ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIANation Religion King

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Ketsana Emergency Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (KERRP)Project Management Office

Ministry of Rural DevelopmentPhnom Penh, Cambodia

18 November 2010

E2540 v. 2

KETSANA EMERGENCY RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION PROJECT (KERRP):ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (EMF)

Table of Contents

Contents PageAcronyms and Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………... 31. Introduction and Background…………………………………………………………………………….. 42. Project Description…………………………………………………………………………………………. 4

2.1 Proposed Intervention………………………………………………………………………………. 42.2 Scope of the Project 52.2.1 Geographic Scope…………………………………………………………………………………. 52.2.2 Project Provinces 72.3 Environment ………………………………………………………………………………………… 82.3.1 Environmental Setting and Protected Areas……………………………………………………… 82.3.2 Environmental Conditions…………………………………………………………………………. 92.4 Issues and Problems……………………………………………………………………………….. 122.4.1 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement …………………………………………………. 122.4.2 Rights of Way……………………………………………………………………………………….. 132.4.3 Indigenous People …………………………………………………………………………………. 13

3. Environmental Management Framework……………………………………………………………….. 143.1 Justification for the Use of Environmental Management Framework (EMF)…………………. 143.2 Purpose and Functions of the EMF……………………………………………………………… 14

4. Applicable Legal and Policy Requirements…………………………………………………………….. 154.1 Cambodian Environmental Legislation…………………………………………….……………… 154.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies……………………………………………………………………. 16

5. Process Framework………………………………………………………………………………………… 175.1 Screening Process……………………………………………………………………………….. 175.2 Environmental Impact Assessment…………………………………………………………… 195.3 Summary of Likely Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures…………………………….. 205.4 Overview of Process Steps…………………………………………………………………….. 245.5 Public Involvement and Disclosure …………………………………………………………….. 245.6 Mitigation of Impacts ……………………………………………………………………………. 24

6 Environmental Monitoring Plan……………………………………………………………………….. 267 EMP Implementation…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

7.1 Codes of Practice …………………………………………………………………………………7.2 Monitoring Plans………………………………………………………………………………….. 277.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangements……………………………………………………………. 287.4 Capacity Building………………………………………………………………………………….. 287.5 Modification of the EMF and EMP……………………………………………………………….. 28

8 Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………………………………………………. 28

ANNEXES

Annex A Glossary of TermsAnnex B Table of Project Road Sections by ProvinceAnnex C Maps of Proposed Road Sections by ProvinceAnnex D Negative List (“Watchlist”) Annex E Detailed Screening ChecklistAnnex F Summary of Works Activities, Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Annex G MRD General Specifications, Section 1 Annex H RG Cambodia Sub-Decrees on Environmental Impact Assessment Process

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

asl above sea levelBOQ Bill of QuantitiesDGTA Directorate General, Technical Assistance (in MRD)DoE Department of Environment (Provincial level department of MOE)DR Department of Resettlement (within Ministry of Finance)E(I)A Environmental (Impact) AssessmentES Environmental SpecialistEMF Environmental Management FrameworkEMP Environmental Management PlanIP Indigenous PeopleKERRP Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation ProjectMEF Ministry of Economy and FinanceMOE Ministry of EnvironmentMRD Ministry of Rural DevelopmentNCDM National Committee for Disaster ManagementNR National RoadPDNA Post Disaster Needs AssessmentPDRD Provincial Department of Rural DevelopmentPE Project EngineerPIP Project Implementation PlanPIU Provincial Implementation UnitPMO Project Management OfficePRDC Provincial Rural Development CommitteeRAP Resettlement Action PlanRGC Royal Government of CambodiaRPF Resettlement Policy FrameworkSA Social AssessmentSBST Single Bituminous Surface TreatmentTA Technical AssistanceWB World Bank

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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe Typhoon Ketsana Emergency Rehabilitation Project (KERRP) is a four-year project designed to rehabilitate and maintain a number of selected rural roads affected by the typhoon since October 2009, and provide water, sanitation and dust control program for villages along their targeted alignments in six provinces around Tonle Sap in the Kingdom of Cambodia, namely, the provinces of Siem Reap, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Cham and Kampong Thom. The project area and roads selected for rehabilitation in the KERRP 4-year program are shown on Exhibit I (Fig.1 to 6).

The objectives of the project are to restore the service level of infrastructure in a sustainable manner through reconstruction and rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure and the provision of basic water and sanitation services to the affected people in the project areas. This objective will be achieved through the reconstruction and rehabilitation of rural roads, construction of water and sanitation facilities for households in selected villages along rural roads in the selected provinces, and institutional strengthening and capacity-building. The long-range goal of this project is poverty alleviation and dust control. The type and magnitude of planned works varies by road section. Works include upgrading and sealing existing dusty roads covering all villages along the roads, rehabilitation and repairing embankments damaged by the typhoon Ketsana, new addition or replacement of damaged or under-strength bridges and culverts, periodic and routine maintenance. The water, sanitation, and dust control program will be designed to provide for local villages and markets which are highly affected due to disaster.

This Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been prepared to ensure (i) that the project will be environmentally sound and sustainable, (ii) that environmental consequences of the project are understood, and (iii) that necessary procedures and instruments are identified and applied to prevent, minimize or mitigate adverse effects during the design, implementation and operation of the project.

The EMF is based upon (i) the review of available documents, (ii) field inspections of the environmental characteristics (including social and cultural characteristics) of areas around and through which the roads pass, (iii) inspections of the road sections proposed to be rehabilitated, and (iv) consideration of the construction methods and quantities that would be involved; the provision of clean water via either open well or pump well, and latrines for households in the project areas was also considered and reviewed as part of the EMF preparation.

2. Project DescriptionProposed Intervention

Project intervention and activities will focus on the most affected areas in terms of population and economic and production activities in rural areas where people’s livelihood depends on access to markets e.g. through rural roads and their quality of daily life relies on the access to water and proper sanitation. Evidence also suggests the need for capacity building as integral part of all elements of the project. This need is identified at the following levels (a) contractors, (b) villages and individual households, and (c) for national disaster management.

Component No. 2 of the Project will (i) rehabilitate and reconstruct, as well as improve, parts of existing but damaged rural roads that pass through the main villages, and (ii) maintain existing rural roads in the six project provinces. It will also finance water supply and sanitation for families who are living in main villages along the damaged rural road sections in these provinces. Rural road improvements and provision of water and sanitation will improve the affected communities’ living conditions which ultimately can improve their livelihood.

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The following are the project components:

Component 1: Support for emergency response (US$5 million, to be implemented by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). This component will provide retroactive financing for specific eligible expenditures made for disaster relief. Retroactive financing would cover eligible expenditures, subject to review, that are determined to be acceptable to the Bank for: (i) any rehabilitation and reconstruction works the RGC will need after Typhoon Ketsana and before the KERRP is signed; and (ii) funds needed to mobilize technical expertise to conduct road surveys and mobilize a managing consultant for project preparation and initial implementation. Component 2: Rural road rehabilitation and reconstruction in six selected provinces and provision of community-level water supply and sanitation facilities (US$25.1 million, to be implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). The component will comprise the following: a. Rural Road Rehabilitation and Improvement: This will include rehabilitation of gravel surfaced roads that are partially damaged (230 km) and those that are totally damaged (80 km), principally to gravel standards. Selective sections may be surfaced depending on materials availability and cost optimization. Reconstruction of three bridges, major culverts and drainage facilities will be included. In addition, three years of maintenance for some 920 km of unimproved rural roads that were affected by the typhoon will be supported. b. Dust control: Dust will be controlled through single seal surface treatment (SST) of about 2 km of roads for each village requiring treatment (up to a total of 550 km). c. Water and Sanitation Activities: Initial surveys identified 274 villages (with approximately 150 households per village based on 2008 national census). It is estimated that about 60% of households will need water supply and 75% will need sanitation. Activities under this subcomponent will include: i. Community water supply: This will comprise approximately 1,400 community-based wells with hand pump at the village level (assuming 15 households per pump) ; and ii. Family-based latrine sanitation: This will provide one pour-flush latrine per household, for a total of 32,000 units. Simple, prefabricated units are available from local suppliers. Households will be responsible for providing the necessary superstructure. Component 3: Project implementation support (US$4 million, to be implemented by the MRD). Given the output-based approach to be used in implementing the activities under Component 2, there is a need for integrated management capacity. The proposed approach is to provide implementation support through an experienced international consulting firm as Managing Consultant. This Managing Consultant will have overall responsibility for: (i) detailed surveys engineering designs and suitable contract terms; (ii) construction supervision; (iii) monitoring and verification of outputs; (iv) capacity building of local contractors; (v) strengthening MRD#s financial management and reporting; (vi) support to MRD in project management; and (vii) outreach and dissemination related to the water and sanitation subcomponent. The cost of these activities will comprise of the Managing Consultant's cost (US$3 million) and project incremental operating costs (US$1 million). If additional funding is required for incremental costs, those costs will be borne by RGC through counterpart funding. Component 4: Institutional strengthening and capacity building (US$3 million, to be implemented by the National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM). This component will support the NCDM through developing: (i) national and provincial risk maps; (ii) emergency management information and an early warning system; and (iii) housing and building codes.

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2.2 Scope of the Project

2.2.1 Geographic Scope

The KERRP is designed to rehabilitate 920.0 km of existing rural roads along their present alignments in which 80.0 km are fully damaged through some part of the embankment having been washed away during the flood-; they will be maintained or rehabilitated, and road sections passing through villages or markets areas are proposed to be sealed with a Single Bituminous Surface Treatment (SBST) for dust control purposes as necessary. Also included in the project is the construction or replacement of bridges and culverts as required to ensure all-season road access based on the actual hydrology re-survey of the roads in the KERRP area. For an estimated 274 villages, - water and sanitation would be provided through one unit of pump well for each group of 15-households, and one latrine without superstructure, and septic tank for each household.

Existing bridges and culverts along several road sections should be better maintained and where they suffer high flooding additional or larger bridges or culverts are needed. Many other road sections have pipe culverts and box culverts that are deteriorated, are inadequate in size, or are lacking altogether. Villages along the affected road sections will be provided with SBST to minimize dust generation. Also, one unit of pump well per group of 15 household as well as one unit of latrine including septic tank without superstructure will be provided.

Project roads, to be rehabilitated within their present alignments, will be 4.5 - 6m wide with shoulders of 30cm - 50cm, constructed on earth/laterite embankments sufficiently high (in most cases about 30 - 50cm higher than the present grade) to clear the 10-year flood level. SBST treatment will be used to seal the laterite road surfacing after acceptable grading and compaction through all villages along project roads.

See Annexes B and C for tables and maps of Project Areas proposed for the Road Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project. For most road sections, embankment

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Legend6 Provinces in KERP

9 Provinces Affected

Unaffected Provinces

construction material will be obtained from borrow pits alongside the existing roads; these will be finished after materials extraction as wide ditches to drain the completed road or as ponds to retain water for local use and aquaculture.

