

MG

(ME/100

NA

G)

K

AH I 6 .0 3 .30 0 .19 7 .0 41 .9 19 .4 10 .1 0 .6 1 .0BMTJ I 7.3 1 .56 0 .12 0 .9 3 .5 40 .2 17 .5 15 .4 1 .1 0 .8CK1 I 8.0 0 .48 26 .6 11 .7 13.7 23 .7 23 .3 9 .6 2 .7 0 .4CK2 I 8.3 0 .37 22 .7 11 .4 10 .4 30 .2 20 .7 19.4 8 .5 0 .7

NOV 08, 1984

RAM MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0 . 37


ORIZON (

ELECCOND

MMHOS/CM)

I H20AT

SATUR A G

WATER

NA

EXTRACT DETERMINATIK C03 HC03 ONS

CL S04

AH ( 0 .2 57.1BMTJ I 0 .4 59.1CK1 I 3 .6 49.9 18 .2 21 .5 21 .9 5 .3 2 .5 54 .0CK2 I 7 .4 66 .0 12 .5 43.5 59 .6 2 .5 2 .8 110 .5


HORIZON

N03

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS'/. PASSING I OF SAMPLE

70- 50-.75" N0 .4 N0.10 V.C . C . MED . F . V.F . TOT . 2U 2U 2U 0.2U

SIEVE SIEVE SIEVE SAND SAND SAND SAND SAND SAND SILT SILT CLAY CLAY3"

SIEVE

AH I 1 2 8 11 56 33BMTJ I 3 9 12 49 39CK1 I 6 64 30CK2 1 2 67 31


HORIZON

ATTERBURGPLASTIC

LIMIT (L)

ATTERBURGLIQUID

LIMIT (L)

SHRINKAGELIMIT(7.)

OPT MOIST MAX DRYCONTENT DENSITY

(Z) (G/CC)COLEVALUE

AASHOCLASS

UNIFIEDCLASS

AH I __BMTJ I 23 .0 47 .0 18.0 1 .9 19 .0 60 10CK1 ICK2 I 20 .0 54 .0 19.0 1 .8 24 .0 76 13

ZMEYAasho Unified

SEGMENT 11 : Classification ClassificationSAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATI014 :

FIELD SAIIPLING = REPRESENTATIVE SITEA-1 10 G1V 01SAMPLE FREF'ARATION = AIR DRY WITH GRINDING

SIZE BASE FOR REPORTING (M11) = 2 A-I-a 11 GP 02IJUII3ER OF SAMPLES = 7 A-1-b 12 GM 03Pit : A-2 20 GC 04

Pit VALUE 1 : A-2-4 24 Sw 05SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRY A-2-5 25 SP 06METHOD = CALCIUFI CHLORIDE A-2-6 26 SM 07ORGA17[C CARBON = WET OXIDATION (IdALKLEY-BLACK)

TOTAL NITROGEN = MACRO-KJELDAi1L, 1102 AND N03 NOT INCLUDED A-2~7 27 SC 08CALCIUM CARr_OIIATE EQUIVALENT = PRESSURE A-3 30 ML 09CALCITE AND DOLOMITE = PRESSURE A-4 40 CL 10EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY = BARIUM CIILORIDE-TRIETHANOLAMINE A-5 50 DL 11CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY : A-6 60 M11 12

BUFFERED = IJIIhAC, Pit 7 .0 A-7 70 Of 13EXCIIAISGEABLE CATIONS : A-7-5 75 011 14BUFFERED :

ItETHOD USED = NH4AC, Pit 7 .0 A-7-6 76 PT 15A14ALYTICAL PROCEDURE = ATONIC ABSORPTION A-8 80 CI 16

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY : GM-GC 17PASTE = SATURATED,MIXED SM-SC 18INSTRUMENT = C0NDUCTIVITY CELL-CUP CL-ML 19

I WATER EXTRACT DETERNINATIONS :EXTRACT SOURCE = SATUI2ATION EXTRACTREPORTING UNIT = ME/L

t,n EXTRACT DETERMINATIONS :1 CALCIUM = ATOMIC ABSORPTION

MAGNESIUM = ATOt1IC ADSORPTIONSCDIUI1 = ATOItIC ABSORPTIONHCO3 = ACID TITRATIONCL = POTENTI011ETRIC TITRATION

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS :PRETREATMENT REIIOVAL OF = ORGANIC MATTER, SALTSDISPERSION = SODIUI1 IIEXAMETAPIIOSPHATEMETHOD = PIPETTE

WATER CONTENT AIID RETENTION POROSITY :SA11PLIhG PREPARATION = GROUND AND SIEVEDSAIIPLE STATE = AIR DRYIIET110D = PRESSURE MEMBRANE

ATTERBERG LIMITS :PLASTIC LIMIT :

SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRY_ METHOD = EVAPORATION

LIQUID LIIIIT :SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYMETHOD = EVAPORATION

SHRINKAGE LIMIT :SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYNETIIOD = EVAPORATION

APPENDIX G

Soil Legend for SOURIS, VIRDEN, WAWANESA Page 1

Soil Surface SoilSymbol Soil Name Texture Drainage Mode of Deposition Family Particle Size Subgroup