2.2.2 Project ProvincesThe PDNA originally identified 15 affected provinces. Six priority provinces were selected within this area by the RGC; the chosen provinces for the World Bank intervention are: Siem Reap, Kampong Cham, Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Thom, Battambang, and Kampong Chhnang:

Siem Reap: Siem Reap is located in Northwest Cambodia. It borders Oddar Meanchey to the North, Preah Vihear and Kapong Thom to the East, the Tonle Sap lake to the South and  Banteay Meanchey to the West. The area of the province is 10,299 square kilometers. The topography of the province is variable from the Tonle Sap floodplains along the Southern border through a belt of lowland paddy fields to lowland/ upland mosaic upland forested areas to the north. Siem Reap is classified as a rural province. The World Heritage Site of Angkor Wat is located in this province. (http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country/provincial-Profile/Siem-Reap)

Kampong Cham: Kampong Cham is located Southeast of the country. It borders Kratie and Kampong Thom to the North, Vietnam to the East,  Prey Veng and Kandal to the South and Kampong Chhnang to the West. The area of the province is 9,799 square kilometers.  The topography of this province is highly variable. Kampong Cham is bisected by the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the northern areas consist of upland areas including forest, rubber plantations and agricultural areas. The southern areas of Eastern Kampong Cham consist of lowland paddy fields and areas of lowland/ upland mosaic. Around the Mekong River are the river flood plains. In Western Kampong Cham there are large areas of lowland paddy fields to the Southeast. To the North of Western Kampong Cham, the topography is of lowland/ upland mosaic and uplands including forest, rubber plantations and agricultural areas. Kampong Cham is classified as a rural province.

Banteay Meanchey: Banteay Meanchey is located in the nowthwest corner of Cambodia bordering Thailand to the north and west, Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap provinces to the East and Battambang to the South. The area of the province is 6,677 square kilometers.The topography of the province is variable from lowland plains of paddy fields in the southeast to a mosaic of lowands and upland forested areas in the north and west. Banteay Meanchey is classified as a rural province.(www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country/provincial-Profile/Bantheay-Meanchey)

Kampong Thom: Kampong Thom is located in the geographical center of Cambodia. It borders  Preah Vihear to the North, Kratie to the East,  Kampong Cham and Kampong Chnnang to the South and the Tonle Sap lake and Pursat to the West. The area of the province is 15,060 square kilometers. The topography is of the province is variable, from the Tonle Sap floodplains in the Southwest through lowland paddy fields, to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas in the Northeast. Kampong Thom is classified as a rural province.(http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country/provincial-Profile/Kampong-Thom)

Battambang: Battambang is located to in the northwest. It borders to the Banteay Meanchey to the north, The Tonle Sap lake to the East, Pursat to the South and Pailin and Thailand to the West. The area of the province is 11,622 square

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kilometers. The topography is variable from the Tonle Sap floodplains in the East through a broad belt of lowland paddy fields in the center to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas to the West. Battambang is classified as a rural province. (http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country/provincial-Profile/Battambang)

Kampong Chhnang: Kampong Chhnang is located near the geographical center of Cambodia. It borders Kampong Thom and the Tonle Sap lake to the North, Kampong Cham and Kandal to the East,  Kampong Speu to the South and Pursat to the West. The area of the province is 5521 square kilometers. The topography is variable from east to west, from the Tonle Sap floodplains through lowland paddy fields to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas in the west. Kampong Chhnang is classified as a rural province.http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country/provincial-Profile/Kampong-Chhnang)

2.3 Environment

2.3.1 Environmental Setting and Protected Areas

The climate in the area of impact is dry monsoon with a 7-8 month dry period. The wet season, from about July through October brings extensive flooding.

The entire project area is part of a large shallow basin extending from the hill land near Thailand border to the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake. With the exceptions of riverbanks and slightly incised rivers, the KERRP area is essentially flat land sloping gently towards Tonle Sap Lake. There are many areas of sandy soil, particularly in the north. In these zones, the soil has low water and soil nutrient retention capacity, consequently, land productivity is limited and the population density is very low. In areas of loam soil, productivity and population density is relatively high but these areas are confined to lenses of loam in shallow basins and in areas near Tonle Sap lake.

There are no national parks and no wildlife sanctuaries in any of the areas proposed for road improvements.

No undisturbed forest remains in the area served by KERRP roads. It was under Khmer Rouge control until 1997 and has been logged of valuable trees over the past two decades.

2.3.2 Environmental Conditions

2.3.2.1 Topography

The rural roads to be rehabilitated are situated in a large area of alluvium, specifically the roads that are close to Siem Reap. The alluvium forms part of the Cambodian Central Plain that surrounds the Tonle Sap and encompasses the lower Mekong River system in Cambodia, which extends through to the Vietnam coast. The plain is featureless apart from a few scattered outcrops of Jurassic Sandstone that occur as small hills that rise steeply to about 100 m asl above the plain. These hills occur at Phum Liep, Sisophon and Phnom Thom and are the only sources of rock in the area. Elsewhere, several small low north-south tending ridges that typically rise 3 to 5 m above the plain occur and are sought after as urban sites so as to be above the flood level. These are typified by the settlements at Krahlanh and Preah Netr Preah. From the Tonle Sap the plain rises imperceptibly at a gradient of about 0.03 percent for most of the way to north of Samrong where it encounters the lower slopes of the Dangrek escarpment that forms the boundary between Cambodia and Thailand. The range rises to heights of 800m asl. The plain is drained by four medium sized watercourses that descend from the Dangrek escarpment towards the Tonle Sap. Once these encounter the plain they develop a pronounced meander all the way to the Tonle Sap. A secondary

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drainage system originates on the floodplain that collects localized runoff and then directs this to the main watercourses. Ultimately all runoff enters the Tonle Sap via the Stueng Sangkae at the northwestern end of the lake. Much of the area’s drainage has been affected by a series of levees and drains that have been intentionally constructed in an effort to redirect the water so as to improve drainage. During the wet season when the Tonle Sap rises the area on both sides of the road and parts of the road in low-lying areas are extensively flooded. The annual flood limit of the Tonle Sap is established at about 10.0 m asl. Inundation at this level may last for about 20 days.

2.3.2.2 Soils

Two types of soils have formed within the project area and these are defined by location. These are either (i) young alluvially sorted soils on the lower plains and (ii) older soils that have formed in the upper lowland areas closer to Samrong.

(i) The young soils have limited profile development and are mainly sandy loams to sandy clay loams that are derived from sandstone. These soils have limited fertility and are situated in poorly drained sites that are subject to annual inundation and local flooding. From Sisophon towards Poiphet the soils become more friable and better drained which may be due to inclusions of limestone and basalt occurring around Battambang.

(ii) The older soils occur in the upper plain areas closer to Samrong and are only subject to intermittent flooding. These soils show greater clay development and eluviation to lower parts of the profile with overall greater profile development. The topsoils are shallow and are mainly sandy loams. Ferruginous gravels are present in the lower parts of the profile. These soils are commonly called “lateritic type soils”.

Unlike the younger soils the older soils have lower fertility and many of these areas remain under degraded woodland vegetation. The younger soils apart from those from Sisophon to Poiphet have limited fertility and where the soils are cultivated the topsoils are deficient in organic matter. Some inorganic fertilizers are used by the farmers to replace nutrients. However due to the overall low yield expectations in annually flooded land, farmers will only use fertilizers judiciously. While raindrop erosion has reduced the structure within the surface soils, no evidence of soil erosion or deposition is evident in any of the road cross drainage structures.

2.3.2.3 Climate

The climate of the area is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest monsoon establishes in May and lasts till October and produces the wet season, while from November to April the dry northeast monsoon occurs. Temperatures are high throughout the year with daytime maximum temperatures averaging close to 35oC in April just prior to the rains. With increased cloud cover from the southwest monsoon, daytime temperatures decrease, while a slight seasonal effect lowers the temperature to 30oC in December. The highest temperature recorded in Siem Reap was 40.8oC in April 1990, while the lowest recorded temperature was 13.6oC in January 1993. Average rainfall at Siem Reap, is 1408mm with about 80 percent of the rain falling in the wet season, 14 percent in the transition months (April and November) and the remaining 6 percent falling in December - March. January and February are the driest months with a combined rainfall of only 7 – 8 mm. Rainfall variability is greatest in the wet season, while the dry season is predictably much less variable. Evaporation averages 125 mm/month reaching 150 mm/month in March – April and declining to 110 mm/month in September – December. Six years of wind speed data measured at the Irrigation Office in Siem Reap from 1989 – 1994 shows that average wind speeds ranged from 1 – 3 m/s while maximum wind speeds commonly reach 20 m/s during the wet season. During the dry season the maximum wind velocities are lower and

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are commonly in the range of 6 – 8 m/s. Wind generally picks up from about mid-afternoon as the atmosphere heats. While the total amount of rainfall is adequate for rice growing, the distribution is often problematic and adverse crop dry spells are a feature of the wet season. This is more pronounced on the predominantly sandy soils that are a feature of the area, where percolation losses may reach 30 mm or more per month.

2.3.2.4 Surface water

The hydrology of the area is determined by three systems: (i) the hydrological conditions that prevail in the upper catchment areas of the Dangrek escarpment as modified by the nearly level plain area that surrounds the road and is evident as channelized flow in the four main drainage channels that cross the plains area, (ii) locally derived drainage that originates from the plain as overland flow. This becomes channelized below the road and then joins one of the main watercourses and enters the Tonle Sap via the Stueng Sangkae, and (iii) the operation of the Tonle Sap itself. The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater area in SE Asia and is an important regulating feature of the lower Mekong River, which by acting as storage, both moderates flood flows during the wet season and maintains low flows during the dry season. In normal years the Tonle Sap operates within the levels of 1.1 m asl and 10.0 m asl. As the road is set at about 10.0 m asl parts of the road that cross the plain at or below this level are influenced by back water effects of the Tonle Sap. Overall the hydrology of the plain is moderated by the low slopes. This increases storage, retards runoff and attenuates discharge. Floods appear to be synchronized with the flood height appearing to rise and fall on both sides of the road evenly since there are no indications of the development of any adverse hydraulic conditions that may arise should water be impounded behind the road embankment. This would be evident by scour below the embankment and deposition above the embankment. Nor is there any evidence of scour on the top of the embankment in sections where the road is flooded. It is concluded that overall the present hydrologic situation with regard to the road cross drainage is very benign. However, care will need to be taken to improve drainage when the road is raised to the flood free height as otherwise this will store more water above the embankment and increase the potential to damage the road and areas below the road. The dry season has a marked effect on the area’s hydrology and limits flow to very low discharges in the defined channels, while no flow occurs in any of the secondary localized channels. Access to suitable drinking water is a major constraint in the area and this is especially so in the dry season when flows are very low.

2.3.2.5 Groundwater

Groundwater is plentiful in the area and is evident in the shallow surface wells that are used for village water supplies. However water quality suffers during the dry season when lack of clean domestic water is a major household problem. In the upper areas, wells and ponds are the main sources of water, but again poor water quality during the dry season makes the majority of these sources unfit for drinking water.

2.3.2.6 Ecological Resources There are no forests along most of these rural roads. The forest has now been cleared for up to 1 km back from the road for agriculture. Due to the lower agricultural production associated with these older, poorer soils, many of the communities rely on collection and sale of wood fuel to supplement incomes in the areas towards Samrong. Fuelwood is sold alongside the roadside and the main market is Sisophon.

Forest and land-use statistics published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF) shows that Deciduous Forest is the largest area of forest in both Banteay Meanchey (75,270 ha) and in Siem Reap Province (212,850 ha). Dense evergreen forest is 400 ha and

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22,860 ha for each province respectively. Between 1992/93 and 1996/97, Landsat imaging showed that there has been an overall reduction in forest cover of 3.7 percent and 1.8 percent for the provinces respectively. The largest losses have occurred in Forest Re-growth with 2.4 percent recorded in Banteay Meanchey while 0.7 percent was recorded for Evergreen Disturbed Forest. No later figures are available.

Forests are divided into concession forests and protection forests; concession forests may be harvested for sale. The allowable log harvest in 2002 for Siem Reap Province had been fixed at 5,000 cu.m. There are two concession forest holders operating in Siem Reap Province namely Samrong Wood Ltd. and TPP Cambodia Timber Product (Pte) Ltd. Samrong Wood is the only concessionaire still operating and the 5,000 cu.m. allocation is only available for this company. Apart from forest concession areas, about 20,000 ha of forest is managed as community forests by 31 forest communities. Under this arrangement the Forest Department hands over the management of the area to the community who must abide by a management plan that is supervised by the Forest Department. Under these arrangements the community has access to the forest and may remove forest products and cut trees for their own use but they are prohibited from selling the trees. Timber harvesting for sale is only allowed from forest concessions.

Sugar palms Borassus flabberlifer are a feature of the area and these occur within the paddy areas. These are an important part of the local economy and the fruit and sap are used for making sweets and also for alcohol. Another common plant is Pandanus that is planted as a hedgerow along the rice field bunds. As these become habitats for rats, the pandanus hedges are often burnt prior to the rains. From Sisophon on to Poiphet where better drained areas occur both the sugar palm and pandanus give way to shrubs and low woody vegetation, where this has not been cleared for paddy areas. Grasses occurring in the open spaces between the low trees include; Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum spontaneum and Desmodium. Burning the grasses during the dry season has helped maintain the area as a fire-tolerant dipterocarp woodland.

The road embankments are vegetated by short thorny shrubs, grass and annual herbaceous weeds. These include Calamus salifolius, Mimosa pigra, Acacia spiralis, Derris trifolia, Combretum trifortiatum, Croton caudatus, Popowia disospyrifolia, and Merremia hederaceae. Sesbania is often planted along the roadside and closer to Sisophon and Siem Reap, Raintrees (Samanea saman) have been planted for shade as well as Poinceana sp. Along NR56 sugar palms are often planted in the sections closer to Sisophon. Where trees have been planted along the road, these have not reached maturity, many of which have been damaged due to their proximity to the road. Consequently they have little aesthetic value and function and there is no reason why these should not be removed if they are within 2 m of the road pavement. None of the vegetation has any biological conservation value.

2.4 Issues and ProblemsThe magnitude of adverse environmental impacts of the Ketsana Emergency Rehabilitation Project is anticipated to be minor. All sub-project proposals will be required to contain enough environmental information to facilitate screening to determine whether the sub-project is likely to have significant environmental impacts. Sub-projects whose expected environmental impacts are negligible and do not require special attention would be cleared for approval using a standard environmental management plan (EMP). Sub-projects expected to generate moderate impacts would require preparation of a simple environmental analysis and incorporation of recommended mitigation measures into the sub-project design before approval.

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Sub-projects with potentially significant environmental impacts will not be considered for financing; there is an “environmental watchlist” of projects that will not be financed by this project (see Annex D). A check list of likely environmental impacts (see Table 5.1 in section 5.1.2) will be used by the PMO and the PIUs for screening whether the proposed works can be expected to result in significant environmental impacts, and if so, to require additional measures and actions to ensure that the sub-project works meets with the World Bank’s environmental requirements.

2.4.1 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

Only minor land acquisition, or acquisition of other assets (trees or crops) will likely be necessary to make way for road rehabilitation in the KERRP program for local road widening or straightening. No relocation (resettlement) of people is expected to be required. All issues associated with any land and/or asset acquisition will be dealt with in a separate instrument, the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF).

The people of these villages are well integrated into main-stream Cambodian culture in six provinces and will not suffer any impacts - by type or magnitude - different from that those affecting other communities. Impacts on all communities affected by the KERRP, will be mostly minor and confined to short-term construction-related nuisances, such as noise, dust, and traffic disruptions.

2.4.2 Rights-of-Way (RoW)

Right-of-Way (RoW) in the Kingdom of Cambodia is governed by the Prime Ministerial Edict: Measures to Eliminate Anarchical Land Grabbing (1999), declaring public land for roads that must not be occupied; this is determined for each type of road. The Rural Road T2 RoW is 15m, on either side of the road centerline, and for commune roads T3, the RoW is 10m, on either side of the road center line. These restrictions are not applicable in towns.

KERRP involves the rehabilitation, maintenance and sealing of existing rural roads, village and village level roads with their different legal rights-of-way. However, Cambodian practice is to “take” a “clear zone” considerably less in width than the legal RoW. For KERRP Rural roads a clear zone of 5m to 8m will be sufficient; for tertiary roads 4.5m to 6m will be sufficient. Where land in the RoW clear zone is used for farming or contains fruit-bearing trees, residences, commercial buildings, or other structures that would need to be removed, compensation will be awarded to users and owners according to the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) and the Ministry of Public Work and Transport (MPWT) policies on Involuntary Resettlement. But no resettlement is required to make way for KERRP road works and none is expected in future years.

2.4.3 Indigenous People

None of the communities that live along these rural roads of the proposed project area are indigenous people (IP) as defined by the World Bank policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10). Therefore this policy is not triggered.

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3. Environmental Management Framework3.1 Justification for Use of EMF

The Environmental Management Framework was designed to ensure that (a) the Project activities do not create or result in serious adverse impacts on the local community and environment, (b) the mitigation and monitoring plans are carried out effectively, and (c) possible impacts on, and complaints from, the local government authorities and communities are avoided or at least minimized. To achieve these objectives, the following actions will be undertaken:

All proposed sub-projects will be screened through the process described further below. The Project Management Office (PMO), at the national level, will conduct the screening in close coordination and consultation with the Provincial Implementation Units (PIU) based at the Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD) in the six affected provinces. The screening results will be documented and properly kept for review by the Bank.

Appropriate mitigation measures will be included in the bidding and contract

documents by to be prepared by the PMO; compliance by the contractors will be monitored in the field by the Project Engineer under close supervision of the Project Supervision Consultant (the “Managment Consultant”); and the performance of the contractors will be documented and properly kept for review by the Bank.

PIUs will supervise and monitor the overall activities and prepare a semi-annual report on the application of these policies during the planning, design, and construction phases of the Project. PIUs will also develop the reporting requirements and procedures to ensure compliance by the contractors; conduct public consultation and public awareness programs; and, carry out periodic training for field engineers and contractors, as appropriate. A semi-annual report on the implementation of the environmental safeguard measures will be submitted to the Bank.

3.2 Purpose and Functions of the EMF

The EMF sets out the procedural framework for screening, impact assessment, public information and involvement, management and mitigation, including monitoring throughout the project cycle covering design, construction, and implementation.

Environmental and social safeguard measures. Options to address the various environmental and social issues identified will be worked out based on a review of good practices and requirement of compliance with the Cambodian legal provisions and the World Bank safeguard policy requirements. The analysis of options enabled the identification of measures to address the environmental and social issues. The measures will be finalized through stakeholder consultations, wherein inputs from the stakeholders including the MRD, PDRD, and MOE. The measures envisaged under the EMF will be implemented by MRD, with the assistance of MOE.

Screening of Sub-Projects. A screening and review process for identification of sensitive sub-projects with respect to environmental/social issues has been worked out. The screening exercise will be carried out by the PIUs, with guidance and supervision by the PMO, prior to initiation of the project preparation activities. The screening exercise will be used as a tool to identify the severity of impacts of environmental and social issues, and thereby integrate their mitigation measures into the project preparation accordingly. The screening criteria will include:

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(i) Environmental factors such as: (a) sensitive areas, natural habitats, other declared sensitive areas by MOE; (b) cutting of trees; (c) clearance of vegetative cover; (d) loss of productive agricultural land; (e) cuts across perennial streams or surface water bodies; (f) vulnerability to natural hazards, land slides/slips, soil erosion; and (g) environmental features as wet lands, protected ground water zone, etc.

(ii) Social factors such as: (a) land availability; (b) loss of structures; (c) loss of livelihood; (d) impacts on common property resources.

The screening shall provide information on; (a) categories of sub-projects and inclusion in the project; (b) categories of sub-projects to be excluded in sensitive areas through exclusion criteria.

Responsibilities for Safeguard Screening and Mitigation. The Ministry of Rural Development is the implementing agency of the KERRP, and as such, it will be responsible for applying the safeguard screening and mitigation measures to its own sub-projects. Within the PMO and the PIUs, a “Safeguards Focal Point” will be identified with responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the EMF. The PMO will ensure the tracking of implementation of this framework.

4. Applicable Legal and Policy Requirements4.1 Cambodian Environmental Legislation

4.1.1 Environmental Assessment Requirements

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is governed by the Sub-Decree on the EIA Process (11/08/99, No: 72. ANRK.BK). This is attached as ANNEX C. The Sub-Decree is under the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management (LEPNRM - 1997) administered by the Ministry of Environment (MOE). The Law states that an EIA is to be conducted of all major projects defined in an Annex to the Sub-Decree (also in ANNEX C). The LEPNRM identifies the MOE as the lead agency in environmental planning, EA, natural resource management, environmental protection and development project monitoring and inspection. The Ministry is also to coordinate with other agencies that have development and resources management responsibility.

The Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected Areas (1993) designates 23 areas as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, or multiple use areas under the administration of the MOE. In 1994, the MOE issued Prakas No. 103 to implement the Royal Decree by prohibiting a number of activities within the protected areas including use of machinery and heavy vehicles that could cause smoke pollution.

For matters directly impacting the natural environment, the Law on Land Use Planning, Urbanization and Construction (May, 1994) states that the planned utilization of grounds and construction must respect the zones of protection of patrimony and environment.

Cambodia is a signatory to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat.

4.1.2 Cultural Heritage Protection

Cambodian cultural heritage issues are governed by several laws and decrees, including:

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The Royal Decree on the Establishment of Protected Cultural Zones in the Siem Reap/Angkor Region and Guidelines for their Management (1993),

The Royal Decree Establishing the Supreme Council on National Culture (SCNC, 1995),

The Royal Decree on the Establishment of a National Authority for the Protection, Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA, 1995), and

The Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage (1996).

The Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Chapter 1, Article 4 defines cultural property. Chapter Two, Section 7: Chance Discoveries, Articles 37 and 39 of the same law govern actions to be taken in the event that road works unearth cultural property. Article 37 states that when construction work or any other activity unearths cultural property, those who discover the object(s) are obliged to stop the construction work and immediately make a declaration to the local police. The Police are to transmit the declaration to the Governor of the province without delay. The Governor in turn informs the competent authority (either SCNC, or in Siem Reap, APSARA) and takes measures to ensure the protection of the object(s) and the site. Such measures are decided by the competent authority.

Article 38 states that the competent authority shall, within 30-days of the declaration, announce the temporary suspension of the construction and the safeguarding measures to be taken. When no such announcements are made within 30-days, the work suspension no longer applies. The Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project rural road reconstruction activities do not cross any known heritage sites. Nevertheless, road works may unearth archaeological artifacts (“chance finds”), or cultural property, particularly given that Siem Reap province has a number known heritage sites.

4.2 World Bank (WB) Environmental Safeguard Policies

The WB aims to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts of Bank funded projects. To that end the Bank has a number of Safeguard Policies that apply to Bank funded projects. The following discusses the relevant Operational Policies (OPs) and Bank Procedures (BPs) and why they are triggered under the Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project. Should Cambodian laws and policies be inconsistent with Bank Safeguard Policies concerning this project, the Bank Policies would supersede.

4.2.1 World Bank Environmental Assessment Requirements

Bank EA requirements are defined in OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment. OP 4.01 requires Bank funded projects to be categorized according to the degree of severity of anticipated environmental impacts. This requires an EA to examine the potential negative and positive environmental impacts of the Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project (KERRP) and to recommend measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. In case of only minor impacts – such as this project – screening and an environmental management plan are used. A brief synopsis of the applicable World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies and their requirements to deal with environmental and social issues associated with the KERRP, are provided below:

OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment. The proposed subprojects will focus on the repair, rehabilitation, reconstruction and upgrading (where necessary) of damaged roads, and associated bridges and culverts. There will also be household-

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level simple water supply and sanitation investments. Considering the limited nature and magnitude of potential environmental impacts from relatively small scale works, the proposed operations have been classified as Category B. General overall guidelines are provided in this framework for addressing the potential environmental and social issues: concerns and opportunities as well as mitigation measures have been given in these guidelines. All subprojects with potential adverse impacts will be checked against a list of negative attributes (an “environmental watchlist”) to avoid any investments in sensitive areas). Then a screening for environmental and social impacts will be done prior to project implementation. At the same time, the PMO & PIUs will apply appropriate environmental standards during implementation through inclusion of standard environmental specifications in the reconstruction and works contract documents of all subprojects (see Attachment 5); and provisions for adequate budget and satisfactory institutional arrangements for monitoring effective implementation.

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. The need for any land acquisition or involuntary resettlement in specific subprojects will only be known after the detailed surveys and design have been completed when site-specific plans will be available. Therefore subprojects will be screened for applicability of the resettlement policy, and any subprojects involving land acquisition and any involuntary resettlement will only be approved after preparation of a resettlement action plan (RAP) acceptable to the Bank. The resettlement policy framework (RPF) – a separate document - will therefore include procedures for identifying eligible project-affected people, and for calculating and delivering compensation. This project is expected to require minor land acquisition and some impacts on assets such as tree and crops only.

OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources. The road reconstruction and rehabilitation operations may require borrow pit excavations or some limited movements of earth. Such activities may have potential impacts on previously unidentified physical cultural resources through chance finds of an archaeological nature. Clear procedures will be provided for identification, protection and treatment of archaeological artifacts so discovered; these procedures will be included in the environmental management plan and in the standard bidding documents. KERRP roads do not cross any known heritage sites, but OP 4.11 may be triggered by chance finds of archeological relics.

5. Process Framework

5.1 The Screening Process

5.1.1 Assumptions in the Screening Process

The screening is based on the assumptions described below. If this is not the case, the Bank will be informed and consulted.

The main civil works to be carried out under KERRP will be limited to activities typically defined as reconstruction and rehabilitation, routine and periodic maintenance (resurfacing) and bridge repairs; flood repairs or emergency maintenance; regular upkeep of safety features and road signs, etc.) and small rehabilitation works to strengthen the road, repair structural defects, restore the road to its original condition, make small changes or improvements to alignment, and small construction of drainage and footpaths.

The works will be carried out within the existing right of way (ROW) and will not involve relocation and land acquisition. If land acquisition and relocation is needed, the Bank will be informed and the RPF will be applied.

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The Project-related impacts are site specific; few of the effects are irreversible; and appropriate mitigation measures can be developed by MRD and implemented by the contractors..

5.1.2 Standards and Codes of Practice

Project activities are unlikely to entail any significant environment issues and, as such, the screening process should consist largely of the verification of inclusion of appropriate standards in the project design and contract documentation. Areas which are usually covered through specifications, standards and codes include, but are not limited to, the following:

Rubble/debris collection and disposal; Excavation of borrow pits; Diosposal of spoil material; Noise and dust control; Traffic management during construction; Good operational health and safety measures for workers and the public; Standard guidelines and specifications for water supply and sanitation works; Good environmental practice in small scale construction.

While most Project activities are expected to have generic environmental and social issues that are manageable through standards and codes of practice, there may be Project activities that could cause additional environmental and social disruptions and/or impacts. These subprojects should be the subject of more detailed environmental and/or social reviews as the key management tool for identifying opportunities for lower impact project opportunities (through an alternative analysis exercise whenever possible) and/or for the identification of necessary mitigation measures in accordance with the prevailing Cambodian legal and regulatory framework and the Bank’s safeguard policies.

5.1.3 Initial Environmental and Social Safeguard Screening

The initial screening will be conducted by the Provincial Implementation Units (PIUs) with guidance by the PMO, during the preparation of the Annual Work Plans, after site surveys, and prior to finalization of detailed engineering design (DED). Steps and actions for the screening are presented in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1. Initial Screening for Each Sub-project

Screening check list Yes* Actions to be undertaken

Involves land acquisition, relocation, and / or indirect loss of access and assets

Y Planning/Project engineers based at the PMO will consult the Department of Resettlement (DR) and apply the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). If the impacts are significant, DR will seek Bank clearance before selection of the sub-project. Consultation with affected population is required during the planning and implementation of any land acquisition.

Scale of the civil works is larger than those identified for maintenance, rehabilitation or reconstruction

Y Planning/Project engineers of the PMO, through PIUs, will apply the appropriate guidelines for environmental management. If the impacts are significant, the PMO will seek Bank clearance before selection of the sub-project.

The Project site is located Y Planning/Project engineers of the PMO, through PIUs, will

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Screening check list Yes* Actions to be undertaken

near villages, residential, or other sensitive areas (schools and hospitals) and dust and road safety issues could significantly affect human health/life

include appropriate mitigation measures during the planning and design stages. MRD will establish criteria and technology appropriate for dust suppression in the sensitive areas. An action plan to address road safety during construction, including cost and consultation with local agencies and communities, will be prepared. Periodic monitoring of air quality, noise level, and opinions of local authority/community may be necessary. The issues and actions will be included in the EMP (see Annex C) and will be recorded in the progress report and/or the semi-annual report

Large amount of materials will be needed

Y Planning/Project engineers of the PMO, through PIUs, will screen the locations and practices used for material excavation, and propose mitigation measures as needed.

DED, bidding and contract documents, and construction of all sub-projects

Y Planning/Project engineers of the PMO, through PIUs, will apply the proposed EMP of the Project (Annex C) and if needed, prepare a specific action plan for the sub-project, including all measures to mitigate the impacts on road safety during construction, community consultation, and the public disclosure plan. MRD includes the environmental requirements set out in the EMP in the bidding/contract documents and ensures awareness and compliance by the contractors during the bidding process.Supervision field engineers will closely monitor the contractor performance and document it in the supervision/progress reports. Recommendations that are useful to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the mitigation plan should be provided.PIUs will periodically review the supervision reports, periodically inspect the contractor performance, conduct public consultation, and prepare a semi-annual report for the Bank.

*If No go to next step

5.2 Environmental Impact AssessmentThe Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will use a checklist that contains a listing of the possible impacts that are associated with rural road reconstruction and rehabilitation, and community-level water supply and sanitation improvements. Impacts are reviewed as environmental problems that are due to; (i) project location; (ii) design; (iii) construction, and (iv) operation. The impacts are allocated various degrees of intensity as follows:

No = no significant impact Small = small impact ? = impact could not be assessed

Medium = moderate impact Large = major impact “+” = beneficial impact.

Impacts are qualitatively assessed and the following definitions have been adopted.

• No – no impact from the intervention.

• Small – low probability of occurrence and low magnitude of any impact occurring on the environment.

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• Medium – moderate probability of occurrence and moderate magnitude of impact occurring on environment.

• Large – high probability of occurrence of impacts of higher magnitude; these impacts may be irreversible.

The detailed checklist of potential impacts to be used for the Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project is shown in Annex E.

5.3 Summary of Likely Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Negative environmental impacts will relate principally to construction activities. Impacts include those resulting from construction traffic, dust, noise and other nuisance, potential erosion and damage to small ponds and wetlands. The community-level water supply and sanitation program will involve the construction of dug or pump wells, latrine construction, possibly including septic tanks. The main impacts will result from the siting (=location) of wells and latrines, wastewater disposal, and disposal of latrine waste.

Long-term negative impacts will be confined to those arising from increased traffic and travel speeds along the roads due to the improved access provided by 921 km affected by the Ketsana typhoon in which fully damaged 76 km and partially damaged 229 km selected for rehabilitation by the project. The existing roads are wide and graveled. The proposed treatment will upgrade the base of the roads, bituminize their surface partially for each village and market area and improve drainage and culverts along the same alignment as the existing roads, and also provide a community-level water and sanitation program.

As the rural roads are already built and need only reconstruction or rehabilitation, the majority of the impacts are of an incremental nature. While several possible mitigation measures may available for the various impacts, due to space limitations within Table 5.2 below, only the main mitigation measures are shown.

Mitigation measures are identified for all impacts. Beneficial impacts are also reported, as the benefits arising from these can often offset the totality of the adverse impacts. However where irreversible losses are concerned it is unlikely that these will be replaced or substituted by beneficial impacts.

Positive socio-economic impacts will include reduced travel time and cost; improved year-round access to health center and education facilities, services, cultural activities, markets and employment opportunities; short-term jobs created during the construction period; improved access to heritage sites (to improve tourism income generation); and improved flood control through the drainage facilities to be installed as part of road design.

To enhance the local environments, the project includes requirements and funding for tree planting along the completed road corridors. When roads have been rehabilitated, cars and 4-wheel drive vehicles used by Police and other Government authorities, as well as NGOs, will have easier and faster, year-round access to areas served by KERRP roads (compared to the current easy access only by heavy trucks, and dusty environment). Consequently, the rehabilitated roads under KERRP will enable improvement of management of reserves and wildlife, and improved levels of social and health care and hygiene services to sustain the living condition of local people.

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Table 5.2: Summary of Activities, their Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES

ROAD RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION

Resurfacing of pavements and associated pavement works and repair and surfacing of shoulders

- Possible pollution of waterways or groundwater by bituminous products or solvents.