BED Bede LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal 0 . BLBKR Basker SICL POOR Fluvial Loamy R.HGBSF Beresford CL IMPER Lacustrine/Till Loamy GLR.BLCAV Carvey CL POOR Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal R.HGCKD Crookdale CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy/Sandy GLR.BL

CLN Clementi CL WELL Lacustrine/Till Loamy 0 . BLCME Cranmer CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GLR.BLCMR Cameron L WELL Lacustrine Loamy 0 . BLCXT Capell CL IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal GLR.BLCXV Charman CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GL . BL

CYN1 Croyon,Shaly Variant CL WELL Lacustrine Loamy/Sandy Skeletal 0 . BLDBW Denbow SL IMPER Lacustrine Coarse Loamy GL . BLDOT Dorset LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal 0 . BLDOT1 Dorset,Shaly Variant LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal 0 . BLDXM Druxman L IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal GL . BL

DXT Dexter LS IMPER Fluvial Sandy Skeletal GL . BLERX Eroded Slope Complex Var . W-IMPEBL Emblem L POOR Lacustrine Loamy R.HG(C)FFX Fairfax CL POOR Lacustrine Fine Loamy R.HG(C)FND Fairland L WELL Lacustrine Loamy 0 . BL

GDC Grande-Clairiere LS WELL Eolian Sandy O . RGDZ Gendzel LS IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Sandy/Sandy Skeletal GLR.BLGOL Goodlands CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GL . BLGRO Grover L IMPER Lacustrine Loamy/Sandy GLR.BLHMO Hummerston LFS IMPER Lacustrine Sandy GLR .BL

HRY Hartney L IMPER Lacustrine Loamy GLR .BLKUY Kilmury FSL IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Coarse Loamy/Sandy Skeletal GLR .BLLEI Levine SICL IMPER Fluvial Loamy GLCU .RLIG Liege L IMPER Fluvial Loamy GLCU .RLOW Lowroy LFS POOR Lacustrine/Fluvial Sandy/Sandy Skeletal R.HG(C)

Soil Legend for SOURIS, VIRDEN, WAWANESA Page 2

Soil Surface SoilSymbol Soil Name Texture Drainage Mode of Deposition Family Particle Size Subgroup

LUD Lauder LS IMPER Lacustrine Sandy GL.BLLVH Lavenham LFS IMPER Lacustrine Sandy GL.BLLYT Lyleton SL WELL Lacustrine Coarse Loamy O .BLMLT Melita L WELL Fluvial Loamy CU .RMNH Mentieth SL IMPER Lacustrine/Till Coarse Loamy/Loamy GLR.BL

MOW Mowbray L WELL Fluvial Loamy CU.RMON Maon SL WELL Lacustrine Coarse Loamy R.BLMXI Miniota SL WELL Lacustrine/Fluvial Coarse Loamy/Sandy Skeletal O .BLNPS Naples CL POOR Lacustrine Fine Loamy O.HGOKL Oak Lake LS POOR Lacustrine Sandy R.HG(C)

ONH Onahan LS IMPER Eolian Sandy GL.RPAK Plum Lake SL POOR Lacustrine Coarse Loamy R.HGPDA Prodan CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GLR.BLRAM Ramada CL WELL Lacustrine Fine Loamy O.BLRTO Ralston LS IMPER Eolian Sandy GL.R

SCK Stockton LFS WELL Lacustrine Sandy O.BLSEE Sewell LFS POOR Lacustrine Sandy R.HGSOU Souris LS IMPER Lacustrine Sandy GLR.BLSTU Stanton LS WELL Lacustrine Sandy O.BLSWZ Switzer SL IMPER Lacustrine Coarse Loamy GLR.BL

TDP Tadpole CL POOR Lacustrine Fine Loamy R.HGVFF Vodroff CL POOR Lacustrine/Till Loamy R.HGWHL Wheatland LS WELL Lacustrine/Fluvial Sandy/Sandy Skeletal O.BL

WKD Waskada L WELL Lacustrine/Till Loamy O.BLWVI Wytonville FSL IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Coarse Loamy/Sandy Skeletal GL .BL

MAP UNIT SYtiBOLOGY

Compound Map Units

Series SymbolPercentileof map unit

DOT7 - DXM3 CXTS - CAV5

~' R 1~ RSlope Class Degree of Stoniness Degree of Erosion Degree o£(very gently (moderately stony) (none or minimal) Salinitysloping) (weakly

saline)

In a compound unit where two series share the same denominator, the phasesapply to both series accordingly .

Simple Map Units

PSlope Class Degree of Stoniness A series with no significant(very gently (moderate) phase featuressloping)

Phases

Degree of Erosion Stoniness

x non-eroded or minimal x non-stony1 slightly eroded 1 slightly stony2 moderately eroded 2 moderately stony3 severely eroded 3 very stonyo overblown 4 exceedingly stony

5 excessively stonySlope Class

Degree of Salinity Cond . mS/cmx 0-2I level to nearly levelc 2-5I very gently sloping x non-saline 0-4d 5-9I gently sloping s weakly saline 4-8e 9-15I moderately sloping t moderately saline 8-15f 15-30I strongly sloping u strongly saline 15+g 30-45% very strongly slopingh 45-70% extremely sloping

CLN CXTxc2x

/111" t

xc2x " x2x xx2s

u0000c)(91 canada-manitobasis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/mb/mbd56/mbd56_report.pdf ·...

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