- Strict control to avoid spills and contractor to have adequate clean up procedures.

- Works can have temporary effects on irrigation or washing/drinking water supplies.

- Contractor to take into account local water uses.

- Dust noise and vibrations.

- Specification to include for watering in the contract;- Control of contractors equipment noise and vibrations,

especially close to settlements- Construction activities will be avoided at night, close to

residential areas;

Transport of materials

- Effect on traffic and pedestrian safety.

- Contractor to employ safe traffic control measures and limit possible disruption to non-construction traffic.

- Air and noise pollution for any nearby settlements and damage to existing roads.

- Control contractor’s vehicle speeds, noise and weight of loads and control dust and flying debris by covering loads or wetting material if necessary.

- Use locally available construction material wherever possible to minimize transport distances.

Materials stockpiling on shoulders

- Possible pollution of waterways by solids

- Possible impacts on road users safety

- Choose appropriate location for materials stockpiling well away from any waterways, irrigation or washing/drinking water supplies.

- Avoid encroachment on carriageway;- Preserve trees during material stockpiling

Borrow areas

- Quarries and borrow pits can have impacts on soils, water and the natural environment;

- Locate borrow areas away from any residential or other environmentally sensitive areas such as hospitals, intensive livestock production areas or wildlife breeding areas.

- Also avoid farmlands or forests as much as possible. Restrict work to daylight hours and limit the size and frequency of any blasting.

- Borrow areas will be restored and re-vegetated.

Worksite installation (if needed)

- Degradation of plant cover

- Soil and water pollution (trash dumping, oil spills)

- Choose location of work site installations in order to reduce impacts on the environment of these sites and the people living in the immediate vicinity;

- Fuel and oil, and bitumen storage areas will be located well away from any watercourses;

- These storage areas will be provided with interceptor traps so that accidental spills do not contaminate the environment;

- All waste oil will be stored and disposed of to acceptable oil industry standards;

- Wherever possible, refueling will be carried out at a fuel storage area and not permitted within or adjacent to watercourses;

- On completion of the work, contractor shall restore the sites to their original state;

Road safety & traffic management

- Road accidents due to inadequate control of vehicle speeds and signs/signals

- Prepare/finalize an action plan for each sub-project in close consultation with local agencies and communities, the implementation results should be reported periodically.

COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (see note below)

New water source

- Contamination due to wastewater or other source of pollution

- Get new water source tested for quality (bacteria, nitrates, arsenic, TSS)

- Locate well a safe distance (min. 15 m) away and upstream of any potential source of pollution

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New water supply from dug wells or other source

- Stagnant polluted waste-water due to lack of proper drainage & disposal (risk of mosquito breeding)

- Risk of well contamination due to improper sealing around top of well

- Build hard surface (concrete) around water source, with raised edge to channel wastewater to a drainage outlet

- Drainage outlet to be connected to covered or open channel to the nearest stream or soak-away (=a dug pit with stones, in a safe distance from the well)

- Seal top of well all around with a hard concrete surface (as described above)

Construction of pit latrine or other toilet facility

- Risk of groundwater (=well water) contamination

- Locate the pit latrine (or septic tank) a safe distance (min. 15m) away and downstream from the well

Disposal of solid latrine waste

- Pollution of water source or health hazard to people

- Cover latrine waste with earth and let it mature for at least one year after use

- After covering for one year, dispose of latrine waste in an area far away from settlement

Note: The mitigation actions for water supply and sanitation are covered in the standard MRD specifications and guidelines for community water supply and sanitation projects.

5.4 Overview of Process Steps

STEP 1: Screening for potential impacts:

o After field survey and during detailed designo Use Summary Table 5.2 (above) to identify impacts

o Avoid or at least minimize negative impacts

o Seek to enhance subproject – use social and environmental opportunities

o Check negative list (“watchlist”) for projects to avoid

o Use detailed checklist of potential typical social and environmental impacts

STEP 2: Determine type of specific safeguard instrument to be used

o EMP and / or RAPo Use standard EMP or use modified EMP for specific conditions

STEP 3: Prepare Safeguard Screening Summary (SSS) for review by MOE, DR and Bank

STEP 4: Prepare detailed EMP (specific EMP, if needed) and submit for review

STEP 5: Implement by including in bid and contract documents, supervise & monitor

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o

Figure 5.3: Flowchart of the Screening and Review process for Environmental Impacts

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Sub-project proposed by PIU PMO reviews &screens the proposal

Is the sub-project in the negative list?

PMO

rejects the proposalDoes the sub-project need

a specific EMP?

No

Yes

No

Prepare EA with support from the PMO

Is the EMP adequate?

Yes

Yes

Are the EMF guidelines

integrated with contracts?

Yes

Strengthen the EMP

No

Yes

Has a specific EMP been prepared?

No

Yes

No

PIU to send proposal to PMO/to provide

environmental clearance

PIU to send proposal to PMO/to provide

environmental clearance

PIU to send proposal to PMO/to provide environmental clearance

Strengthen the EMP

Does the sub-project require clearance from

PMO?

No

5.5 Public Involvement and DisclosureThis EMF is based on a strong participatory approach in undertaking all key activities in the emergency recovery program. The implementing agencies level will make all reasonable efforts to consult relevant stakeholders (including the affected communities and NGOs, especially for subprojects with potentially significant environmental impacts) in the implementation of the emergency recovery activities. They will also strive to incorporate local community needs and resolve conflicts. The government will ensure that the affected people are consulted in a meaningful way and allowed to participate actively in the consultation process. The consultations will be carried out in a way which is appropriate for cultural, gender based and other differences among stakeholders. The implementing agencies will initiate these consultations as early as possible, and provide relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation. The views and needs of the vulnerable groups will be given due consideration.

The EMF and subsequent implementation plans will be disclosed in the government websites and other public places accessible to the local people and NGOs in English and Khmer.

5.6 Mitigation of Impacts The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Annex F includes the proposed detailed measures to address all potential impacts and will be included in the Contract Specifications. Timeframe and responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring are also shown.

Potential environmental and safety impacts are usually avoidable and can be easily mitigated, for example, by adopting good engineering practices.

Impact mitigation measures identified within this EMF relate to the impacts identified above and also to the need for the management of travel speed, truck axle loadings, and the dissemination of road safety information to villages located along the alignments.

The volumes of human sewage and domestic waste being the principal concerns. Sewage will therefore be handled via the construction/use of latrines located at suitable places adjacent to worksites and also this program will be provided as well. Food waste will be deposited in containers and disposed of daily to a latrine or a landfill site constructed and maintained by contractors, as will other solid waste.

Other ‘normal’ negative environmental impacts related to road rehabilitation will be addressed through implementing standard impact prevention or mitigation measures, for example, by adopting good engineering practices, to ensure that:

Adequate temporary and permanent drainage is constructed;

The faces of embankments and waste materials piles become stabilized and are planted to prevent erosion;

Borrow pits and road side drains are similarly stabilized or finished to become fish-ponds or wide drainage ditches; and

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Tree planting and landscaping and the design treatment of bridges, enhance the landscape and increase the benefits accruing from the project.

Detailed environmental impact prevention and mitigation measures are identified in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including Specifications to be part of each Contract package (see Annex F to this report). The general specifications of MRD with reference to environmental management are shown in Annex G.

Proposed work in sub-projects consists of rehabilitation of rural roads, bridges, culverts, and community-level water supply &sanitation systems. Repairs include digging up damaged road sections and placing back earth fill and aggregates with appropriate compaction and rebuilding of entire road sections destroyed by the flood. Prior to selection and implementation of sub projects, it will be necessary for the PIUs of the implementing Agency, Ministry of Rural Development, to undertake an initial screening on likely environmental problems, including the review of past experience with any significant environmental protection problem. Particular attention should be paid in the screening to encroachment on fauna and flora, land use, encroachment on historical and cultural sites, erosion and siltation, interference with water quality and drainage patterns, noise and dust pollution, and other key environmental parameters.

In order to minimize environmental problems and reduce the potential for land acquisition and resettlement problems in road sub-projects, it will be necessary to ensure that work undertaken will be done on the existing road platform/right of way. Land acquisition for widening lanes and shoulders or adding extra lanes in steep inclines, improving curves or strengthening bridges will not be permitted without carrying out a more detailed screening. No upgrading i.e. changing of road category or additional new road lanes or construction of new roads will be financed by the project.

In view of the multi-sectoral nature of sub-projects, and the need to facilitate a common understanding and application of standards and procedures that meet with the Bank's requirements, the line agencies with the assistance of PMO, the Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of Environment will organize appropriate training programs aimed at providing PIU staff with skills to appraise sub projects with regards to potential environmental concerns.

6. Environmental Monitoring PlanMonitoring has several objectives: (i) to determine whether the impacts have been correctly predicted, (ii) to ensure that mitigation programs are in fact implemented and meet specified targets, and (iii) to meet environmental compliance parameters such as releases to the ambient water, soil and air. Monitoring will allow the actual situation to be compared to the required release standard or the predicted situation so as to allow corrections to be made to the intervention. The following environmental programs and issues will need monitoring.

During construction those environmental issues that have been identified during the Screening process and thus require monitoring, will be detailed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Annex F. The Environment Specialist (ES) will monitor these with assistance from the Project Engineer (PE). This will require the ES to work closely with the PE so as to establish appropriate approval procedures for verifying Contractor compliance with the Contract specifications. The PE having the closest established linkage to the Contractor and the requirement to be present on site on a daily basis will be under the direction of the PIU; he will be given the responsibility for the

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daily monitoring of the EMP. To undertake this role the PE will need to be conversant with the EMP monitoring requirements. The PE, while overseeing the Contractor’s work, will also advise the Contractor on work required to meet the EMP conditions. As the ES has a smaller time requirement, the ES would visit the construction site on a monthly basis and together with the PE would inspect the work areas to ensure that these are complying with the EMP. All monitoring would be of a qualitative nature. The ES, together with the PE, would certify that the environmental compliance requirements that have been stipulated within the EMP have been completed as required.

During Operation those issues that require monitoring include accident records, toxic spills, settlement along the RoW of the rural roads to be reconstructed and rehabilitated..

Progress Reports will be submitted by the ES on a quarterly basis to the Head of the PIU for forwarding to the Project Director at the PMO. These reports will also be incorporated in the quarterly project progress reports submitted to the World Bank.

7. EMP Implementation7.1 Codes of PracticeSome of the environmental impacts of the project can be mitigated by certain measures as suggested above while some can be averted by alternate measures by reducing demand for a particular material or process. It is essential that an implementation mechanism is in place in the project to ensure that these mitigating measures are implemented and the alternate materials and technology are introduced effectively. The implementation also should have effective monitoring mechanism to ensure that we are on the right track and also to effect changes if anything is contrary.

Recommended codes of practice:

Give effect to the legislation of the Royal Government of Cambodia Give effect to the safeguard policies of the World Bank on environmental issues

in projects Increase the awareness of the environmental issues to the beneficiaries and the

officers and stakeholders Resolve any conflict be consensus over discussion as far as possible Hold regular meetings with the stakeholder groups to ensure that communication

is maintained and issues are discussed Provide appropriate training to implementation staff Ensure that all the suppliers are legal operators with an appropriate license Maintain a record of material extracted at different locations over time

7.2 Monitoring Plans

Each geographical area selected for a sub-project will be treated separately for the purpose of environmental assessment, management and monitoring. The PMO/MRD will have complete effective monitoring plans in order to ensure that the recommendations to minimize the environmental impacts of the project are adhered to. The following main guidelines should be used in preparing the monitoring plans.

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Monitoring objectives for the particular geographical area should be identified and spelt out. This would set the overall framework within which activities should be organized for monitoring to reach the ultimate goal of the PMO/MRD.

List down and describe the activities to be monitored within the area and the region, as necessary, and identify a performance indicator for each of these activities, as much as possible, in order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed measures.

Describe the institutional and logistical arrangements that are necessary to put the plan into action. Also, describe the tasks of the person/s primarily responsible for coordinating the plan.

Describe timing and the timescales for each monitoring activity

Describe the reporting procedures that need to be established to make the relevant people aware of the progress of the plan and to get feedback.

7.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangements

The implementation of the plan is the responsibility of the Project Management Office and the Provincial Implementation Unit. The PMO and PIUs will designate focal persons for environmental issues of the Project. He/she would follow implementation of the plan with the assistance Environmental Specialist based at the PMO. However it is important that regular meetings are held with the stakeholders of the project, the beneficiaries, NGOs, the suppliers of materials to make the project really owned by people, rather than the Government.

The PMO and the PIU would facilitate the coordination for a successful implementation of the EMP associated with each sub-project.

7.4 Capacity Building

Capacity building of key project staff in terms of monitoring, landscape restoration and measurement of salinity, assessment of erosion, and similar issues, will be conducted by the Ministry of Environment and the Environmental Specialist. It is also important that the other stakeholders such as NGOs, private contractors, Commune Councils, beneficiaries etc., are aware of these procedures and appropriate training should be also given to them.

7.5 Modification of the EMF and EMP

Based on the experience of application and implementation of this framework, the provisions and procedures of this framework will be updated and modified from time to time as appropriate to suit to the project activities. Any significant modifications of this agreed EMF must be discussed and agreed with the Bank.

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8. Conclusions and Key Recommendations

The existing or baseline environmental conditions, and the potential project-caused generic environmental impacts have been identified for all proposed road sections. These are typical and well understood.

Involuntary resettlement is not expected to be required for KERRP implementation period of road works but small pieces of land or assets may need to be acquired.

Recommended steps to ensure that the environmental safeguards are complied with are as follows:

The EMP will be included in the Specifications as part of the Bidding and Contract Documents to make sure that all contractors pay attention to environmental impact mitigation

To ensure that contractors understand the actions to be taken and the cost implications of environmental management, and to ensure that required actions and measures are priced in bid proposals, short-listed contractors shall be informed of the EMP at the pre-bid meetings.

Soon after their appointment, contractors, as well as MRD supervisors and project personnel will attend to a seminar (organized by MRD with support from MOE) on environmental management explaining impact prevention/mitigation, the EMP included in their contracts, and the environmental management monitoring to be implemented.

10% will be held back from the final payment to contractors until site inspection determines that environmental management has been adequate.

The Supervising Engineer will report monthly on Contractor performance and progress with regard to compliance with the EMP (as a section in the regular Monthly Reports).

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Annex A: GlossaryAffected environment Those parts of the socio-economic and biophysical environment

impacted on by the development

Alternatives A possible course of action, in place of another, that would meet the same purpose and need. Alternatives can refer to any of the following but are not limited hereto: alternative sites for development, alternative site layouts, alternative designs, alternative processes and materials. In Integrated Environmental Management the so-called "no action" alternative may also require investigation under certain circumstances

Assessment The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and communicating data that are relevant to some decisions.

Activity A development action, either planned or existing, that may result in environmental impacts through pollution and/or resource use.

Auditing The process through which an EIA is inspected which then provides an opportunity and mechanism to learn from experience and to refine project design and implementation procedures.

Compliance To act in accordance with the rules and regulations.

Development The act of altering or modifying resources in order to obtain potential benefits.

Environment In its broadest sense, the word environment embraces the conditions and / or influences under which any individual or thing exists, lives or develops. These surroundings can be placed into three categories:

The combination of physical conditions that affect and influence the growth and development of an individual or community;

The social and cultural conditions that affect the nature of an individual or community; and

The surroundings of an inanimate object of intrinsic social value.

The environment of the human being includes the abiotic factors of land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odour and taste. The biotic factors being, fauna, flora, ecology, bacteria and viruses, and social factors that make up the “quality of life”.

Environment includes the land, water and air, including all layers of the atmosphere, all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms, and the interacting natural systems

Environmental impact The degree of change in an environment resulting from the

28

effect of an activity on the environment, whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts may be the direct consequence of an organization’s activities or may be indirectly caused by them.

Environmental impact Assessment A process of examining the environmental effects of an

activity, such as development.

Environmental issue A concern felt by one of more parties about some existing, potential or perceived environmental impact.

Irreversible Impact When the character, diversity or reproductive capacity of an environment is permanently lost.

Land Use The activities that take place within a given area or space.

Mitigation Measures designed to avoid, reduce or remedy adverse impacts.

Monitoring The repetitive and continued observation, measurement and evaluation of environmental data to follow changes over a period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures.

Negative Impact A change that reduces the quality of the environment (for example, by reducing species diversity and the reproductive capacity of the ecosystem, by damaging health, property or by causing nuisance).

Participation Interested and affected individuals and groups will have an opportunity to participate in decisions about ways in which environmental concerns are addressed

Positive Impact A change that improves the quality of the environment (for example, by increasing species diversity and the reproductive capacity of the ecosystem, by removing nuisances or improving amenities).

Rehabilitation Restoration of landscape more or less to is former scenic appearance.

Scoping The process of identifying the significant issues, alternatives and decision points, which should be addressed by a particular EIR, and may include a preliminary assessment of potential impacts.

Significant Impact An impact that, by its magnitude, duration or intensity alters an important aspect of the environment.

Screening The process whereby the responsible department(s) decides whether or not a project requires assessment, and the level of assessment that may be required.

Upgrade Includes the enlargement or expansion of an activity, but excludes regular or routine maintenance and the replacement of inefficient or old equipment, plants or machinery where such does not have a detrimental effect on the environment.

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30

Annex B: Table of Project Road Sections by Province

No. Province Name

No. of Road

Sections affected

Length of affected roads

(in km)

Partially Damaged

(length in km)

Fully Damaged

(length in km)

No. of Bridges

1 Kampong Thom 15 211.90 45.58 7.88 None

2 Battambang 11 64.10 31.30 0.00 None

3 Banteay Meanchey 50 199.78 51.96 24.40 None

4 Kampong Cham 21 80.98 20.78 5.50 None

5 Siem Reap 33 322.24 38.07 41.11 None

6 Kampong Chhnang 7 41.72 41.72 0.00 3

  TOTAL: 137 921.72 229.41 78.89 3

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Annex C: Maps of Proposed Road Sections by Province

32

33

34

35

Siem Reap

36

Annex D:List of Negative Subproject Attributes

(“Environmental Watchlist”)

Subprojects with any of the attributes listed below will not be eligible for funding under the proposed emergency reconstruction project.

1. Related to the environment and natural areas, including but not necessarily limited to the following:

Natural habitat areas Forests and forest reserves Wetlands National parks or game reserves Other protected areas Any other environmentally sensitive areas

2. Related to physical cultural resources:

Historical sites Archaeological sites Religious monuments Cemeteries Grave sites

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ANNEX E:DETAILED CHECKLIST FOR SCREENING

Checklist of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects

This form is to be used by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for screening subprojects. One copy shall be kept by the local PIU and one copy should be sent to MRD’s PIU for review and clearance.

Name of subproject:

Subproject location:

Subproject objective:

Road section to be rehabilitated:

Community (village) to be provided with water supply & sanitation:

Relevant details:

Any environmental and social issues:

Area of land needed :

Number of land owners:

Scheme for land acquisition (choose appropriate ones): Land donation Cash compensation Other scheme

Estimated costs:

Proposed starting date of works:

Designs / plans / specifications reviewed: yes __ no __

Other comments:

Completed by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

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I. Subproject-related Issues

No. ISSUES No Small Medium Large

A. Water and Soil Contamination

1 Will the subproject require large amounts of (construction) materials?

2 Will the subproject generate large amounts of (construction) waste or cause soil erosion?

3 Will the subproject result in potential soil or water contamination, such as from oil, grease, fuel, or other substances?

4 Will the subproject lead to contamination of ground or surface water by herbicides or other chemicals used for dust control?

5 Will the subproject lead to an increase in suspended sediments in streams affected by road cut erosion, or decline in water quality and increased sedimentation downstream?

6 Will the subproject involve the use of chemicals or solvents?

7 Will the subproject lead to the destruction of vegetation and soil in the right-of-way, borrow pits, waste dumps and equipment yards?

8 Will the subproject lead to the creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, leading to mosquito breeding or other disease vectors?

B. Noise, Air and Pollution Hazardous Substances

9 Will the subproject increase the level of harmful air emissions?

10 Will the subproject increase ambient noise levels?

11 Will the subproject involve the storage, handling or transport of hazardous substances?

C. Fauna and Flora

12 Will the subproject involve significant land disturbance or site clearance?

13 Will the subproject involve the disturbance or modification of existing drainage channels, rivers, canals, wetlands, marshes or other surface water?

14 Will the subproject lead to the destruction or

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damage of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems or endangered species, directly or by induced development?

15 Will the subproject lead to disruption/destruction of wildlife through noise, disruption of migratory routes, and other disturbances of wildlife habitats?

No. ISSUES No Small Medium Large

D. Destruction/Disruption of Land and Vegetation

16 Will the subproject lead to the interruption of sub-soil and overland drainage patterns, especially in areas of cut and fill?

17 Will the subproject lead to erosion of lands below the roadbed, receiving concentrated outflow carried by covered or open drains?

18 Will the subproject lead to long-term or semi-permanent destruction of soils in cleared areas not suited for agriculture?

E. Physical Cultural Resources

19 Could the subproject have an impact on archaeo-logical or historical sites?

20 Could the subproject have an impact on religious monuments, structures, graves or burial sites?

F. Land Acquisition and Social Disturbance

20 Will the subproject involve destruction of economic assets?

21 Will the subproject involve land acquisition or demolition of existing structures?

22 Will the subproject lead to environmental and social disturbance by construction camps?

II. Site-related Issues

No. ISSUES YES NO DO NOT KNOW

1 Does the subproject require land acquisition? [Note: If YES, fill in the land acquisition form]

2 Will the subproject negatively impact livelihoods? [Note: Describe separately if YES]

3 Is the subproject located in an area with designated natural reserves or protected areas?

4 Is the subproject located in an area with unique natural features?

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5 Is the subproject located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna or flora?

6 Is the subproject located in an area falling within 500 m of natural forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetland, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural importance?

7 Is the subproject located in an area which would create a barrier for the movement of conservation-worthy wildlife?

8 Is the subproject located close to groundwater sources, surface water bodies, watercourses or wetlands?

No. ISSUES YES NO DO NOT KNOW

9 Is the subproject located in an area with designated physical cultural resources, such as archaeological, historical and/or religious sites?

10 Is the subproject located in an area with religious monuments, structures and/or cemeteries?

11 Is the subproject located in an area from which people have been displaced?

12 Is the subproject located in an area where PAPs are temporarily relocated?

13 Is the subproject located in a polluted or contaminated area?

14 Is the subproject located in an area susceptible to landslides or erosion?

15 Is the subproject located in a densely populated area?

16 Is the subproject located on prime agricultural land?

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ANNEX F:ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

SUMMARY OF WORK ACTIVITIES, POTENTIAL IMPACTS, AND IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

Activity or Impact Impact Description and Mitigation Measures to be taken

Location and

Timeframe

Implementing & Monitoring

Responsibility

WATER and WATER RESOURCES

Damage to wetlands ponds &

waterways

Wetlands and ponds are valuable natural habitats and resources for human use

Wetlands and ponds are to be retained and/or replaced wherever possible

Where appropriate the design of culverts should Incorporate slots for inserting wood or metal sheet to form water-gates behind which water could be retained for dry-season use.

Extra care Is to be taken to prevent runoff from works sites entering water bodies, wetlands, rivers or other sensitive areas by providing and maintaining sediment controls such as silt traps, rice-straw bales and plant cover within and around work sites.

Stockpiles and materials waste piles are to be located away from wetlands and watercourses.

Wherever encountered

DuringConstruction

Contractor RID/DGTA

Environmental staff (ES)

Alteration of drainage

The quality of water in water bodies and the flow of water in watercourses are important for natural habitats and human use of natural resources (e g , water and fish)

Materials are to be properly disposed of so as not to block streams and watercourses or damage water quality.

Dry stream-beds are to be kept unobstructed and are not to be altered.

Materials are not to be borrowed from stream-beds.

Whereverencountered

DuringConstruction

ContractorES

Water Contamination

The most severe water quality impact would be from spilled bitumen, diesel or waste oil. These substances are toxic to living organisms

Bitumen, diesel and waste oil are to be handled and stored carefully to prevent leakage or spill. Waste oil is to be collected, stored and disposed at an approved site (according to MOE requirements).

Storage is to be in drums, raised off the ground, covered to keep rain out and surrounded by a bund to contain any spills and simplify clean up.The Contractor shall prepare a Spill Contingency Plan (including measures to be taken and equipment to be used) to ensure adequate clean up of any spills.

See site plans

During Construction

ContractorMOEES

Stagnant water and insect-biome disease vectors

Standing waters often lead to the spread of insect-biome diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and schistosomiasis

Contractors are to minimize standing waters by removing used tires and storage drums and ensuring adequate temporary drainage.

Wherever encountered

During Construction

ContractorES

Silting Silting of water bodies causes deterioration in water quality, loss of use for human consumption and damages habitats

Sediment traps or ponds are to be built and maintained to Intercept drainage waters and construction capture sediment before it reaches any water body.

See site plans

During Construction

ContractorES

42

DUST, ODOR, AIR and NOISE

Refer to MPWT Specification Section 1 10Dust, odor and dry material handling

Dry material handling and transport produce large amounts of dust

The Contractor shall prepare a dust control program.

Water shall be sprayed where dry materials are handled, crushed and transported.

Vehicles transporting materials are to be covered to reduce spills and dust

Mixing and crushing plants are to be equipped with filters or water sprays. Operators should wear dust masks and ear protection.

Throughout comdor

During construction

Contractor/MRD-RIDES

Dust from road works

Regular road user vehicles and construction vehicles create large amounts of dust Water shall be sprayed during construction, particularly in towns and villages, to ensure that dust Is minimized throughout the construction zone.

Throughout comdor

During construction

ContractorES

Air pollution and noise

Vehicle and equipment emissions cause air pollution and noise

Vehicles and equipment are to be maintained to meet Cambodian emission and noise standards (or Thailand's standards if these are acceptable to MOE).

Construction within 100m of a village or town is to be limited to daylight hours.

Throughout comdor

During construction

ContractorMOEES

___________________________________________________________________

1 FIDIC sections 1 9 a), b) and c) were also referred to when preparing the EMP to become part of the Specifications but FIDIC is not the standard forKERRP

LAND, SOIL, SOLID WASTE and VEGETATION

Refer to MPWT Specification Section 1 10Soil Erosion Eroded material from embankments, waste disposal sites and borrow pits can

block ditches and culverts, damage adjacent land and cause deterioration in water quality

Slopes are to be drained adequately, graded and consolidated and then planted.

Adequate temporary and permanent drainage is to be constructed and maintained

Culverts are to be cleared regularly to prevent obstruction of runoff and flood-water.

Construction Is to be undertaken in the dry season as much as possible.

Works sites are to be cleared In stages to meet construction needs and planted Immediately after construction so as to minimize the area of land cleared or disturbed at any one time.

Primarily at water Crossing

During construction

Contractor ES

Loss of topsoil and agricultural lands restoration of borrow pits

Loss of arable land and topsoil diminishes farm and incomes and wastes natural resources

Arable land should not be used as borrow or storage sites but where unavoidable, the topsoil is to be removed and replaced after excavation.

After materials extraction, borrow pits are to be graded and planted or made into ponds

Throughout Comdor

During construction ES

contractor forest Dep’t RID and DGTA

Solid Waste Disposal from construction camp and works sites

Solid waste can create nuisance, encourage disease vectors (such as flies and rats) and block drainage channels

Sufficient garbage containers are to be provided In construction camps and at work site, and be emptied daily, the waste being disposed of In an approved landfill.

Construction camp and works sites

Before and During construction

Contractor ES

Loss of trees

Tree planting

Trees along the edges of the ROW provide valuable shade, landscape features and improve air quality in villages by trapping dust

Tree clearing should be avoided as much as possible and tree planting carried

Near trees along ROW (see EA)

ContractorForest Dep'tRID and DGTA

43

and environmental enhancement

out where appropriate in order to enhance the ambiance of the immediate environs around the road. A total budget of $US200,000 (included in the $US400,000 estimated above) is for purchase 40,000 seedlings (100 to be planted/km in clusters -not continuously -along the road). To pay for tree planting, each Contract will be allocated $500 for tree planting per km under the contract.

Off-road parking areas, with toilets, should be provided near heritage or cultural sites.

MPWT/MRD are to work with the local authorities and the Department of Forestry to prepare and implement an appropriate tree-planting program.

During clearing

PROTECTION of CULTURAL SITES, NATIONAL PARKS and CONSERVATION AREAS

Protection of cultural heritage

Road construction can damage cultural and heritage sites and artifacts

When an archaeological site Is found, work is to be stopped immediately and the Project Manager notified. Then the Contractor takes the following steps: Isolate the location, then call the Apsara Authority to assess the site and

determine whether and how it should be preserved; Document and photograph the site and area Immediately around it; Do not proceed with construction until advised by the Apsara Authority.

When an archaeological artifact is found, work is, again, stopped immediately and the Project Manager and Apsara Authority notified to assess the artifact and determine whether and how it should be excavated and moved. The Contractor:

Documents and photographs the artifact and the area immediately around it;

Does not proceed with construction until advised by the Apsara Authority.

Wherever necessary

During construction

ContractorRID and DGTA

ES

APSARA Authority

Protection of national parks & conservation areas

Roads provide access to protected areas and so can contribute to damage to forests, to poaching of flora and fauna and to trade in endangered species

The MPWT/MRD will advise the Ministry of Environment (MOE) when a road is to be rehabilitated within 5km of a national park, conservation area or wildlife reserve

The MPWT/MRD will inform the MOE and seek to have MOE design and implement MOE appropriate management practices to control access to and protect the areas.

The MRD, in concert with the MOE will design and build facilities along the road to control access and to accommodate officers involved in enforcement of park access anti-poaching and CITES regulations.

Wherever necessary

During construction

ContractorRID and DGTA

ES

MOE

44

TRAFFIC, PUBLIC CONVENIENCE and SAFETY

Maintenance of traffic flow Road

safety

The existing road serves many users and, as such, contributes to local and national incomes

Normal traffic flow is to be maintained by cooperation among the Contractor, the Provincial Department, and the Police.

The Contractor will:

Control construction vehicle speed, for example, through road safety education and fines.

Provide for adequate traffic flow around construction areas.

Provide adequate signage and barriers to control traffic.

Communicate to the public through newspaper announcements and notices In villages regarding the scope and timeframe of works causing disruptions or access restrictions.

Throughout comdor

During construction

ContractorRID and DGTA

ES

Police

Damage to roads used as haul routes

Road construction traffic often damages rural roads used as maternal haul routes

Trucks used for hauling construction materials are to be restricted in size to 5 cu. m. capacity in order to reduce damage to rural roads during the construction period.

Contractors shall restore roads damaged during construction.

ContractorRID and DGTAES

Road use monitoring operational phase

17. Traffic speed and truck overloading can damage road surfaces and cause accidents

Road use and axle loads are to be monitored.

A traffic safety awareness program will be Implemented to raise awareness of potential During operations dangers caused by increased motorized traffic and travel speeds and the particular problems caused by the mix of slow6moving and faster moving traffic

All rehabilitated roads

dung construction

RID and DGTA

Police

LOCAL PARTICIPATION

Local employment

18. Local villagers are employed wherever possible

Many unskilled Job opportunities will be created in digging and placing embankment material, In checking its quality, in digging and maintaining temporary and permanent drainage, in compacting slopes, spreading soil, and so on.

Wherever possible

During construction

Contractor

RID and DGTA

Public information

19. Locally affected people require information about the road works and potential impacts

Meetings are held with community representatives to discuss the project, its impacts, and community issues.

Signs and information sheets are posted on and around construction sites to provide information about the project.

Provide opportunities for local residents to communicate with the Engineer.

Maintain a register of complaints and how they were followed up.

All works areas

Before and dung construction

Contractor

RID and DGTAES

45

Annex G:

Addendum to MRD General Specifications(Note: Paid Under Normal Pay Items. Approximately 1-2% of total construction cost)

Applies to all KERRP Years (1 through 5)

Addendum to MRD General Specifications

The MRD, Standard Road and Bridge Construction Specifications (Standard Specifications), arethe Specifications for the TKERP road works with the following additions and modifications

This Addendum will take precedence in any conflict between this Addendum and the Standard Specifications.

The following is to be added to the end of Section 1, Standard Specifications: Subsection 9.8.3, Measurement and Subsection 9.8.4, Payment, in the MRD, StandardSpecifications,

Section 9. Miscellaneous, are deleted. The costs of compliance with subsection 9.8 (Site Cleanup) are included in pay items 1.10.3 and 1.10.4 - below.

Subsection 1.10.3, Measurement and Payment, in the MPWT (is it also an implementing agency, or just MRD?, Standard Specifications, Section 1General Specification, is deleted Measurement and Payment are included in pay items 1.10.3 and 1.10 4 -

below

1.10.3 MEASUREMENT

Payment for Contractor compliance with the environmental management provisions in the Contract will be made by lump sum as specified in the Contract and be paid according to the schedule below (1.10.4) Partial payments will not be released until the Contractor and the Engineer have jointly determined by actual inspection that the requirements of the Contract and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) have been met

1.10.4 PAYMENT

Payment for compliance with the requirements of the Contract and the EMP with respect to environmental management will be by lump sum as follows

1 25% of the lump sum when 50% of the Contract price has been paid to the Contractor2 25% of the lump sum upon issue of the Taking-Over Certificate3 50% of the lump sum upon issue of the Defects-Liability Certificate

The lump sum payment shall be full and final compensation to the Contractor for all materials, labour, equipmentand any and all other expenses the Contractor may incur in complying with the requirements of the Contract withrespect to environmental management

Item No. Description _________________________________________________Unit

1.10.1 Compliance with environmental management requirements and lump sumsite clean-up on Contract completion

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ANNEX H:CAMBODIAN SUB-DECREES

ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS

PART 1: Articles 6 and 7 of the Law on Environmental Protection and Nature Resource Management

“Article 6 An environmental impact assessment shall be done on every project and activity, private or public, and shall be reviewed and evaluated by the Ministry of Environment before being submitted to the Royal Government for decision.

This assessment shall also be done for existing and in-process activities that have not yet been assessed for environmental impact.

The procedures of the environmental impact assessment process shall be determined by Sub-decree following a proposal of the Ministry of Environment.

The nature and size of the proposed projects and activities and existing and in-process activities, both private and public, that shall be subject to that environmental impact assessment shall be determined by Sub-decree following a proposal of the Ministry of Environment.

Article 7 All Investment Project Applications and all projects proposed by the State shall have an initial Environmental Impact Assessment or an Environmental Impact Assessment as specified in article 6 of this law. The Ministry of Environment shall review and provide recommendations on the initial Environmental Impact Assessment or the Environmental Impact Assessment to the competent organization within the period determined in the Law on Investment of the Kingdom of Cambodia. “ Source: MOE, RGC, 1996

47

PART 2: Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment ProcessKingdom of Cambodia

Nation

Religion King

.

ROYAL GOVERNMENT

Council of Ministers

No: 72 ANRK.BK Phnom Penh, August 11, 1999

.

Sub-Decree

on Environmental Impact Assessment

Process -----------

The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) • has seen the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1993); • has seen the Royal Decree No. NS.RKT 1198.72 dated 30 November, 1993 on the Formation of the

Royal Government of Cambodia of the Kingdom of Cambodia; • has seen Preah Reach Kram No NS.RKM 02 NS.94 dated 20 July 1994, to allow using the Law on the

Establishment and Implementation of the Council of Ministers; • has seen Preah Reach Kram No NS.RKM 0196.2 dated 24 January 1996, announcing to use the Law

on the Establishment of the Ministry of Environment; • has seen Preah Reach Kram No NS.RKM 1296.36 dated 24 December 1996, announcing to use the

Law on the Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management; • has received an approval from the meeting of the Council of Ministers on 23 July 1999.

and has made a decision as the following:CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE 1: The main objectives of this sub-decree are: - To determine an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upon every private and public project or activity, and it must be reviewed by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), prior to the submission for a decision from the Royal Government. - To determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and ongoing activities in both private and public prior to undertaking the process of EIA. - Encourage public participation in the implementation of EIA process and take into account of their conceptual input and suggestion for re-consideration prior to the implementation of any project.

ARTICLE 2: This sub-decree hereby applies to every proposed and ongoing project(s) and activities, either by private, joint-venture or state government, ministry institutions of which are described in the annex of this sub-decree, except a special case, where a project will be approved by the Royal Government.

CHAPTER II INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

ARTICLE 3: The MoE has responsibilities as following: a/ scrutinize and review the report of the Environmental Impact Assessment in collaboration with other concerned ministries;

48

b/ follow up, monitor and take appropriate measures to ensure a Project Owner will follow the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) while project construction is taking place and accede to their EIA report's approval.

ARTICLE 4: Institutions and ministries who are responsible for proposed project, shall have the right to examine and approve any project(s) that stated in the annex of this sub-decree, after the MoE has reviewed and commented on their EIA report.

ARTICLE 5: Provincial/Urban authority that is responsible for proposed project, has the following duties: a/ acquire a EIA report from a project owner either private, joint-venture or public sector to submit to the Provincial Environmental Office. b/ review and approve the proposed project, after discussing and commenting among provincial/urban authority concerned in accordance with the Prakas "Declaration" of the MoE.

CHAPTER III EIA IS NEEDED FOR PROPOSED PROJECT(S)

ARTICLE 6: A Project Owner must conduct Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) in order to comply with the EIA requirement as stated in the annex of this sub-decree.

ARTICLE 7: A Project Owner must apply to the MoE for reviewing their IEIA report and report of pre-feasibility study .

ARTICLE 8: A Project Owner must apply to the MoE for reviewing their full report of EIA report and pre-feasibility study, in case a project tends to cause a serious impact to the natural resources, ecosystem, health and public welfare.

ARTICLE 9: A Project Owner must apply to the Provincial/Urban Environmental Office (PEO) for reviewing their EIA report and pre-feasibility study report as described in Article 7 and Article 8, if their project takes at provincial level.

ARTICLE 10: A guideline for preparing a report of IEIA and EIA will be determined by the Prakas of the MoE.

ARTICLE 11: A Project Owner must cover all the fee's services for reviewing and monitoring upon their project. These service fees shall be approved by the Ministry of Economy and Finance following the propsal of the MoE. The said fee shall be incorporated into the national budget.

ARTICLE 12: A Project Owner must contribute a donation to the Environmental Endowment Fund as described in Article 19 of Chapter 8 of the law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management.

ARTICLE 13: Environmental Application Form (EAF) must be completed by a Project Owner and must be submitted to the MoE if project(s) existed at ministry's level. If project(s) existed at provincial/urban level, then the EAF must be submitted to PEO.

CHAPTER 4 PROCEDURES OF EIA PROCESS FOR REVIEWING

PROPOSED PROJECT(S) ARTICLE 14: A Project Owner must prepare a report, as described in Article 7, and must submit it to the MoE and forward a copy to the Project Approval Ministry/Institution.

ARTICLE 15:

49

The MoE will review EIA report, as described in Article 14 and will provide findings and recommendations back to the Project Owner and to the Project Approval Ministry/Institution within 30 work-days, commencing from the date of registration of their IEIA report and pre-feasibility study report.

ARTICLE 16: When a project is requested to submit a full report of EIA, as described in Article 8, the Project Owner/Responsible Person shall submit it to the MoE along with their application for project's investment with the Project Approval Ministry/Institution.

ARTICLE 17: The MoE will review the report, as described in Article 16 and will provide findings and recommendations back to the Project Owner and to Project Approval Ministry/Institution within 30 work-days, commencing from the date of the receipt of their EIA report and pre-feasibility study report.

ARTICLE 18: If the MoE fails to respond its findings and recommendations as described in Article 15 and 17, the Project Approval Ministry/Institution will assume that the revised IEIA or EIA report has complied with the criteria of this sub-decree.

ARTICLE 19: In capacity as the Project Approval Ministry/Institution and Project Owner, the Project Owner must carry out all the procedures as described in Charter 3 and 4 of this sub-decree.

ARTICLE 20: The Project Owner must acknowledge the findings and recommendations of their IEIA or/and EIA report(s) in which have been approved by the MoE, before they can proceed their project's implementation.

CHAPTER 5 PROCEDURES OF EIA PROCESS FOR REVIEWING

EXISTING PROJECT(S) ARTICLE 21: At least within a year of the promulgation of this sub-decree, all Existing Project Owner/Responsible Person must compile their IEIA report and must submit it to the MoE for a review and approval on their existing/ongoing activity of which previously allowed by the Project Approval Ministry/Institution.

ARTICLE 22: Project Owner/Responsible Person must compile a full report of EIA within 6 months in accordance to the requirement in Charter 3 and 4 of this sub-decree and must submit it to the MoE, after the MoE reviewed their existing/ongoing activity is needed to submit a full report of EIA.

ARTICLE 23: Project Owner/Responsible Person must carry out the EMP as stated in the EIA for period of 6 calendar months, commencing from the date of the MoE confirmation of their EIA report duly fulfilled the criteria of this sub-decree.

ARTICLE 24: At least within two years of the promulgation of this sub-decree, Project Owner/Responsible Person must compile IEIA report and must submit it to PEO for a review and approval on their existing/ongoing activity of which previously allowed by the Provincial/urban Project Approval Office in that province.

ARTICLE 25: Project Owner/Responsible Person must compile a full report of EIA within 6 months in accordance to the requirement in Charter 3 and 4 of this sub-decree and must submit it to the PEO, after the PEO reviewed their existing/ongoing activity is needed to submit a full report of EIA.

ARTICLE 26: Project Owner/Responsible Person must carry out the EMP as stated in the EIA for period of 6 calendar months, commencing from the date of the PEO confirmation of their EIA report duly fulfilled the criteria of this sub-decree.

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CHAPTER 6 CONDITIONS FOR APPROVING PROJECT(S)

ARTICLE 27: The Project Approval Ministry/Institution shall provide some guidelines to Project Owner/Responsible Person on the EMP, in which is described in the EIA' guidelines prepared and approved by the MoE.

ARTICLE 28: The MoE must co-operate with other line ministries/institutions to halt all existing/ongoing activities of Project Owner/Responsible Person, which failed to accomplish the EMP, stated in the approval of their EIA report.

CHAPTER 7 PENALTIES

ARTICLE 29: A Project Owner/Responsible Person, who fails to submit their EIA report or provides false information or misconduct the EMP, as described in their EIA report, or violates any provisions in this sub-decree, will be offended by Cambodian law, as stated in Article 20/21/22/23 and 25 of Charter 5 of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management.

ARTICLE 30: The MoE duly has a responsibility to compile a report and complaint against any Project Owner/Responsible Person who has been dis-respected or mis-conducted of any articles described in this sub-decree.

ARTICLE 31: Any environment official, who has neglected, lacked vigilance or dis-respected the MoE's regulations, or conspires with perpetrator or assist this perpetrating activity, must be subject to administrative offense or faced prosecution in front of the court of law.

CHAPTER 8 FINAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 32: Any provisions that are contrary to this sub-decree, shall be considered null.

ARTICLE 33: The minister in charge of the Council of Ministers, ministries, concerned institutions shall collaborate with the MoE and must be responsible for this sub-decree in relation of their individual roles and responsibilities.

ARTICLE 34: This sub-decree shall be in effect from the date of the signature below.

Phnom Penh on 11 August 1999

Prime Minister

(Signed with Seal of RGC stamp)

HUN SEN has reported to Samdech Prime

Minister by the Minister of Environment

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